Policy Process Essay

Policy Process Essay
Policy Process
CJA 580: Public Policy Issues
University of Phoenix
Dr. Matthew Geyer, Faculty
May 15, 2010
Policy Process Society relies on the criminal justice system to maintain order within communities
and to maintain a safe environment for community members. Society expects the criminal justice
system to provide justice by separating the guilty from the innocent, to incapacitate dangerous
individuals, to promote deterrence to law–breaking individuals, and to rehabilitate offenders. An
important expectation of the criminal justice system is to provide fair and just consequences to
criminal offenders and assist the offenders with reintegrating into society. Some of the expectations
of the criminal justice system are not met ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many narcotic offenders do not desire to break laws; their main concern is monetary gain.
Alternatives policies in regard to narcotic offenders should be implemented to assist them with
reintegration, rehabilitation, and to actually deter them from reoffending. A possible policy to
implement to avoid incarcerating non–violent offenders is implementing a program that assists
offenders with education and seeking employment. A program of this magnitude will give offenders
the opportunity to remain connected with society and will give them the opportunity to become
successful members of society. The program may provide job training skills, education courses, and
employers who are willing to employ individuals with a criminal history. Not only will this program
benefit ex–offenders, it will also benefit the companies that hire them. The Work Opportunity Tax
Credit is a federal tax credit given to companies to reduce the federal tax liability of employers to be
used as an incentive for employing ex–offenders (Tax Credits, n.d.). The main objective of the
policy is to provide crime control and crime prevention oppose to punishing offenders only for them
to reoffend. Implementing this policy may become a challenge because of the procedures necessary
to implement the policy. The first step and most important step of starting this policy is compiling a
list of employers
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Accounting Policies, Income Statement and Related Items
Abstract
GAAP requires company to disclose accounting policy in their financial reports. These policies
provide relevant information to decision makers on choices taken by executives. Financial
statements are the final product of accounting process. Income statement provides data for
investment and other decisions. The net income is essentially the common income statement form,
consisting of classifications such as income from continuing operations, discontinued operations,
extraordinary items, and cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles. In this study we
investigate the relative ability of comprehensive income and net income to summarize firm
performance. Per statement of financial accounting standards no. 220 (SFAS ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the income of a company from any transaction that does not involve an owner's investment or
distribution to an owner. It includes all non–owner changes in equity (in contrast to net income
which does not include some changes in equity).
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 220 (SFAS 220–10–1) states that the purpose of
reporting comprehensive income is to report a measure of all changes in equity of an entity that
result from recognized transactions and other economic events of the period other than transactions
with owners in their capacity as owners. Per statement of financial accounting standards no. 220
(SFAS 220–10–2), if used with related disclosure and other information in the financial statements,
the information provided by reporting comprehensive income should assist investors, creditors, and
others in assessing an entity's activities and the timing and magnitude of an entity's future cash
flows.(FASB.org)
Net Income Classifications
Net income is the residual income of a firm after adding total revenue and gains and subtracting all
expenses and losses for the reporting period. Net income can be distributed among holders of
common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings.
The net income category is essentially the common

Plest Analysis for Tesco's and Water Aid Essay example
PLEST analysis for Tesco's And Water AID
PLEST is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the impact political, economic, social, and
technological, Legal and Environment factors might have on a project. It involves an organisation
considering the external environment before starting a project.
The PEST analysis is an important part of the project planning process:
Political factors include areas such as tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade
restrictions and tariffs and political stability.
Economic factors are economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate.
Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth
rate, age ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most influential factors on the economy is high unemployment levels, which decreases
the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such
goods. In a charity this can reduce the amount of donors and volunteers.
TAXATION
TAXATION – has a big effect on businesses:
There are two basic types of tax:
1. DIRECT TAXES: these are taken directly from people's wage packet – P.A.Y.E.
2. INDIRECT TAXES: these are placed on spending e.g. Value Added Tax (17.5%)
Increased taxes are bad for Tesco and water aid because:
People have less money to spend on their products – their disposable income has fallen
they will have to pay higher taxes on their profits
INTEREST RATES
This is

