Biodiversity in pakistan and muslim country

1. Syed Dawood Shah
Mirpur university of Science &
Technology AJK

2. Quran
• ِّ‫ش‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬َ‫ف‬ ۖ ٍ‫اء‬‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ب‬‫ا‬َ‫د‬ ‫ه‬‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ َ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ ُ ‫ه‬‫اَّلل‬ َ‫و‬ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِّ‫ش‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ِّ‫ه‬ِّ‫ن‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ب‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬
ُ ‫ه‬‫اَّلل‬ ُ‫ق‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫خ‬َ‫ي‬ ۚ ٍ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ ْ‫ر‬َ‫أ‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِّ‫ش‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ِّ‫ْن‬‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ج‬ ِّ‫ر‬َ‫ش‬ ِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ ‫ه‬‫اَّلل‬ ‫ه‬‫ن‬َِّ ۚ ُ‫ء‬‫َا‬‫ش‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬‫ِّير‬‫د‬ََ ٍ‫ء‬ْ‫ي‬–
• (Al-Noor24:45)
• Allah has created every [living] creature from water. And
of them are those that move on their bellies, and of them
are those that walk on two legs, and of them are those
that walk on four. Allah creates what he wills. Indeed,
Allah is over all things competent.

3. Biodiversty
• Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to the number
and variety of life forms found within a specified
geographic region

4. Biology disciplines deal with
Biodiversity
Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Ecology
Genetic
Population biology

5. History of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution.
• The origin of life has not been definitely established by science,
however some evidence suggests that life may already have
been well-established only a few hundred million years after the
formation of the Earth
• Until approximately 600 million years ago, all life consisted of
archaea, bacteria, protozoans and similar single-celled
organisms.
• The biologist Edward O. Wilson-known as the “father of
biodiversity”

6. Levels of biodiversity
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

7. Genetic Diversity
• This level of biodiversity refers to the total
number of genetic characteristics in the genetic
makeup of a species.

8. Specie diversity
• Specie diversity is the effective number of
different species that are represented in a
collection of individuals

9. Ecosystem diversity
• Ecosystem diversity is The level of biodiversity
refers to the diversity of a place at the level of
ecosystems. The term differs from biodiversity,
which refers to variation in species rather than
ecosystem.

10. Biodiversity Measurement
Tools
1. Alfa (a) diversity
2. Gamma (g) diversity
3. Beta (b) diversity

11. Alfa (a) diversity
• Alfa diversity is within–area diversity, measured as the
number of species occurring within an area of a given
size (Huston 1994). It therefore measures the richness
of a potentially interactive assemblage of species.

12. Gamma (g) diversity
• Gamma diversity is also a measure of within-area
diversity; however, it usually refers to overall
diversity within large region (Cornell 1985) and
its comprehension has direct connotations with
dealing with biodiversity at the landscape level.

13. Beta (b) diversity
• Beta diversity was introduced by Whittaker
(1960) to designate the degree of species change
along a given habitat or physiographic gradient.
represented in terms of the similarity index or of
a species turnover rate

14. Ratio of Biological
communities of the world

15. CURRENT STATUS OF
BIODIVERSITY
• Approximately 250,000 to 300,000 are edible plant
species
• Animals provide 30% of human requirements for
food and agriculture
• More than 20,000 species are used for medicinal
purposes
• Of the world’s 5,490 mammals,
– 78 are Extinct or Extinct in the Wild
– 188 Critically Endangered
– 540 Endangered
– 492 Vulnerable

16. Biodiversity of Pakistan
• Some 6000 species of plants out of which
7% are Endemic to Pakistan
– 200 Species and subspecies of Mammals
– 666 species of Birds, many of which migratory
and some Endangered
– More than 500 species of Fishes
– Diverse Reptilian Fauna
– 16 species of Anuran Amphibians

17. Habitat Loss in Islamic
country
• Habitat loss in
– Bangladesh -91%,
– Pakistan -76%,
– Indonesia -48%,
– Malaysia- 41% and
– Turkey -21 % .
– 150.000 vascular plants reported from the Islamic
world. 25.000 are endemics ratio 2-50%. More than
150,000 Km2 turn to desert each year. Land
degradation jeopardizes livelihoods of over 1 billion
people.

18. Decline in Earth’s biodiversity
• “The decline of Earth’s biodiversity is an
unintended consequence of multiple factors that
have been enhanced by human activity can be
summarized by the acronym HIPPO, with the
order of the letters corresponding to their rank in
destructiveness.”
• H Habitat loss
• I Invasive species
• P Pollution
• P Population
• O Overharvesting

19. Why is biodiversity important?
• Natural Resources:
– food, water, wood, energy, and medicines
• Natural (Ecosystem) Services including:
– Air and water purification, soil fertility, waste
disposal, pest control
• Aesthetic pleasure

20. Why is biodiversity important?
• Ecological services:
– Biological productivity
– Regulation of climate
– Degradation of waste
– Cleaning of air and water
– Cycling of nutrients
– Control of potential pest and disease causing
species

21. Why is biodiversity important?
• food security
– food security
– Cereals
– Pulses
– Vegetables
– Fruits
– Spices
– Medicines

22. Threats to biodiversity
• Many human activities have a negative effect
upon our biodiversity.
• Each time we change the natural environment we
change the environment that biodiversity lives in.

24. Challenges to Biodiversity
• Human population growth
• Pollution and diseases
• Habitat loss and degradation
• Introduction of invasive alien species
• Over-exploitation of natural resources
• Global climate change
• Energy crisis
• International trade of game species

25. Recent Issues on Biodiversity
• Some 75% of the genetic diversity of crop plants been
lost in the past century.
• Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per
hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur
each year.
• Roughly one-third of the world’s coral reef system have
been destroyed or highly degraded.
• About 24% of mammals and 12% of bird species are
currently considered to be globally threatened.
• More than 50% of the world’s wetlands have been
drained, populations of inland water and species have
declined by 50% between 1970 and 1999

26. How can we prevent
biodiversity loss?
• Research
• Legislation
• Education/Awareness
• Sustainable use of habitats and fisheries
• Integration/Co-ordination

27. Conclusion
• Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity get lost at
this rate then in near future, the survival of human
being will be threatened. So, it is out moral duty to
conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment.