Mangroves In The Australian Ecosystem Essay

Mangroves in the Australian Ecosystem Essay
Mangroves in Australia
Introduction
Mangroves are an integral part of the Australian ecosystem. They are valuable ecologically, economically and socially. Mangroves provide nurseries to
an abundance of marine species which would die if the ecosystem was knocked out of balance. They also account for about 75% of commercially
caught fish in Australia. Unfortunately mangroves are under constant threat from humans. Since European settlement in Australia, around 17% of
Australia's mangroves have been destroyed. Three large threats to mangroves are coastal development, chemical runoff and climate change. These
factors are all caused by humans, and can be easily stopped without much hassle.
Values of Mangroves
Ecological Benefits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Aboriginal people have been able to extract these benefits without causing direct damage to the mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves also play a large
role in tourism. They provide a place for tourists to go bird watching and partake in many other recreational activities. Human Impacts on Mangroves
Humans have played a large role in the destruction of mangroves. Pollutants, such as oil, fertilizers and toxic chemicals, have affected the growth of
mangroves. These pollutants are all forms of waste produced by humans. Oil spills release large amounts of oil into the mangrove ecosystem. This oil
can smother the roots of mangrove trees, which kills the mangroves. Deforestation is caused when many mangrove systems are cut down in order to
develop infrastructure on the mangrove site. When fertilizers and other nutrient filled products are not disposed of properly, the result is eutrophication.
Mangroves act as nurseries to fish and other marine animals. Currently too many sea creatures are being fished, leading to the destruction of the
mangrove ecosystem.
Deforestation
Many people see mangroves as nothing more than smelly, useless, trees, taking up valuable building space. Lack of knowledge about the values of
mangroves leads to them being cut down, in order to build human settlements. So far, about 35% of the world's mangroves have been destroyed. Most

of the mangroves have been destroyed in
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Taking a Look at Wetlands
What is it? Where is it?
Wetlands are an eco–system that is home to both native and foreign species, especially waterbirds and are wet some of the time. The inter–tidal
wetlands of Bicentennial Park may be threatened by the quality of the fresh and salt water that flushes them as a result of the human activities in the
catchment and Waterways. In this report, we will explore themangrove wetlands in Bicentennial Park, Olympic Park, Homebush. The sixty–five
hectare Badu Mangroves are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia and is an ecologically significant estuarinewetland system. The
wetland was created because of a series of land reclamation over several decades, including extensive mangrove stands, open water waterbird refuge
and an estuarine creek system. The park offers a variety of pathways and boardwalks for spectacular viewing opportunities, allowing the animals to
live peacefully while the wetland system can be enjoyed and studied. The Waterbird Refuge is rich in bird life, and provides habitat for large numbers
and species of birds, including migratory species protected under international agreements.
What's polluting the mangroves and how is it being solved?
From anecdotal evidence taking a tour on the Kadu boardwalks you will find that there are a numerous of items being litter on the mangroves including:
Plastic
Take–away packaging
Glass
Bicentennial Park has a sustainable process to water conservation based on stormwater

Year 11 Biology River Mangrove Study
Year 11 Biology River Mangrove Study
Introduction
Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs with a thick, exposed network of roots that grow down from the branches and into the water and sediment. All
mangroves are found on the intertidal zones between ocean and the land. When the sediment accumulate little wave occurs, the saline depend on the
frequency. Some of the indirect impacts are the sediment runoff and also including chemical runoff, global warming is one of main effects of the
mangrove ecosystem. In Tannum there are various types of mangroves. Such as the river and grey mangroves located at south tree and wild cattle in
both Tannum sands and Boyne Island along the Boyne River. Leaves are around 7cm long gland that secret salt, the... Show more content on
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The most common abiotic factors
Aim
The aim of the river study at both Tannum sands wild cattle and south tree Boyne Island was to undertake and investigate and collect data on the abiotic
and biotic contributions to the mangrove ecosystem and to analyse the human impacts, regarding both the animal and plants distribution and abundance.
Hypothesis
It is predicted that the distribution and the abundance of both the animals and plants of the mangroves ecosystem would differ depending on the
locations and the effects of the abiotic factors.
Apparatus
–1 x Anemometer ( to calculate the speed of wind)
–1 x Thermometer (to measure the temperature of the air and water)
–1 refractometer
–1 moisture sensor probe ( measure the temperature of the soil)
–1xQuadrats 1m by 1m
–1xBuilder string
–1xSpirit level
–1xGum boots
–1xPlastic bags (to collect samples)

–1xGloves (for safety precautions)
–1xLight calculator
–1xUniversal indicator (to measure both the ph. of water and the ph. of soil)
–1xHumidity thermometer (to calculate the particles In the air and it's humidity)
–X1 compass
Method
First of all we located the animals and the plants abundance surrounding the mangroves ecosystem, to determine the population within each site. The
materials were then gathered to commence the sampling for the abiotic factors. The measurements of the distribution of all organisms were measured
first including the abiotic factors. A 14 metre long transect was made along

Physiognomies In Nudgee Beach Zonation
Zonation is the distribution of animals and plants into specific zones according to abiotic factors and characterised by its dominant species [15].
Mangrove zonation is the distinguishable categorisation of a mangrove ecosystem that extends from shore to inland regions. Definitive spatial variation
of mangrove species has been recognised amongst different ecosystems worldwide and is accredited as being influenced by abiotic and environmental
factors [16]. In Eastern Australia, the majority of mangrove forests may be divided into landward, middle and seaward zones, based off of their
placement in relation to tidal position. The following points represent the typical physiognomies characterised by mangroves in their corresponding
zones:
–Landward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At Nudgee Beach, erosion was found to have occurred on the edges of the mangrove forest and along the mudflat shorelines. Erosion is typically
influenced by natural factors and occurs when pieces of weathered rock or soil are moved – typically by wind and water – from one place to another.
Shorelines with lots of sediment and sand are more inclined to be effected by erosional progression. Erosion may also be provoked and accelerated
by human interference. For example, if the decision to clear trees and plants from an area is made, erosion is likely to occur as the root systems of
plants work to hold the soil in place. If these root systems are removed and erosion does occur, environmental conditions – such as; landslides and
flooding – are more likely to take place. Erosion may also cause other plants to tip over, have their underground roots exposed and damaged and
contribute to the pollution of local waters; as a result of mud and soil runoff [26]. Erosion at Nudgee Beach was likely to have been influenced by
natural factors; however, the development and extension of the Kedron Brook golfing course may contribute to the acceleration of erosional processes
and further damage the mangrove

With Reference to Case Studies, Critically Evaluate the...
With reference to case studies, critically evaluate the success of management schemes in fragile environments (40 marks)
A fragile environment is one which is easy to disrupt, and once disrupted, difficult to restore. An example of this kind of environment is the
Sundarbans; the largest single block of mangrove swamp in the world, covering 10,000 kmВІ from the coasts of West Bengal to Bangladesh. The
mangrove swamps are sensitive to a number of factors, including temperature, salinity and sea level, where small changes may be able to cause huge
impacts on the overall health and effectiveness of the swamps to protect the coastline and the 300,000 livelihoods that depend on it.
The mangrove swamps can act as shock absorbers, protecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is for these threats that the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve was created in 1973, and later designated as the Sundarban Forest Reserve in 1978. It now
covers the whole of the Sundarbans, aimed towards managing it in a sustainable way. Armed forest staff patrol in motorboats and launches, protecting
the reserve from poachers and theft of forest products such as the valuable honey and wax that is limited for collecting to only two and a half months
a year, while seminars, workshops and awareness camps are conducted frequently inside the park to educate people and tourists on eco–conservation
and eco–development. By educating people, there will be a greater understanding and cooperation between local villagers and authorities, so locals can
benefit from the surrounding ecosystem while still protecting the environment and not completely exploiting it.
The Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project (SBPC) was also put in place by the Bangladesh government in 1999, aimed towards conserving the
environment and biodiversity, as well as reducing the poverty in the area. This included focussing on the organisation of the Sundarbans Forest
Reserve, resource management, development of the impact zone, ecotourism and environmental awareness, technical advice, monitoring and research
studies.
However, the project was cancelled in 2005 due to issues with the integrity and design

Jonathan Dickinson State Park Ecosystem
Ecosystem Description: In this visit to Jonathan Dickinson State Park we had the opportunity to observe three ecosystems; Maritime Hammock,
Dunes, and Mangroves swamp. The first ecosystem visited was Maritime Hammock This ecosystem occurs along the coast behind the dunes. It is
similar as Hammocks' forests that we saw in the Everglades but with a little bit less of vegetation. The temperature is nice and dry, not too much
humidity. Maritime Hammocks are in general halophytic communities, this means that the vegetation here can tolerate the salty water bus doesn't need
it to survive. In this ecosystem we can found trees as oaks or grape fruits. The second ecosystem visited was Mangrove swamps. Mangroves lives in the
estuarine zones. We appreciated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8) White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa): Two glands found at the petioles (leaf stem), these glands excrete salt and deposit sugar. Propagules looks
like a sunflower seed. Usually grows the furthest inland, although it may be found throughout the mangrove community. Both excretes and excludes
saltwater. The bark is light in color, almost white.

Biodiversity In Belize Essay
Biodiversity in Belize The South Caye Marine Reserve region is located along the Belize Barrier Reef. This reef is the second largest in the world,
and the largest in the northern hemisphere. Two very important ecosystems in the Belize Barrier Reef area are the coral reef, and the mangrove trees.
These ecosystems assist in determining the biodiversity of the area, affecting animals of the water, land, and sky. Without each other these two
ecosystems would diminish, they rely on the other to thrive. These two ecosystems benefit the environment, and also the economy. Since the economy
tends to be viewed as more important than preservation of nature, the government had to step in and create laws that will preserve the ecosystem.
Mangroves are the centre of a very intricate ecosystem. As a whole, mangroves are sometimes considered to be the most complex and productive
ecosystem on earth (Frost, Emily). Many individuals consider the mangrove trees to be where the sea meets the land, since it benefits animals of all
kinds. There are four different species of mangroves located in Belize, these include: the red mangove (Rhizophora mangle), the black mangove
(Avicennia germinans), the white mangrove (Laguncalaria racemosa), and the buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus). The red mangrove is usually found
along the water on the cayes and waterways, the black mangroves are found farther from the waters edge, followed by the white mangrove and
buttonwood being found furthest inland.

Causes And Effects Of Coral Reefs
Ground water contamination, damage to coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangrove ecosystems, salinization of soils and damage to vegetation,
tsunami–generated waste and debris, impacts on sewage collection and treatment systems, damage to protected areas, coastline erosion and
inundation, changes in river hydrology, and loss of livelihoods based on natural resources or ecosystem services are all examples of damage caused by a
tsunami.
Coral reefs are natural breakwaters for a tsunami wave as it moves towards the coastline. The December 2004 Indonesian earthquake tsunami devastated
coral reefs around Indian Ocean coastlines. Four years after the tsunami, the healthy corals were still regenerating. Due to the increase of sedimentation,
it doesn't allow light from the sun to penetrate through the water. It is crucial for coral reefs to get sunlight for reproduction. Another major issue is the
amount of debris from land bulldozes habitats. Within minutes, most of the seawater that destroyed coastal communities returned to the ocean, bringing
untold tons of stuff with it; all the remnants of humanity including pieces of buildings, cars, trees, garbage, huge amounts of plastics, eroded soils and
likely a wide variety of pollutants from those soils, homes, factories, stores, etc. Then there are the plastics and non–biodegradable junk that will
initially pollute the coastlines and will then move out to sea, eventually reaching the north Pacific and the western shores of North

Virgin Islands Coastal Conservation Study
The US Virgin Islands, which constitute of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, are US territories located amongst other Caribbean Islands. With little
natural resources to support them, these islands rely heavily on specialized ecosystems, such as the coral reefs and mangrove forests, for sources of
food and income through tourism.
With a special adaptation to salt water and a unique ability to thrive in oxygen depleted environmentals, mangrove forests are among one of the most
common wetland systems in the US Virgin Islands. Mangrove forest provide a breeding habitat and home for a plethora of wildlife, with 90% of the
indigenous and migratory bird species relying on the wetland for feeding and breeding. Similar to the protection coral reefs ... Show more content on
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and Jarvon Stout initiated the program within the Center for Marine and Environmental Studies (CMES). The program involves entrusting a child to
be in charge of nurturing one red mangrove seedling a piece. The students will be given a place to grow their mangrove and had to find a sunny
location for it to flourish. Once the mangroves leaves sprouted and roots began to grow, a field trip will be organized by the teachers where the
students plant their mature seedlings in mangrove nurseries at the CMES. Once the seedlings grow and become big enough, the students will be able
return to CMES and help transplant their seedlings into the field, all while learning about restoration and conservation of these vital

The Effects Of Seismic Surveys On Fauna
The present study monitored the direct and indirect Impacts of seismic surveys on fauna of the mangrove using Birds Insects, Crabs, Reptiles and
fishes as representative taxa. During the 3D seismic survey, tools, labour and machineries were used inside the mangrove forests. Major sources of
faunal impacts observed during the seismic survey operations were from, 1) Physical presence and movement of the labour and machinery within the
forest and 2) Noise and vibration generated from shooting (underground explosions). There are four major steps involved in the seismic surveys, that
result in disturbances to the system such as initial survey of the area, laying of cables and geophones, shot hole drilling, and seismic wave generation
through underground explosion (underground explosion). Many elements of mangrove fauna were observed to be disturbed due to these exploration
process especially people interference.
Impacts on Mangrove fauna
There are many direct short–term impacts on mangrove fauna from 3D seismic survey as observed in the field. These temporary effects had mostly
short–term impacts since the survey normally lasted only for few days in any given area. Faunal impacts of prospecting exploration activities through
3D seismic data acquisition can be categorized broadly into two; direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts include changes in activity patterns of
mangrove fauna especially birds and crabs in response to the 3D seismic survey activity. Indirect impacts to