3gen Flats Advantages And Disadvantages
mplementation of 3Gen Flats
In view of future positive outcomes, the government has made a decent effort to promote 3Gen
HDB by offering potential buyers a variety of favorable policies in order to generate a positive
market response. 3Gen HDB flats are offered at the average price of 400,000 per unit, which it is
clearly a bargain for many potential buyers; the decent housing price reduces their dependence on
loans on paying off their mortgage, at the same time, allows them to diversify their investments or
save up for future expenses. For the same cause, the government subsidizes the Married Child
Priority Scheme (MCP) applicants with a variety of grants to push the program forward. For
example, MCP applicants can receive aid of 80,000 Singaporean ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What's more, the success of this policy demonstrates an important point that the HDB is leading
towards a right direction.
First of all, the 3Gen HDB is a wonderful notion because it corresponds with the demands of the
people (refers to table 3). According to a global survey managed by the Straits Times, Singapore
ranks 46 out of 140 livable cities while Hong Kong is three places ahead (Heng, 2016). Henceforth,
Hong Kong is an adept resource of reference to draw a lesson from. Based on a joint research
conducted by Goldman Sachs and the City University of Hong Kong, the finding shows a relative
similar trend between Hong Kong and Singapore about the ratio of young people who choose to live
with their parents, which is up to 67% in the age group of eighteen to thirty–four. Over 95% of these
people do so voluntarily and the research connects their behavior to their consumption habit.
(Initium Media, 2016) The 3Gen HDB houses are launched to meet the desire of consumers, which
are more inclined to be welcomed by the public; it's upswing of popularity lay the foundation of
future successful application to the general

Unit 38 Economic Environment Analysis
Unit 38: Business and the Economic Environment Assignment 1: Understand the impact on
businesses of changes in the economic environment Task 1 (P1) Explain the effects, of changes in
the economic environment on a selected business. My selected business is Next Retail PLC. Next,
styled as next, is a British multinational clothing, footwear and home products retailer
headquartered in Enderby, Leicestershire. The economic cycle is the natural fluctuation of the
economy between periods of expansion and contraction. Factors such as gross domestic product
(GDP), interest rates, levels of employment and consumer spending can help to determine the
current stage of the economic cycle. The economic cycle affects Next as if the economy is in a
recession stage then consumers will have less disposable income. It also affects Next positivity for
example if the economy is in the boom stage then sales are likely to increase due to a rise in
consumer spending because the public have more disposable income. Below is a diagram of the
economic cycle. GDP or Gross Domestic Product GDP is considered as a measure of how wealthy
the country is. If the economy was going through a Growth/Boom period, this would affect a lot of
businesses in different ways. It would affect Next as it means more people will be employed which
leads to people spending more as they have the money to do so. This will result in a higher profit for
the company as customers will have more money to

Cause Of Government Failure
Government failures is said to be the loss resulting from government intervention in the
marketplace. The failure is an outcome of policies that are used to regulate trade which create
systemic inefficiencies and economic costs that adversely affect a product's manufacture and sales.
It is basically is an economic concept, similar to market failure, but it is more damaging.
Government failure occurs when a ruler forces people to do things that the people are otherwise
unwilling to do and the results are inefficient and ineffective for the society.
Each country has its own flow of things from the president to the federal and public administrators.
The flow chart of Pakistan represents that there is democratic government which is obviously being
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The estimated social benefits of a particular policy might be largely effected by the administrative
costs of introducing it.
8– Tragedy of the Commons
Anything owned by the government has a tendency to be overused and under serviced. Private
ownership will protect the asset better and will manage its use better. And hence, it will cause a huge
government failure.
9– Legislation Process
Another major cause of government failure is the legislative process itself, since it allows legislators
to insert preferential items into large complex bills where other representatives are forced to either
vote for or against the bill as a whole. Legislators cannot approve the bill without also approving the
line items, so if the overall bill is desirable, then legislators will probably approve the bill in spite of
the objectionable line items.
10– Corruption:
In most of the developing countries, either the govt. or the officials of government tried to corrupt
with the society and hence prove the inequality between other people. This cause the government
failure and the society fairness vanish away.
 Key points about government

