The document discusses citation practices and provides four main reasons for citing sources: 1) to give credit to source owners, 2) to assure readers of fact accuracy, 3) to show the research tradition that informs the work, and 4) to help readers follow/extend the research. It then describes two citation styles - reference list style and bibliography style. The reference list style uses parenthetical citations while the bibliography style uses superscript numbers. Both styles require listing sources cited at the end, with the reference list focusing more on authors and the bibliography on titles.

1. CITATION PRACTICES WHY? WRITERS OR RESEARCHERS JOB: TO GET THE FACTS RIGHT TO TELL READERS WHERE THE FACTS C O ME FROM (Turabian 2007, 123)

2. FOUR REASONS FOR CITING YOUR SOURCES (Turabian 2007, 123-124): TO GIVE CREDIT. (REWARDING OWNERS OF SOURCES) TO ASSURE READERS ABOUT ACCURACY OF YOUR FACTS. (EARNING READERS’ TRUST) TO SHOW READERS THE REASERCH TRADITION THAT INFORMS YOUR WORK ( USING FACTS WHICH MIGHT SUPPORT, CONTRADICT, CORRECT, EXTEND). TO HELP READERS FOLLOW OR EXTEND YOUR RESEARCH (PERSUING OTHERS TO FOLLOW STEPS).

3. OTHER REASONS To indicate how the ideas in the paper are related to the work of others. To avoid being a guilty of plagiarism (stealing and using the ideas or writings of another person as one’s own). Thus, Acknowledge in citations when ideas and language are taken from other writers.

4. TWO CITATITON STYLES 1. Reference List Style A source is put (cited) in a parenthetical citation (author, date, and relevant page number). a) Run-in quotation/citation She argues that “… many ESL students are not familiar with, and most are not familiar with the English language conventions that are involved, even when they have written such papers in their own languages” (Menasche 2001, 1).

5. b) Block quotation/citation Writing academic genre in English is not easy for many ESL students. Menasche (2001, 1) states: It is an activity that many ESL students are not familiar with, and most are not familiar with the English language conventions that are involved, even when they have written such papers in their own languages. All this unfamiliar with the English causes anxiety and stress in students beginning program in which many such papers will be demanded of them.

6. REFERENCE LIST References Menasche, Lionel. 2001. Writing research paper . 2 nd ed. Michigan: Michigan Press.

7. 2. Bibliography Style A source is cited by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence (sometime after author name). a) Run-in quotation/citation Menache argues that “… many ESL students are not familiar with, and most are not familiar with the English language conventions that are involved, even when they have written such papers in their own languages.” 1

8. b) Block quotation/citation Writing academic genre in English is not easy for many ESL students. Menasche states: It is an activity that many ESL students are not familiar with, and most are not familiar with the English language conventions that are involved, even when they have written such papers in their own languages. All this unfamiliar with the English causes anxiety and stress in students beginning program in which many such papers will be demanded of them. 1

9. Then cite the source (author, title, facts of publication, and relevant page number). Author  first name, last name Facts of publication  town, publisher, date/year) The source is noted at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or in a list at the end of a paper (endnotes).

10. Footnotes 1 Lionel Menasche, Writing a Research Paper . 2 nd ed. (Michigan: Michigan Press, 2001),1. Bibliography Menasche, Lionel. Writing a Research Paper . 2 nd ed. Michigan: Michigan Press, 2001.

11. Reference List and Bibliography List Reference Vs. Bibliography a) Use capitals at the beginning of the titles, sub-titles or names b) Place the date or year of publication R: Johns, Andrian. 1998. The nature of the book: Print and knowledge in the making . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. B: Johns, Andrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1998.

12. Reference and Bibliography Both R and B cover every source the writer/researcher cited in a note and sometimes others he or she consulted but did not cite. Note: In articles, very often the writer only cites sources which are cited in a note.