The Local Environment: Bicentennial Park-Sydney Olympic Park
The study is carried out in Bicentennial Park to investigate and analyse the local area and expand on the understanding of geological and climatic
concepts that can be identified through careful analysis of the area.
The project identifies and analyse how the vegetation of the area can be influenced by soil composition and climate by performing first hand
investigation such as analysing soil type and grain size. It's also about the aspects of the local environment that have been affected by people and
propose realistic solutions to the problems that exist.
The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and its plants and animals and also to investigate the
history of the local environment, comprising human impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes
increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.
This field trip includes the following field work:
Abiotic Variables in the local environment
Plants and animals in the local environment
Environmental influences on the distribution of plants and animals
Features of a mangrove plant influenced by environmental factors
Identify the impact of human activities on the local environment
Biotic Feature
Mangrove forest
Mangroves are trees and shrubs forming forests on the coastal wetlands, typically growing between saltmarsh and seagrass beds. Sydney Olympic park
is the main habitat for the grey Mangrove and the planted river

Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing...
Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing Countries: The Role of Local Community Support and Involvement
Over the last two decades, "a consensus has gradually emerged that long–term conservation depends on understanding and support from those closely
connected to the environment and its resources" (Shine, Klemm, 1999.) Several international environmental conventions have reflected this consensus
by establishing a legal basis to involve local communities, especially those in developing countries, in their implementation. Recent changes in the focus
of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands are consistent with this global trend towards emphasizing the importance of community support and
involvement. Adopted in Ramsar, Iran on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By contrasting and comparing case studies in developing countries with varying degrees of wetland conservation success, it is clear that local
community involvement and support of conservation is critical to success. Acknowledging this, those sites with unsuccessful wetland conservation
have begun to plan initiatives to promote community participation and support.
This study focuses solely on wetland conservation in developing countries, where lifestyles and lack of government capacity make community support
and involvement in wetland conservation policies and practices particularly important. People in the developing world are more "closely connected" to
the environment than those in developed countries. Since they rely more directly on the extraction of natural resources and use of natural services for
their sustenance and economy, their lifestyles have a more direct impact on the immediate ecosystem. Given that "all countries, but especially
developing countries...need to enhance their internal capacity to manage their environmental protection and sustainable development," a lack of
national and state government capacity results in a greater need for the support and involvement of local communities in wetland conservation
(Susskind, et al. 2002). Since developing country governments may not have the finances, institutions, or knowledge to strictly enforce their wetland
conservation policies, community policy support is

Mangroves On The Burnett River
Development on the banks of the Burnett River is destroying the mangroves! The Burnett River, which was such an important part in the habitation
of the district,was named after J.C Burnett who explored the region in 1847. What J.C. Burnett probably didn't realise back then was that the river
was 435 km long and opens out into the Coral Sea. Factories are being built on the banks of this beautiful river and are not contributing to its safety
or to its health. Mangroves are being cleared for development even though they are important for the river's survival. There are 80 types of
mangroves and in total 39 species can be located in Queensland which means almost half of the species in the world can be found in the one state. It
takes mangroves 10–15 years to reach full maturity ,but it doesn't take too long to kill them.The mangroves help Bundaberg and the other regions on its
banks. Mangroves stop pollution... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mangroves clean the water by extracting the freshwater from the sat, some species then excrete the salt via their leaves Although these plants are
crucial for our survival, many of them have been destroyed throughout Bundaberg's development. For example, mangroves and other trees were
illegally poisoned along the Burnett River banks in May 2016. The culprit then made an illegal road to the river, destroying hundreds of mangroves.
Killing these trees opens up the prospect of air pollution. This can put people at higher risk of asthma and other respiratory diseases. On top of that,
long term diseases would include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage brain tissue and other important

Mangroves: A Vital Part of the Environment
A mangrove can be defined as a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, usually exceeding a length of one meter in height. It will generally grow above the
average tidal level in a marine coastal environment. The word mangrove can also mean the same as 'rainforest' or 'tidal forest' because this is the
environment, when in large quantities, mangroves are known to create. According to MARINEBIO, (1998–2014) most mangrove species can be found
in South East Asia, The United States and the western Hemisphere; there are approximately 70 different species of mangroves, ranging from small
shrubs to 40m tall trees. Mangroves are a vital part of the environment, but are quickly being damaged and lost under construction and pollution. If this
continues, they will become extinct.
In their environment, Mangroves are prone to living in areas along the coastline, in warm, salty waters. Because Mangroves grow in this habitat, they
must adapt to their surroundings by working together with their roots, cells and leaves to remove all of the unnecessary salt and excess water. (Duke,
2007) The most common areas near the coastline where mangroves can be found is where the compostition of the soil is rocky and wet clay/silt.
Mangroves in themselves are a home to thousands of different organisms who strive off of their shelter and protection. Examples of this can include
birds nesting in the outer water roots, and sessile organisms clinging to the underwater roots.
Mangroves are essential for areas such

The Negative Effects of Oil Spills Have on Nigeria, A letter
Dear President
My name is John Doe. I am writing this letter to inform you about the negative effects in Nigeria oil spills have on its people and the environment
around them. Oil spills pollute the water, killing animals and plant life that inhabit the area around the spill. It is important that this problem is to be
looked at and solved. Nigeria's Niger Delta is one of the most oil–polluted places on the planet with more than 6,800 recorded oil spills. Millions of
barrels of oil were spilled into the Niger Delta.. Some people inhabit the land around it. The water is there main resource to use. They use it for
irrigation, drinking, and bathing. They use the water for their everyday needs. The water is too polluted for them to drink anymore and they can't use
the water for irrigation because it is killing all of their crops. Multiple people have suffered from illnesses from drinking the oil polluted water.
Cleanups don't "clean" the land very well even though they are supposed to clean deep into the ground. A percent of Nigerianmangrove ecosystems
have been destroyed out by oil. The known effects of oil on mangroves are making the soil into acid, stop cellular respiration, and they do not let the
roots get oxygen. The loss of mangrove forests does not only decrease the life of plants and animals. They also affect humans. The indigenous people
living in the affected areas highly value these systems. The local people by the mangrove forest use the wood as a major

Sundarban History
Sundarban
The Sundarbans (Bengali а¦ёа§Ѓа¦Ёа§Ќа¦¦а¦°а¦¬а¦Ё, ShundorbГґn) is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. The name
Sundarban can be literally translated as "beautiful jungle" or "beautiful forest" in the Bengali language (Sundar, "beautiful" and ban, "forest" or
"jungle"). The name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Alternatively, it has been proposed
that the name is a corruption of Samudraban (Bengali: а¦ёа¦®а§Ѓа¦¦а§Ќа¦°а¦¬а¦Ё ShomudrobГґn "Sea Forest") or Chandra–bandhe (name of a primitive
tribe). But the generally accepted view is the one associated with Sundari trees.
History:
The Sundarbans, as we know it today, has a fairly recent history. Much of the present... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first call to preserve the forests was made by Dr. Brandis, the Conservator of Forests in Burma 1862. Based on his recommendations, additional
reclamation grants were stopped, but deforestation continued, irrespective. By 1873, 5,100 km2 of forests had been converted into agricultural land
and the Sundarbans area forest cover had been effectively reduced to about 14,100 km2.
It is only post 1873–1874, when faced with dwindling forest produce, the rulers started reviewing the policy of transformation of all available wetland
forest to taxable agricultural land in the Sundarbans. The economics of exploitation had changed in the last century and forest produce had become
scarce and more valuable than agricultural produce. No longer was it considered profitable to clear the forests for cultivation as much greater revenues
could be collected from farming the forest itself.
In 1875–1876 the government declared un–leased forest reserved, and placed them under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department– a move which
created today's Sundarbans forest.
A variety of wildlife still survived till the latter part of the 19th century despite the rapid depletion of habitat. Hunter records "Tigers, leopards,
rhinoceros, wild buffaloes, wild hogs, wild cats, barasinga, spotted deer, hog deer, barking deer, and monkeys are the principal varieties of wild animals
found in Sundarban"2 in 1875. But the events of the next