Aspects of Economic Reforms in the Nigerian Fourth Republic
ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE NIGERIAN FOURTH REPUBLIC
BY
ADEBAYO, A. ADEKUNLE E–mail : mayowa2000ng@yahoo.com
&
YUSUF M.0 (MRS)
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
MICHAEL OTEDOLA COLLEGE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION, NOFORIJA,
P.M.B. 1028, EPE, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE NIGERIAN FOURTH REPUBLIC
ABSTRACT
In Nigeria, the return to democratic rule in 1999 led to a myriad of programmes and strategies that
were aimed at refocusing the face of the economy so as to resolve the difficulties which years of
military rule had placed on it. This reform was, conceptualized principally in the form of a medium
term development strategy called the National Economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The goals were four viz, poverty reduction, wealth creation, employment generation and value re–
orientation. Its main strategies were public sector reforms; privatization/liberalization; transparency,
accountability, efficiency, waste reduction and service delivery in governance; anti–corruption;
infrastructure development in key sectors; coherent and consistent trade policy; explicit sectoral
strategies for agriculture and SMEs; social charter for human development in education, health,
housing, employment and youth development; gender and geo–political balance adjustment; safety
nets such as pension reform; etc (Nigerian Economic Society, 2004: 8 –11). The key feature of the
programme was the promotion of the private sector as the engine for economic growth in terms of
wealth creation, employment generation and poverty reduction while government acts as a
facilitator / regulator, and the re–orientation of people towards hard work / efficiency, transparency
and accountability and selfless service to the nation. NEEDS proposed a 5% – 7% growth in GDP
within 3 years, 5% reduction in poverty rate per year between 2003 and 3007, single digit inflation,
70% capacity utilization and increase in power generation from 6000 megawatts to 10000
megawatts. As a development policy document, NEEDS was commended by many. The document

is all embracing. It gave consideration to the vital policy areas of the national life and is multi–
sectoral

Corporate Research : Wal Mart
Corporate Research Paper Wal–Mart
Linglan Gu
Introduction
Risk management and offshore borrowing are some of the activities undertaken by multinational
companies to help seal loopholes of foreign exchange risk. Moreover, these multinational
corporations have stringent risk management policies used to create efficiency and a concise
administration in all financial operations. Investment in foreign countries is also a means through
which multinational companies reduce currency risk that may hinder the growth of the enterprise.
This practice is also referred to as over the counter finance since it involves the exchange of
exchange between two parties without any supervision being required. It is different from exchange
trading that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing this, the paper will use Wal–Mart as a case study to investigate various aspects of foreign
exchange risk management policies and then give an interpretation on the current situation of the
global financial policy.
Wal–Mart has dominated 27 countries in the world with 11,435 overseas subsidiaries. Its sales are
widespread across all its subsidiaries but controlled from regional and head offices. Moreover, Wal–
Mart has involved itself in international trade contributing a lot to the overall supply in the
international market. In addition, Wal–Mart has been the market leader in providing fast moving
consumer goods with all its potential and prospective customers ' worldwide (Baker, & Powell
2005).
Wal–Mart sale is in high volume with each geographical location where it has a subsidiary receiving
an equal share of the required products to supply. The subsidiaries in Europe receive the largest
number of sale compared to the rest of the branches. Africa has only one subsidiary in South Africa
and thus registers the lowest number of purchase compared to other branches. However, the general
number of sale recorded by Wal–Mart is high because the company has gained a lot of market share
in the world. Economic survey indicates that Wal–Mart is the largest company in sales and that
registers the highest volume of revenues in the world (Kendall & Gerald 1998).
Wal–Mart being the

