Sdm

1. Different types of channel of distribution are as follows:
Manufacturers and consumers are two major components of the market. Intermediaries perform
the duty of eliminating the distance between the two. There is no standardised level which proves
that the distance between the two is eliminated.
Based on necessity the help of one or more intermediaries could be taken and even this is possible
that there happens to be no intermediary. Their description is as follows:
(A) Direct Channel or Zero Level Channels:
When the manufacturer instead of selling the goods to the intermediary sells it directly to the
consumer then this is known as Zero Level Channel. Retail outlets, mail order selling, internet selling
and selling
(B) Indirect Channels:
When a manufacturer gets the help of one or more middlemen to move goods from the production
place to the place of consumption, the distribution channel is called indirect channel. Following are
the main types of it:
1. One Level Channel:
In this method an intermediary is used. Here a manufacturer sells the goods directly to the retailer
instead of selling it to agents or wholesalers. This method is used for expensive watches and other
like products. This method is also useful for selling FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods). This
channel is clarified in the following diagram:
2. Two Level Channel:
In this method a manufacturer sells the material to a wholesaler, the wholesaler to the retailer and
then the retailer to the consumer. Here, the wholesaler after purchasing the material in large
quantity from the manufacturer sells it in small quantity to the retailer.
Then the retailers make the products available to the consumers. This medium is mainly used to sell
soap, tea, salt, cigarette, sugar, ghee etc. This channel is more clarified in the following diagram:
3. Three Level Channel:
Under this one more level is added to Two Level Channel in the form of agent. An agent facilitates to
reduce the distance between the manufacturer and the wholesaler. Some big companies who
cannot directly contact the wholesaler, they take the help of agents. Such companies appoint their
agents in every region and sell the material to them.
Then the agents sell the material to the wholesalers, the wholesaler to the retailer and in the end
the retailer sells the material to the consumers.

22. Time management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"To-do list" redirects here. For the movie, see The To Do List.
Time management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the
amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to
increase effectiveness,efficiency or productivity.
It is a meta-activity with the goal to maximize the overall benefit of a set of other activities within
the boundary condition of a limited amount of time.
Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time
when accomplishing specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time
management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term broadened to
include personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed combination of
processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in any project
development as it determines the project completion time and scope.
The major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following:
 Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness
 Setting of priorities
 Carrying out activity around those priorities
 The related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities
 Incentives to modify behavior to ensure compliance with time-related deadlines.
Time management has been considered to be a subset of different concepts such as:
 Project management. Time Management can be considered to be a project management
subset and is more commonly known as project planning and project scheduling. Time
Management has also been identified as one of the core functions identified in project
management.[1]

23.  Attention management: Attention Management relates to the management
of cognitive resources, and in particular the time that humans allocate their mind (and
organize the minds of their employees) to conduct some activities.
Records management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Records management services (RM), also known as Records information
management or RIM, is the professional practice or discipline of controlling and governing what
are considered to be the most important records of an organization throughout the records life-
cycle, which includes from the time such records are conceived through to their eventual
disposal. This work includes identifying, classifying, prioritizing, storing, securing, archiving,
preserving, retrieving, tracking and destroying of records.[1]
The purpose of records management is part of an organization's broader activities that are
associated with the discipline or field known as Governance, Risk, and Compliance (or "GRC")
and is primarily concerned with the evidence of an organization's activities as well as the
reduction or mitigation of risk that may be associated with such evidence.[2]
Corporate Memory is information of value for re-use. In determining whether to retain records
and for how long, the value of the record for re-use should be an important criterion. Many
records are simply kept as evidence of a transaction. Others are kept to document what
happened and, perhaps, why it happened. Kenneth Megill has written on corporate memory and
records management.[3]
A record is something that represents proof of existence and that can be used to recreate or
prove state of existence, regardless of medium or characteristics. A record is either created or
received by an organization in pursuance of or in compliance with legal obligations, or in the
transaction of business.[4]
Records can be either tangible objects, such as paper documents
like birth certificates, driver's licenses, and physical medical x-rays, or digital information, such as
electronic office documents, data in application databases, web site content, and electronic
mail (email).
Ten Business Reasons for Records Management in Information and Records Management:
1. To Control the Creation and Growth of Records
Despite decades of using various non-paper storage media, the amount of paper in our offices
continues to escalate. An effective records management program addresses both creation control
(limits the generation of records or copies not required to operate the business) and records
retention (a system for destroying useless records or retiring inactive records), thus stabilizing the
growth of records in all formats.
2. To Reduce Operating Costs
Recordkeeping requires administrative dollars for filing equipment, space in offices, and staffing to
maintain an organized filing system (or to search for lost records when there is no organized
system).
It costs $22 less per linear foot of records to store inactive records in the Federal Records Center
versus in the office. [Multiply that by 30% to 50% of the records in an office that doesn't have a
records management program in place], and there is an opportunity to effect some cost savings in