Fraser Coast
Fraser Coast consists of four main ecosystems which are rocky shores, sand dunes, rainforests and mangroves. All of these ecosystems are important to
the survival of several plants and animals. Each plant and animal work together to keep the ecosystem alive and healthy.
Rocky Shores are found where the sea meets the land which supports a diverse mix of plants and animals that have adapted to survive in the unique
conditions of constant wave action as well as the fall of tides (Ehp.qld. 2016). Most of the ecosystems flora and fauna live in the intertidal zone,
between high and low tide (Ehp.qld. 2016). They are exposed to two environments, being crushed by waves and swamped by the sea water, extreme
temperatures and salinity, and left unprotected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Queensland has the fastest growing population in Australia and the greatest area containing mangroves and with that, inhabiting the greatest number of
estuaries (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The large loss in mangroves area throughout Queensland, especially along the south east coast, is due to the urban
expansions (Mangrove Watch, 2016).
Appendix 2, shows the distribution of mangroves in Australia, from 2000. Most of the area that's coloured, indicating these regions have mangroves
from 0.001 to 578km2 (Olr, 2016). Appendix 3, shows the richness of the distribution of mangroves around Australia from 0 to 32 different species
(Olr, 2016). The richer and denser parts of Australia are above the Tropic of Capricorn, below are parts where there are fewer species and less areas
that include mangroves.
There are many organisms living, thriving and surviving off of the mangrove forests. Mangroves are always being affected by natural and unnatural
factors that create significant threats to this precious ecosystem (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The natural factors can occur seasonally, annually and
periodically, with severe events including cyclones and anything else that affects all biotic (living) and abiotic (non–living)

The Mangrove Dynamics Of Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary
In the focus of above context, the current study describes the mangrove dynamics of Krishna wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) of Andhra Pradesh (AP) state
using spatio–temporal satellite data. The study elucidates degradation of mangroves of this region along with the restoration steps taken by the forest
department in collaboration with M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF).
2. Study area: Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS)
AP state ranks fourth in terms of mangrove areas (35,200 ha– FSI 2013) in the country and are found in the delta region of river Krishna and
Godavari. In addition, small isolated mangroves patches are also found along the coasts of Vishakapatnam, Guntur, Nellore and Prakasam districts.
KWS is part of Krishna River mangroves (lying between 15В° 42 ' N and 15В° 55 ' N in latitude and 80В° 42 '– 81В° 01 ' E in longitude) distributed
among Krishna and Guntur districts (Figure 1). KWS covers an area of 19,481 ha exclusively dominated by mangrove vegetation. The Sanctuary is
divided into different Reserve Forest (RF) zones as Sorlagondi, Nachugunta, Yelichetladibba (of Krishna district), Kottapalem, Molagunta,
Adavuladivi and Lankivanidibba (of Guntur district). The soil is classified as silt clay with high salinity and low phosphorus levels with an average
pH of 8.0. Fishing, crab, prawn seed collection forms livelihood options of local villagers, apart from seasonal agricultural practices (Anonymous
2004). The current study covers major part of KWS, focusing

Speech On Mangrove Ecosystem
Assalamualaikum and hye everyone. I'm sure that all of you know what is mangrove right? But can you give me the exact meaning of mangrove?
When I'm first said mangrove, what does come to your mind? It is a wonderful creation which gives lots of benefits or is it a frightening surrounding
which is full of biting insects, savage crocodile or unhealthy air and extremely difficult to transverse? Today, there are still lack of awareness and
understanding about these mangroves ecosystem and those negative view about it is still persists. Most of people don't even know actually the mangrove
ecosystem play an important role for our ecosystem and even in our life. Without knowing the importance of it, they easily destroy the mangrove
ecosystem to build the shrimp pond or what so ever. I strongly against this activities because I believe that we should save our mangroves ecosystem
for our own benefits. There are three reasons that will support my statement why we should protect mangrove ecosystem. It acts as breeding and
nursery grounds for variety of animals, protect the land from erosion and act as carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do you know what carbon sequestration is? If not, let me first tell you what does carbon sequestration means. Carbon sequestration is the process
involved in carbon capture and long term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Mangroves are one of the largest carbon storage areas. Although
mangroves occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they contribute 10–15% to coastal sediment carbon storage and also export 10–11% of the
particulate terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Their contribution to carbon sequestration is now perceived as a means for conservation and restoration and
a way to help in mitigate the climate change. As from year to year, the global warming keeps increasing in thus if the mangrove are absent, don't you
think that it will become worse than

Taking a Look at Mangroves
1.0 Introduction "A mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one and a half metres in height, which normally grows above
mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal environments and estuarine margins. A mangrove is also the tidal habitat comprising such trees
and shrubs" (Mangroves defined, n.d.). To survive in an intertidal environment, they must be able to tolerate a broad range of salinity, temperatures and
moisture levels. In an environment with such low oxygen levels, different species of mangroves use different adaptations in an effort to get as much
oxygen as possible.
Different species of mangroves gather oxygen in different ways, some use roots that protrude from the ground called peg roots, these peg roots,
which are covered in lenticels, can reach up to 30cm in height and allow the plant to exchange gas, as an extension of the roots, which run through the
ground, this allows the plant to absorb nutrients from the soil as well, which is a common adaptation in all species of mangroves. Other species are
raised from the ground on stilt roots that gather oxygen in the upper reaches of the roots, and then descend into the ground. Slit roots are similar to
knee root, except knee root first grow into the ground and then breach the surface to collect oxygen (Marine Education Society of Australiasia , n.d.).
Mangrove roots types (Marine Education Society of Australiasia , n.d.)
High salt levels in the mud means a lot of salt is