Income Inequality Is A Tough Policy Issue
Income Inequality is a tough policy issue to tackle and relate to the texts the class has been assigned
to read. This particular policy issue is rather difficult to give insight on because income inequality is
widespread and immense, yet most of Washington and mainstream America will not address this
critical matter in question that is happening all over the country. Beliefs are blinding the majority of
America when it comes to how money is distributed throughout the social classes and minorities in
this nation. Americans have a distorted view of how unequal the pay gap is between the top 20%
and the bottom 40%, according to Nicholas Fitz (2015). For instance, in the first study done by
Michael Dorton and Dan Ariely, 5,000 Americans guessed that the richest 20% own 59% of the
wealth and the bottom 40% own 9% of the wealth (Fitz. 2015). Consequently, the actual statistics
are that the top 20% own more than 84% of the wealth, whereas the bottom 40% own a scarce
amount of the wealth of 0.3% (Fitz.2015). Elitist view of power, also, is another term that relates to
this issue of income inequality due to how government in this country, with regards to how only a
few people with power actually know economically, what is happening in America, leaving the
majority of American citizens in the dark about how money flows and how discrimination of
minorities is hindering their ability to earn livable wages (Fitz.2015). The Federal Poverty Level
which is based on the amount of income

America: Land of Opportunity or Land of the Wealthy? Essay...
This disillusionment sentiment experienced by American society towards its wealth biased
government is substantiated as many members are wealthy or has direct ties to wealth, perpetuating
the trend of income inequality through policymaking. The legislative branch of the government, or
the branch that is directly involved in policymaking and lawmaking is populated by various
members of massive wealth that represents many sectors of the economy that had a hand in the
financial collapse of 2007 and 2008. As a whole, the members of Congress are undeniably more
wealthy than the constituents that they represent in the government. In 2012, the "median wage" for
a member of the Senate was around $2.7 million dollars and the average wealth for a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, numerous members of Congress also invest in stocks and individual companies,
investing in private sectors such as Finance, Business, and Energy. The amount of money invested
the financial sector of the economy, which was widely blamed for approving subprime mortgages
that ultimately led to the financial collapse, was estimated to be between $630 million and $1.974
billion dollars in 2012. A substantial section of this capital was invested in sectors with direct ties to
the financial collapse as well as the growing income inequality such as real estate, with an amount
estimated to be between $450 million to $1.443 billion, and securities and investments at around
$85 million to $260 million ("Top Industries"). This amount of money overshadows the next two
sectors, Business and Energy with a value between $395 million and $164 million respectively
("Top Sectors"). This mutualistic relationship between the wealthy Congress and corporations was
observed in a study conducted at Princeton University and Northwestern University, where "1,779
policy issues from 1981 to 2002" were analyzed and "compared to the changes of the preferences of
median–income Americans, the top–earning 10 percent, and organized interest groups and
industries." The conclusion drawn

Paper
Strategic investment: own more than an passive amount, not enough to control, has power to
participate in financial and operational decision of investee IAS28. Classification require
professional judgement. * Presentation of board of directors * Interco transaction and relationship *
Who own the other shares * Any debt financing intermingled * Sharing technology and patent *
Participation in policy making process
Investor need to disclose share of investment income, * Also disc, opns * Error correction * Acct
policy changes, * Capital transaction included amount in OCI
Have influence or not : 20%
Users and objectives 1. Public shareholder: a. investors are interested in ... Show more content on
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Own 20% of the sahres which is on the border line of definition of 'influence' * Joint marketing
partner would like to gather more information to see the scope of business how much it is related. *
Since leopold klaviers is a subsidiary under Mozart, does Salieri has impact on Klaviers? * Due to
clavier sell its products all over the world, which accounting policy/method it is using? * With the
information so far, * Frix Flute * No influence due to the share is less than 20% * Beginning
intention for the investment was to provide * Need to gather more information about control due to
the interco transaction and relationship, the key factor need to consider here is that Salieri provide
patent right to Frix Flute so maybe need to disclose this information in the note. * Look at the past
relationship bw the companies due to the potential Salieri has the ability to withdawl the patent right
with 6 months notice. * SAC: should be considered as strategic investment and SAC is a subisidary
under Salieri. Due to IFRS, the consolidate financial statement is required. * Complete control and
accounting method under IFRS is consolidation. * 6 out 9 board

The Free Market Is Unjust
This paper is gonna discuss how the free market is unjust, I'm gonna present three Moral Arguments
against the free market and show three examples of government policies that help the unfortunate.
The first argument is the equality that the free market creates it creates an extremely wealthy
population and an impoverished population.The second argument is that the free market makes us
live inauthentic lives they make us value more material items versus the beauty of nature. The final
argument is gonna be the exploitation of workers in the free market.The free market is hurting the
Unfortunate while benefiting the wealthy. The People who know how to run the economy are the
Intellectuals and Politicians they have superior values and understanding of who needs help and
how to help the unfortunate.They create policies to distribute money so nobody lives in
impoverished communities. They create a more just society that doesn't benefit just one group of
people but helps everyone equally. They stop companies from exploiting the unfortunate. The
Intellectuals and politicians have superior values and understanding of how the economy runs. The
free market creates a huge wealth gap between the poorest of people and the richest. The poorest
work more than the rich and yet they make less than one fourth of their income. While the richest
keep acquiring more wealth through exploiting the poor. This is solved with policies made by
Intellectuals and Politicians that have the unfortunate

Ronald Reagan 's Economic Policies
Although he was a generally controversial president, Ronald Reagan's policy decisions to stimulate
economic prosperity, known as Reaganomics, were legitimately beneficial to the United States of
America. First, in order to substantiate the success of Reagan's economic policy decisions one must
first grasp the varying levels of importance for each aspect of his plan. As Reagan's policies were
substantial decisions that defined his presidency and alienated an entire population of more
economically liberal people, it makes sense that an understanding of his emphasis on certain
decisions would lead to a more persuasive argument. Next, the negation of well formed and logical
criticisms of Reagan's economic policies also lend to the support of their benefits and success.
Acknowledging a sensible counterargument and addressing specific points of critical analysis serves
to further enhance the argument for the success of Reagan's decisions. Furthermore, strong
economic growth and the curbing of federal domestic power reinforce the accomplishments of
Reaganomics. Though the U.S. did see economic growth, Reaganomics was not purely an economic
plan, as cuts in government power, not including the military, benefitted the average American
citizen. Moreover, Ronald Reagan's economic decisions regarding Soviet foreign policy were also
extremely beneficial to the United States. The tough decisions to further the national deficit proved
a worthy sacrifice in pressuring the collapse

The Income Tax Credit ( Eitc ) Is A Better Policy For...
Yifan Gao
Econ–206
Dr. Schneider
March.24th, 2015
Policy brief 1
Personally, I believe that an increase in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a better policy for
lifting households out of poverty than an increase in the current minimum wage.
The EITC, Earned Income Tax Credit, is a benefit for working people who have low to moderate
income. A tax credit means more money in your pocket. It reduces the amount of taxes you owe and
may also give you a refund ("EITC, Earned Income Tax Credit, Questions and Answers."). In other
words, the purpose of the EITC is to lift households which are low income out of poverty, especially
for those families with children. The EITC is a combination of both reducing income tax and
subsidizing salaries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will support my opinion through the aspects of increasing households' income, changes in the
labor market, and influences of the poverty rate.
Earned Income and adjusted gross income (AGI) must each be less than: Married filing jointly
income less than: Maximum credit
Households with no qualifying children $14,820 $20,330 $503
Households with one qualifying children $39,131 $44,651 $3,359
Households with two qualifying children $44,454 $49,974 $5,548
Households with three or more qualifying children $47,747 $53,267 $6,242
Investment income must be $3,400 or less for the year.
Figure 1: 2015 EITC Income Limits, Maximum Credit Amounts and Tax Law Updates
First of all, I want to address the increase in household income by comparing the increase in EITC
with the increase in minimum wage. Athreya, Reilly, and Simpson (2010) divided the EITC into
three phases: phase–in, which is the period that the more workers earned, the more credit they
receive; plateau, which is the period that workers can only receive credits up to the maximum and
phase–out, which is the period in which workers will stop receiving the credits. Therefore, the labor
supply curve will be viewed as:
Figure 2 Panel A

Figure 2 Panel B
From Figure 2 Panel A, I realized that for the same household, without the EITC, when wages
increase, the equilibrium points on the labor–leisure model will shift to the right. This means that
the quantity of leisure

Congestion Of Congestion Based Fees
Congestion, particularly in urban centers, has received much attention due to the resulting higher
absolute travel times and lower travel time reliability, that lead to higher fuel consumption and
significant environmental impacts. In response to the high congestion delays and costs, researchers
and policymakers have studied the need and the implications of implementing congestion–based
fees in a bid to alleviate congested network links and/or areas, and divert traffic as needed,
temporally, spatially and modally, known as "triple divergence" (Downs, 1992). Proper evaluation
of any congestion management strategy requires explicitly setting performance measures that can be
used as indicators of how well the policy performs, and whether or not the initial goals are reached.
Congestion pricing is a widely used policy aiming to mitigate congestion along heavily congested
facilities. The rationale behind congestion pricing is that users are charged a toll fee in order to use
the facility, in a bid to alleviate congestion and improve travel time along this facility, and/or collect
revenue to be allocated in congestion–mitigation projects that would enhance the users' experience
and the system performance overall. There are different implementation schemes, depending on the
level of sophistication that the agency wishes to achieve: unique vs. differentiated toll by vehicle
type/class, fixed vs. dynamic toll rates based on the traffic conditions, tolled lanes in conjunction
with

Implementing Health Care Reform For A State With High...
California rose to the challenge of implementing health care reform in a state with high needs and
limited funds by expanding its Medicaid program (Medi–Cal) and establishing its own marketplace
(Covered California). As a result, by June 2014 California 's uninsured rate had dropped from 22%
to 11%. However, thoughtful examination of the rollout process reveals avoidable bumps in the road
that, if corrected, could , have provided a better enrollment experience and thus better access to
coverage for our most vulnerable populations. In order to assess California 's success in widening
the doorway to Medicaid coverage this report reviews policy decisions that shaped efforts in
reaching out to, enrolling, and retaining eligible low–income ... Show more content on
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Those successes and barriers identified by at least three of the six participating organizations were
selected as key successes and barriers.
Outreach: Key informants identified the outreach and education work of community–based
organizations as an area of success in California's efforts to usher eligible consumers to the Medi–
Cal doorway. The outreach barriers identified included investments in funding outreach work,
DHCS and Covered California communication with consumers, and the limited availability of
enrollment data throughout during the first year of the expansion.
Enrollment: Medi–Cal enrollment figures far surpassed the 1.2 million predictions. By October 30,
2014 2.7 million new residents were enrolled in Medi–Cal. Key informants unanimously identified
this as a success and identified several enrollment policies and the in–person assistance doorway as
important contributors to that outcome. Barriers included the availability of data, DHCS and
Covered California communication with consumers, technology challenges, policy and protocol
adherence, and staff training across service channels.
Retention: Key informants agreed that delaying the annual

The Keynes Solution By Paul Davidson Essay
Introduction
The Keynes solution "The Path to Global Economic Prosperity by Paul Davidson is written to show
the real reason of the global economic financial crisis that has led to widespread impact to the
economic policy. The author of this book discuss and emphasize to his reader what are the impact
and how they can get out into this crisis and he also showed how this Keynes Solution theories help
with this crisis. The author of this book, Paul Davidson discussed the possible problems that may
arrived and what are the result of this economic crisis, which lead to increase of unemployment and
inflation that affecting the economic production.
In this book Keynesian Solution, he suggested the detailed plan on how the government spending
money, monetary policy, financial market rules and regulation, and wages that may reverse the
effects of our past policies crisis. The author beliefs that the government has the most important role
in manipulating and stabilizing the behavior of the capitalist system to avoid and control recessions
and depression in the market economy. And with that, he explained the strategies that the
government may use to restore the prosperity in the twenty–first century.
The first chapter of this book of Keynes solution is the "Power of ideas to affect the policy", showed
how they continuously warning the public about the current economic crisis situation that was began
year 2007. He also explained why the ideas of the other economist is contradict with