24. space and equipment, and an opportunity to utilize staff moreproductively - just by implementing a
records management program.
Usually, in an office that doesn't have a records program, 30-50% of the files could be stored off-
site. In EPA, we average 25 feet of paper per person. In a 30 person office that could mean a savings
of $7,000 annually!
3. To Improve Efficiency and Productivity
Time spent searching for missing or misfiled records is non-productive. A good records management
program can help any organization upgrade its recordkeeping systems so that information retrieval
is enhanced, with corresponding improvements in office efficiency and productivity. A well designed
and operated filing system with an effective index can facilitate retrieval and deliver information to
users as quickly as they need it.
4. To Assimilate New Records Management Technologies
A good records management program provides an organization with the capability to assimilate new
technologies and take advantage of their many benefits. Investments in new computer systems
don't solve filing problems unless current manual recordkeeping systems are analyzed (and
occasionally, overhauled) before automation is applied.
5. To Ensure Regulatory Compliance
In terms of recordkeeping requirements, the United States is the most heavily regulated country in
the world. These laws can create major compliance problems for businesses and government
agencies since they can be difficult to locate, interpret and apply. The only way an organization can
be reasonably sure that it is in full compliance with laws and regulations is by operating a good
records management program which takes responsibility for regulatory compliance, while working
closely with the Office of General Counsel. Failure to comply with laws and regulations could result
in severe fines, penalties or other legal consequences.
6. To Minimize Litigation Risks
Business organizations implement records management programs in order to reduce the risks
associated with litigation and potential penalties. This can be equally true in Government agencies. A
consistently applied records management program can reduce the liabilities associated with
document disposal by providing for their systematic, routine disposal in the normal course of
business.
7. To Safeguard Vital Information
Every organization, public or private, needs a comprehensive program for protecting its vital records
and information from catastrophe or disaster, because every organization is vulnerable to loss.
Operated as part of the overall records management program, vital records programs preserve the
integrity and confidentiality of the most important records and safeguard the vital information
assets according to a "Plan" to protect the records.
8. To Support Better Management Decision Making

25. In today's business environment, the manager that has the relevant data first often wins, either by
making the decision ahead of the competition, or by making a better, more informed decision. A
records management program can help ensure that managers and executives have the information
they need when they need it.
By implementing an enterprise-wide file organization, including indexing and retrieval capability,
managers can obtain and assemble pertinent information quickly for current decisions and future
business planning purposes.
9. To Preserve the Corporate Memory
An organization's files contain its institutional memory, an irreplaceable asset that is often
overlooked. Every business day, you create the records which could become background data for
future management decisions and planning. These records document the activities of the Agency
which future scholars may use to research the workings of the Environmental Protection Agency in
the 1990's.
10. To Foster Professionalism in Running the Business
A business office with files askew, stacked on top of file cabinets and in boxes everywhere, creates a
poor working environment. The perceptions of customers and the public, and "image" and "morale"
of the staff, though hard to quantify in cost-benefit terms, may be among the best reasons to
establish a good records management program.