1. The document discusses research into developing a pine bark-based soilless substrate that improves water and nutrient retention in containerized plant production. 2. The researchers tested adding various mineral aggregates and clays as amendments to the substrate at different rates and particle sizes. 3. Their results showed that a substrate with 11% clay amendment (by volume) with particles sizes of 0.25-0.85 mm increased water and nutrient use efficiency, allowing for a 26-32% reduction in water application while maintaining plant growth.