##ction And Juxtaposition In Living Like Weasels And...
idea in a particular way? Anne Dillard uses diction and juxtaposition in both "Living like Weasels" and "Sojourner" to establishes her distaste
towards the actions and cognition of the human race. Personification of the inhabitants in nature is done in order to prompt changes on people's
opinion on the universally accepted biotic hierarchy. Humans believe themselves to be the most advanced creature on earth and rebuff any teaching
by the natives. Dillard portrays her disagreement with such notion by using story telling techniques to enchant and then preach the lessons she
herself learns from nature. In "Living like Weasels" Dillard tells a tale of an eagle who "[gutted a] living weasel with his talons [and bended] his
beak [to clean] the beautiful airborne bones" (66). The cruel but alluring diction is done to illustrate Dillard's fascination with the weasel's willingness
to cease from existence because of their commitment to its choices and lifestyle. The weasel does not accept its gruesome fate to be a meal to the
eagle without attempting to turn the tables. It is completely unsurprising to hear how "only 6 percent of the population follows the routes they desire"
(Haltiwanger, 1). Most of humanity crumbles under obstacles and instead attempts to embark on easier tasks. Dillard herself is guilty of such an act
and she reveals her mistake when she says "I missed my chance". (69) The tone throughout her personal note sends out feelings of regret which
enforces a connection

The South Texas Ecosystems Essay
In south Texas there are several types of ecosystems one of those ecosystems are the dunes. South Texas dunes are found along the Texas coastline and
the general abiotic conditions are sandy soil, high salt content, some fresh water, flooding in the occasion of severe storms and moisture from rain and
waves. Sea Oats and Bitter Pancum are two types of plants that dominate the South Texas dunes. Bitter Pancum adaptation for living in this type of
ecosystem is that they are tolerant to high salinity. Sea Oats are less tolerant to high salt but their adaptation is to grow rapidly. Some common animal
species that live in the dunes are crabs, which are tolerant to high salt water, gulls, and terns feed on crabs and other species around the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human activities pose a threat to Seagrass beds because of boating, stepping on the seagrass, which damage the root system, dredging, pollution and
construction practices.
Mangrove Forest is another type of ecosystem in South Texas. Mangrove Forests are found along the coast in salty waters and the general abiotic
conditions are high salinity flooded soils, low wave energy, high temperatures, and muddy soils. Black Mangrove and Buttonwood are the dominant
plant species in South Texas Mangrove Forest ecosystem. Buttonwood is adapted to this ecosystem because it resides inland where there is less
salty conditions. Black Mangrove is adapted to sandy salty clay soil and requires protection from wave action and they are sensitive to cold weather.
Some common animal species that live in Mangrove Forests are many species of fish, crabs, mollusks, and birds. Mangrove forests provide a habitat,
shelter, and nursery to these species that reside in this ecosystem. Mangrove forest serve as a coastal protection from severe storms and hurricanes also
help remove pollutants and erosion. The economic importance of Mangrove forest is that they support fisheries, water purification, tourism, and
coastal protection. Human activities pose a threat to Mangrove Forests because of the removal of some mangroves, boat waves, oil spills, dredging,
draining, and diking.
A fourth type of ecosystem is the coastal prairie. Coastal prairies are found along the gulf coast

How Light Intensity Effects Transpiration Rate in Mangrove...
Year 10 EEI – Plant Investigation
The following assignment presented is based on the information and outcomes of an experiment conducted by Claire Dunne, Eilis Brien and myself
about the effects of light intensity, representing the three seasons of summer, spring, autumn and winter, on thetranspiration rate of mangrove shoots.
Abstract:
The overall aim of this report was the conduct an experiment based how different light intensity levels, representing the four seasons in a year: summer,
spring, autumn and winter, affects the transpiration rate in a mangrove plant. To do this we had to set the 4 different beakers at different lengths apart,
each beaker (from beaker 1 representing summer) placed further and further away from the desk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beakers were then placed in their correct positions through the help of a ruler and light meter 14. Two sets of results were taken down 15. Testing
was taken place for the second time in the day beginning from 1.15pm – 3.15pm 16. Steps 12 through 13 were repeated
*during the experiment the data will be collected by weighing the beaker with the plant in it on an electrical balance and then again of just the
mangrove shoot ............
Materials: * Light meter * Ruler * 1x roll of duct tape * 1x roll of masking tape * 1x electronic balance * Vaseline * Scissors * Sharpie/Felt tip pen *
4x mangrove shoots * 4x lab coats * 1x desk lamps * 1x 60W light bulb * 1x Tripod * 5x black bin liners * 4x 250mL beakers * Stop watch *
Measuring cylinder * 800mL water (total) * 80mL oil (total)
Example Diagram
Source 1:
Desk lamp and 60W light bulb
Desk lamp and 60W light bulb
Mangrove shoot
Mangrove shoot

250mL beaker
250mL beaker
200mL tap water
200mL tap water
Risk assessment: Risk| Safe Practise | Safe Disposal | The light bulb could fall from the tripod and smash during the experiment | Strap the lamp to
the tripod firmly my using duct tape and strap the tripod to the surfacing by again using duct tape. Also place the tripod away from the edge so there
aren't any accidents as a result of someone falling into or leaning on the

Environmental Effects Of Mangroves
Mangroves are an essential part of the Tampa Bay Estuary as they help maintain the overall health of the state's coastal zones. From the 1950s to the
1980s, the Tampa Bay was in its worst condition as a result of unregulated pollution into the Bay. Environmental regulations beginning in the 1970s
with the Clean Water Actimproved conditions in the bay but even today there persists a problem with pollution and the destruction of natural habitats
(Water Resource Management and Environmental Assessment & Restoration, 2014). Today, theTampa Bay has lost over 44% of its coastal wetlands
acreage, including mangrove forests and salt marshes (Department of Environmental Protection, 2012). There is still decline as waterfront development
and pollution threaten the abundance of this essential tree. If the mangroves disappear from the Tampa Bay estuary, the area will suffer adverse
ecological and economic effects from the reduction of sea life. A reduction of mangrove trees can even increase damage caused by natural disasters
(Sandilyan and Kathiresan, 2012).
In order to maintain the health of these forests and the Tampa Bay Estuary I recommend enacting a change in the 1996 Mangrove Trimming and
Preservation Act to set stricter regulations on the trimming of mangroves, a reduction on waterfront development, stricter control over pollutants in the
area, and the categorization of areas designated for mangrove growth, restriction, and removal. Failing to enact these policies will cause

Compare And Contrast Rainforests And Mangroves
Rainforests and Mangroves hold very vital roles in our ecosystems, in which this essay is comparing the two. Mangroves cultural significance towards
Brisbane are strongly linked to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of Australia. They have provided food, shelter, medicine and
many other resources to the land owners for over 40,000 years. They are also important to Brisbane's natural environment because they are immensely
productive ecosystems in which they provide various resources and services, for instance they protect shorelines from erosion. Brisbane rainforests hold
significant cultural value, alike to that of the mangroves, to the Aborigines, in which they've supply medicine and vast amounts of foods. Rainforests
are a vital stabilizer for the Earth's climate, along with maintaining the water cycles.
Biotic factors are found in every ecosystem, interacting together to survive. Herons (or the common egret) inhabit mangrove swamps, and are found in
most parts of the world. They can usually be found by mangrove tree roots, feeding mainly on frogs, fish, small mammals and occasionally small
insects and reptiles. In contrast, the Umbrella Cockatoo's who are rainforest dwellers, they are located in Northwest islands ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The symbiosis between a mangroves pneumatophores (roots) and an oyster is commensalism, the oyster uses the roots as a place to live while the
mangrove stays unharmed. Another communalistic relationship is that between New World army ants and antbirds, the ants have a tendency to shake
the rainforest floor as they march, this disrupts insects which causes them to fly out. The insects are then eaten by the following antbirds, the birds are
then benefiting while the ants don't care. When looking at the communalistic relationships there are many differences, the oyster lives in the mangroves
roots, while the antbird obtains food from what the ants

Mangroves Essay
Methods and Predicted Outcomes for mangroves
Temporary plots are established for the purpose of above ground pool and soil carbon measurements. The objects are for a single measurement of
forest composition, structure and carbon pools. In this study, a sampling design was adopted from Kauffman and Donato(2012)/Murdiyarso et al(2009)
to describe composition, biomass and ecosystem carbon pools. To assess the carbon stocks, mangrove ecosystems were divided into two parts;
above–ground and below–ground components. In each sampled forest ecosystem, a transect arranged perpendicular from the river or coast shoreline
was established with no a priori knowledge of forest composition or structure. Six plots were established along the transects at ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the present study, six samples per site, with multiple depths collected at each point will be conducted. It is recommended that when mangrove soils
are deeper than 1m, at least the top 100cm will be sampled(Kauffman and Donato 2012). At the sampling locations, organic matter will be removed
from the soil surface. And then PVC pipe will be steadily inserted vertically into the soil until the top of the sampler was levelled with the soil surface.
Then, the soil will be sampled at depths of 0–15cm, 15–30cm, 30–50cm and 50–100cm in the present study. During sampling, to archive the core, take
a GPS recording of coring site and assign the site a unique label then photograph the entire core from top to bottom and record changes that occur
with depth. Photos can be taken in the field once the core will be recovered and one of the splits will be cleaned. Extend a tape measure along the
core starting at the top end and document the split from top to bottom (surface to depth) using detailed photographs of core image. Be sure to
include the tap measure in these images of the core. Place a label with the core ID so that is appears in all photographs and identifies which direction
is the top and bottom of the core and use a polarizing filter to limit the light reflected off the wet surface of the core.
Subsampling a soil core
The most accurate, and sometimes most practical, technique for subsampling is to determine the bulk density for each depth

Self Habiting : The Dangers Of Self-Limiting Beliefs
our success in life and your ability to realize your dreams depend upon your ability to conquer your self limiting beliefs. Self limiting beliefs are the
single biggest obstacle to keeping your dreams alive and yet so few people really understand the very real dangers their beliefs present to them. Ignore
your self limiting beliefs and they'll eat your dreams alive.
The inspiration for this article struck like a bolt of lightning when I came across an old issue of Howard Ruff's newsletter recently in which he
described a terrifying event... which, oddly enough, caused me to consider the very real dangers of self limiting beliefs we each hold within us.
Here's the quote from the newsletter –– see if you can make the connection:
"The crocodile attack that claimed the most human lives happened on February 19, 1945 when part of the Imperial Japanese Army unit guarding a
stronghold on the Burmese island of Ramree was outmaneuvered by a British naval force.
The Japanese soldiers were forced to cross 10 miles of mangrove swamps to rejoin a larger battalion of the Japanese infantry. The swamps were home
to thousands of 15–ft saltwater crocodiles. By the next morning, only 20 of the original 1,000 Japanese soldiers had survived."
Okay, I admit it, this may seem like a pretty odd connection to make. How does a crocodile attack in any way relate to self limiting beliefs and
personal development?
Allow me to explain. When I read this excerpt, I was astounded by the story. And it got me

Coastal Erosion Of Coastal Vegetation Depending On Their...
The comprehension of the distribution of coastal vegetation depending on their salinity tolerance is very significant to the understanding of coastal
ecological modeling. Coastal ecological modeling depends largely on the interplay of salinity and the formation, productivity and perishability of
coastal plants to infer or predict any coastal change. Plants that sustain in a highly saline environment are termed as halophytes, including mangroves,
which tolerate salinity but perhaps do not require salt to perform their physiological activities. Mangroves are an important type of marine halophytes,
which are influenced by salinity throughout their lives but manage to thrive in spite of difficulties. There are two types of halophytes: facultative
halophytes and obligate halophytes. Facultative halophytes can sustain in fresh water but grow rapidly with the increase in salinity up to an optimum
level. On the other hand, obligate halophyte cannot stand fresh water and have optimal growth in similar or more than the salinity range of facultative
halophytes. The general consensus among scientists on mangrove categorization is that mangroves are facultative halophytes, as the distinction depends
on the ability of mangroves to survive in fresh water. In the review article "On the halophytic nature of mangroves", Krauss and Ball (2013) contended
that mangroves do not need salt for survival and hence are truly facultative halophytes. The authors accomplished their comprehensive

Red Mangroves
Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics – mainly between latitudes 25В° N and 25В° S. The
saline conditions tolerated by various species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (30 to 40 ppt), to water of over twice the salinity of
ocean seawater, where the salt has become concentrated by evaporation (up to 90 ppt).[1][2]
The many species of trees and shrubs adapted to saline conditions are not all closely related, and the term "mangrove" may be used for all of them, or
more narrowly only for the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just for mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora.
Mangroves form a characteristic saline woodland or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shrimps and mud lobsters use the muddy bottom as their home.[10] Mangrove crabs mulch the mangrove leaves, adding nutritients to the mangal
muds for other bottom feeders.[11] In at least some cases, export of carbon fixed in mangroves is important in coastal food webs.
Mangrove plantations in Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and India host several commercially important species of fish and crustaceans. Despite
restoration efforts, developers and others have removed over half of the world's mangroves in recent times.
[edit] Biology
A red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle
Of the recognized 110 mangrove species, only about 54 species in 20 genera from 16 families constitute the "true mangroves", species that occur almost
exclusively in mangrove habitats.[3] Demonstrating convergent evolution, many of these species found similar solutions to the tropical conditions of
variable salinity, tidal range (inundation), anaerobic soils and intense sunlight. Plant biodiversity is generally low in a given mangal.[1] This is
especially true in higher latitudes and in the Americas. The greatest biodiversity occurs in the mangal of New Guinea, Indonesia and Malaysia.[12]
[edit] Adaptations to low oxygen
Pneumatophore penetrates the sand surrounding the mangrove tree.
Red mangroves, which can survive in the most inundated areas, prop

The Sea Level Of Bangladesh
The effects of sea level rise are profound throughout the western coastal zone as it is low–lying and the coastal lands are subsiding (Karim and Mimura
2008) . Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves will decrease in number unless they have a sufficient sediment supply to keep pace
with Sea Level Rise. These physical impacts, in turn, have both direct and indirect socioeconomic implications, which appear to be immensely
negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example, based on national studies, a 1 m rise could cause losses of about 9.5 million tons of rice in
Bangladesh (Mimura and Nicholls 2008). Rice is the staple crop of half of world's population and it is the most major staple sustenance for
Bangladesh. Sea level Rise will result in a food crisis in some regions of Bangladesh especially southern sub–regions as these areas are most vulnerable
to flooding due to sea level rise; hence, rice production will be unsuitable (Karim 2014).
A preliminary analysis of the sea level of Bangladesh was done to examine the one–metre rise in sea level (Huq et al.1995). Huq and colleagues (1995)
conducted a study that included data on topological maps, tidal tales, satellite images, aerial photos, and hydrographic maps. Thematic maps were used
to estimate the effect of a one–meter sea–level rise on agriculture, population, and infrastructure. Locations experiencing subsidence included the
Chalan Beel, Dhaka Depression, and the Khulna Sundarbans area with

Diversity of Mangroves
Introduction
Mangroves have different economic benefits. Nowadays, destruction of mangrove forest is very alarming. During the year 1918, mangroves forest is
about 500, 000 hectares wide. In the Philippines, from the estimated 448, 000 hectares in 1920's have been declined to 110, 000 hectares in the year
1990 and it reached 130, 000 hectares by the year 2000, as stated by Lunar and Laguardia (2012). Human anthropogenic activities such as conversion of
mangroves into fishpond, shrimp farm, salt ponds, renovation and other forms of developing industries reduces the mangrove areas. The continuous
reduction of mangrove forest have been used as different kind of materials like charcoal or for fire wood production, house materials and converting
these mangrove forest into fish ponds establishment and in addition the expansion of coastal communities (Becira, 2006). According to Upadhyay et
al., (2002), mangrove ecosystems have many ecological importances for maintaining marine life. Mangrove ecosystems are being studied with more
interest worldwide because of their economic importance in support of commercial fisheries alone (Cintron et al. 1980). Uses and values of
mangroves are many and varied. For example, they provide habitat as well as spawning and nursery ground for various marine species like fish,
shellfish, crustaceans and other marine organisms, enrich the near–shore environment, act as windbreakers and protects the shoreline from storms,
stabilize the shoreline, and

Trophic Interactions Of Animals Essay
2.Describe 2 trophic interactions of an organism from the area studied.
An example of a trophic interaction includes parasitism, which is a relationship that involves a harmful organism living on another organism, and is
presented by the galls ("plant tumours") on the Grey Mangrove. The formation of a gall is initiated when an insect feeds on a plant or dominates the
tissue of a plant and lays eggs there. The eggs will grow within the leaves, which they will eventually devour. These abnormal growths of plant tissue
are a response to irritation or harm of the plant and it may slow down the photosynthesis process and may make the Grey Mangrove die.
Another example includes mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship. Mutualism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The root system is shallow with occasional knob–like, lenticel covered protrusions above the soil surface.
4.Identify and describe in detail 2 adaptations of 1 named Australian mangrove animal. (E.g. mud whelk or soldier crab) from Minnamurra.
Sydney Mud whelks (Pyrazus ebeninus) are classified as Gastropods and are large snails with a long, brown, spiral shell, which can be up to 9cms
long, that feed on detritus and are found in loose sandy/muddy flats such as around the mangroves in Minnamurra.
Adaptations of the Sydney mud whelk:
Mud whelks have a big muscular foot which is mandatory for holding their prey captive and also enables them to move through and attach itself to
surfaces and survive the mudflat sediment which consists of sand, silt, mud and organic matter.
They have a strong, hard shell to protect them from predators, and their shell also does not allow moisture to seep in. Its shell also reduces water loss
from evaporation. Camouflage is also possible due to their lightly–coloured spiral

Managing and Protecting the Mangrove Forestry in the...
`MANAGING AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRYIN THE PHILIPPINES` Saint John M.S. in Plant Science Prof.Choy `Subject
Professor in Biol 210` March, 2009 MANAGING AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES INTRODUCTION
MANGROVE DEFORESTATION KNOWN CONSEQUENCES OF MANGROVE DEFORESTATION HISTORY OF MAJOR
MANGROVE
HABITAT USES AND CHANGES IN THE PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF MANGROVE HABITAT CHANGES
A. Environmental Impacts B. Social Impacts VI.MANGROVE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS VII.CONTRACT
REFORESTATION PROJECT VIII.SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION IX.REFERENCES I.INTRODUCTION Filipinos,
whose main daily diet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their destruction will have an immediate effect on fishery productivity. Mangroves also protect seaweed beds and coral reefs against river–borne silts
and serve as breeding ground of certain species of fish that thrive in brackish water. They also maintain salt marshes as filters of industrial and
household wastes. Certain species of mangrove are sources of fibers, chemicals and medicine. Palawan mangroves, for example, are raw materials
for Japan's chemical industries. `Mangrove forests function both as an atmospheric CO2 sink and a source of ocean carbon. They are important
in the effort to slow down global warming. (E. McLeod and R.V. Salm, Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate Change, IUCN, 2006) `
Effective and enforceable policies and education strategies have to be implemented right away to reverse the loss of mangrove forests.
{draw:frame} `With the destruction of mangrove areas, sea grassand coral reef ecosystems have also deteriorated. About 70 % of the Philippines'
coral cover has been destroyed, with about 25% still in good condition and only about 5% in excellent condition. As a result, the productivity of
coastal fisheriesmeasured in terms of fish catch also suffered a serious decline. It is estimated that there is a reduction of 670 kg in fish catch for
every hectare of mangrove forest that is clear–cut.(CRMP, 1998).` A. Environmental

Essay Mangrove Swamps
Introduction Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland found on five out of seven continents between the latitudes 30ВєN and 30ВєS. Mangrove
swamps are rich communities of both vegetative and animal species. The swamps are unique in the fact that they are a highly vegetated area found
on the edge of marine coasts. The major vegetation in this area has adapted to absorb its water from the sea, and its oxygen from the air as opposed to
the soil. This environment serves as home to many animal species, and home and nursery to many aquatic species. Because this type of ecosystem
requires such a unique environment, it is often in danger of disappearing. These communities are not only threatened by human development, but also
by global... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parent material for mangrove swamps is very similar to that of any coastal wetland. This is because mangrove swamps occupy the terrestrial
edge between estuary wetland and marine waters. The soils are sandy with areas of heavy peat deposits created by copious amounts of plant litter.
Mangrove swamps cannot form along cliffs because the mangrove tree species only grow on low gradient slopes ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). The
red mangrove species produce the peat deposits characteristic of the mangrove swamps. The peat is acidic and is capable of dissolving the limestone
found underneath ("Ecology," 2010).
Mangrove swamps are named after their dominant vegetation. The mangrove swamp is divided into three zones: the proximal zone, the middle zone,
and the distal zone. The proximal zone (also known as the red mangroves) is closest to the waterfront. This area is subject to the effect of the tides.
The main plant species found in this zone include Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. These plants have adapted to the waters edge by
forming long aerial prop roots that attach the plant to an otherwise loose sediment bed ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). These waterfront plants are highly
adapted for absorbing seawater and securing nutrients from the peat. These mangrove tree species force positively–charged magnesium ions into their
roots which repels the positively–charged sodium ions in the sea water, but the plant

Bird Species in Belize Essay
This past week in Belize was undoubtedly one of the best experiences I have ever had. In the special topics biology class, I learned so much about
the ecology, culture, and history of the newly established country. Not to mention, I obtained a new respect for ornithology and a new interest in
birds. About the size of Manhattan and with a population of almost 350,000 people, Belize surprisingly holds approximately 500 species of birds. We
were able to spot 135 species of birds during our stay and also learned about a few mutualism relationships.
One of the greatest mutualism relationships is between the ants and the bullhorn acacias. The ants live in the hollow bullhorns and protect the tree,
making sure there is no vegetation to harm it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The seeds are in a pod and have a very pungent odor resembling dried, old, sweaty underwear. Guanacaste seeds can only be planted if their
protective covers are punctuated and this is usually performed by large mammals. Now, there are only cattle and horses to perform this duty in Belie;
thus, seed dispersal is rare.
Mimosa pudica is a touch–sensitive plant that will close its leaflets inward when touched. It is found on the ground or on plants and is relatively small
in size. The tour guide at the Community Baboon Sanctuary said that the plants were used when slaves were in Belize. Closed mimosas would show
runaway slaves the escape path.
At the Community Baboon Sanctuary, many other plants were noted. Smilax tendrils, also called cat claw, were used as a form of birth control.
Aerial roots are a favorite of the black howler monkeys. The roots can be smoked and help people quit smoking. The cohune have many uses such
as: makes furniture, rings, wine, massage oil, stops infections and more. The miconia leaves have an orange substance at the end that is used as a
ringworm cure. Purple vervines is used as a treatment of leukemia. Melastoma leaves are favored by monkeys, very soft and can be a replacement to
toilet paper. The tourist tree, called because its red skin will peel like tourists, is used in gumbo.
Leaf cutter ants have an ant–fungus mutualism. The ants will nurture the fungus by feeding it leaves and protecting it from pests. If

The 3d Seismic Survey Of East Godavari Mangrove Area
The 3D seismic survey in East Godavari mangrove area has short–term effects on the environment. The surveyed area includes the main six reserved
mangrove patches in East coast of India and the process of lying of geophones cables and shoot hole drilling for 3D seismic exploration may lead to the
destruction of habitat through clearing the vegetation. Primary sources of disturbances associated with exploration include equipment transportation
inside the mangrove, vehicle traffic, shot hole drilling activities, and underground blasting. Seismic exploration survey has the potential to affect
wildlife either by increasing noise and human activity around them, or seismic shooting process. The seismic activities can even lead to long–term
habitat alteration. Though the exploration activities is often a short term process, extending over a few months, the footprint of exploration activities
especially in the high wildlife sensitive area can be quite large (Jorgenson et al. 2010). Seismic exploration can alter plant community structure, directly
affecting fauna of that area on a long–term basis (Jorgenson et al. 2010). There is evidence to suggest wildlife may react to seismic activity with
elevated metabolic rates (Bradshaw et al. 1998), and the cumulative effects of repeated disturbance of individuals may affect population reproductive
rates if exploration is widespread (Bradshaw et al. 1998).
Extensive studies are conduced to estimate the impact of seismic activities on marine

Mangroves in Australia Essay
Mangroves in Australia
The mangrove communities of Australia are some of the most highly adaptive plant communities in the world. These plants live in an environment that
is often engulfed with seawater. This environment is considered an arid environment due to the lack of fresh water. The plants of the mangrove
community must develop several adaptations to deal with the environment. The environment these plants often inhabit is referred to as an intertidal
zone. The intertidal zone is the transition between the salty ocean to the fresh water of the interior of the continent or island. To deal with the salty
environment, mangrove plants have developed modified roots. In some species, the roots filter the incoming seawater. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These organisms, in turn, replenish nutrients back to the environment, which feed other animals. It is apparent that the mangroves are the base of the
food chain in this environment.
Introduction
The term mangrove doesn't refer to a single plant species, but to a variety of them that share a similarity to one another. There are 54 recognized
species that belong to 16 different families. A mangrove is considered to be woody trees or shrubs that flourish in mangals (Hogarth 1999). A mangal
is referred to as an environment such as intertidal zones, muddy areas at river mouths, and other areas usually inundated (covered) with water. Silt
deposits in these areas make it a suitable environment. Mangroves are considered to inhabit a harsh environment compared to other plants. Their roots
are located in salty, waterlogged, and oxygen lacking soils. These areas are influenced by tidal action, so the water levels are fluctuating between high
and low tides constantly (Talbot, Steene 1990). The mangroves are the most widely distributed environments in Australia. They are mostly tropical but
have been found to survive in air temperatures as low as 5 degrees Celsius. Mangrove distribution is most closely correlated with sea temperature than
air temperature (Hogarth 1999). Mangroves range from the Gascoyne River and Banbury in Western Australia, across the whole northern coast, down
the east coast to

The Importance Of Mangroves In Australia
Mangroves are trees and shrubs that can be found along coastal intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical areas near the equator due to their inability
to survive in low temperatures. Mangroves are found not only in australia but on coastlines all over the world and are distributed over 100 countries in
the tropical and sub–tropical regions of the world. Australia contains the third largest area of mangroves in the world after Indonesia and Brazil,
totalling around 11,500 km2 representing approximately 6.4% of the world's total mangrove area (Appendix A) (Mangrovewatch.com, 2017). There are
73 different types of mangrove species in the world. 39 of these mangrove species dwell in Australia. Theintertidal zone or littoral zone, is the area that
is exposed at low tide but is submerged by seawater during high tide. Mangroves survive in salt water on sheltered muddy shores, because they have
adapted to the harsh abiotic conditions in order to survive in their area. Mangroves also provide a habitat for marine organisms such as fish, crabs and
yabbies. Furthermore they provide a habitat for many land animals such as birds, pythons, lizards and crocodiles. How mangroves contribute to the
functioning of intertidal ecosystems will be discussed on this report.
Mangroves have a very important role in their ecosystem. Their niche includes protecting and providing for many organisms. Mangroves are
considered main producers in their complex food system (Appendix B). "The food chain

Themes Of Ecocriticism In Literature
Eco–criticism is a branch of literature that examines the connection between ecology and it's relationship between the literary texts . By the words of
Cheryll Glotfelty defines eco–criticism as 'Simply defined, eco–criticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical
environment.' Eco–criticism is the term that examines the green studies in various literary texts. Eco–criticism examines a particular piece of literary
work from an ecological perspective than the author's point of view. Literature not only deals with human life but also it has a vast ground for nature
and green studies. Eco–critical studies isn't a cake walk, it must have a keen... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eco–critical studies probe into the relationship between the writer's texts and nature. Eco–criticism is an ecological approach towards literary studies.
The word Eco is the short form of ecology. Ecological studies probe into the attitude of humans towards nature. It ventures to traverse the different
aspects of the environment in literary texts and conceptual discourse. In Indian fictions some authors use ecological concept as the centre and some
takes it as secondary. 'Ecocritical readings of canonical texts, the, begin by adding a different perspective, and are not limited to works self–evidently
about nature'(Barry 250). In Indian fiction there are not many novels that deal with the theme of ecocriticism. So in that concern, the dissertation
concentrates on Amitav Ghosh's novel The Hungry Tide in an eco–critical perspective. The story has been developed by the Sundarbans region in India
that acts as a backbone of the story. The novel brings how the connection between human and nature is not just interdependent but

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