Analyzation of Attendance Policy in Higher Education Essay
Various universities and individual faculty members frequently differ in terms of attendance policy.
The frequent absence of explicit university wide policy enables instructors to implement a wide
range of attendance requirements and subsequent penalties for absences. Even professors with a lax
attendance policy encourage regular class attendance, deeming it a critical element of student
success. The classroom has traditionally played a central role in educational institutions. Relentless
innovation in the field of information technology has significantly reduced the importance of the
physical classroom in the modern education environment. Most educators have embraced the newly
available technology but remain steadfast in their loyalty to ... Show more content on
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Students in there freshmen year are a large part of the excessively absent trouble area, on average
33% of first year student are typically absent from class. Absenteeism is not limited to the young;
reports claim that absenteeism from an average class in a small school is 25%. On a similarly typical
day a medium sized school would experience a 34% average, while a large institutions reports a
shocking 40 % average (Romer 168). Excessive absenteeism has been reported in connection with
particular classes. The most obvious of which are large first year introduction courses as their
patrons were the leading absentee student group. Interestingly the absenteeism was most
pronounced in courses dealing with the natural sciences (Friedman, Rodriguez, and McComb 124).
Students may choose to miss class for a variety of reasons, both legitimate and otherwise. In regards
to first year students an emerging pattern may be key in explaining their excessive levels of absence.
Along with the traditional challenges of freshmen year, recently admitted freshmen do not view
attendance and effort as integral for academic success. Their warped point of view stems from their
undemanding high school experience, one that left them utterly unprepared for the rigors of higher
education. The recently entering freshmen class on average spent less time studying while achieving
higher grades then any previous class. Recently entering freshmen are not an isolated group; they
represent the

Mid Term Exam: Political Sciences
Mid Term Exam (A0109493Y)
Part A Q1. The top 4 key stakeholders are as follows:
1. Businesses/ Employers in City Z
The main interest of businesses/ employers in city Z is to gain profits for owners/ shareholders.
Regarding the issue of wage increase, they will tend to raise an objection because the policy will
create an extra cost to their businesses and go against their interests to have more profit. They have a
strong political influence because they provide jobs in the city and move the local economy. For big
business companies, they may use their resources to influence lawmakers or media to go against the
policy.
2. Employee in City Z
For employees/ workers in city Z, they have strong interest to raise their welfare. Therefore, they
will prefer to support the policy. Employees have a strong political influence because usually they
form the majority of residents in the city and they are the dominant voters during the general
election. However, there may be a setback of support if minimum wage increase's policy results in
massive lay off of employees.
3. Labor Organizations
Labor organizations have the interest to improve the welfare of labors in the city. They may have
some power to influence the political climate in the city but it will depend on the amount of labors
under their organization and how good they can organize the labors. They can use formal and
informal instruments to support or oppose the policy. For example, they can participate in the formal
meeting

The Differences Between The Developmental Policies
Donaldson examined a similar problem in Guizhou and Yunnan wherein even though poverty
reduction was one of the explicit goals of developmental programs in two of China's most remote
provinces, he found that the differences between the developmental policies in Guizhou and
Yunnan. Wherein one (Guizhou) saw fairly modest economic growth but greatly reduced poverty,
compared to Yunnan which saw strong economic growth but stagnant rates of rural poverty i.e.
economic growth did not reduce poverty. This was accomplished, Donaldson argues, based on
individual official's experiences and leadership style. Guizhou focused on micro–level opportunities
to "increase farmers livelihoods by shifting rural labor (through out–of–province migration) and
increasing opportunities for farmers to increase their incomes at home, in part by building modest
roads linking villages to local markets and promoting local, small–scale industries, such as rural
tourism and coal mining."
Donaldson's findings are evidence to the importance of evaluating and setting the policy agenda
with respect to all of the objectives outlined in food policy rather than just focusing on a single
aspect, in this case poverty reduction, can hamstring the policy. Ignoring the interdependence of the
objectives will ultimately cripple developmental policy as the externalities of narrow–minded policy
create a negative feedback loop and thus kicks the developmental can down the road rather than
dealing with the root of the

A Brief Note On Wage And Price Control
Wage and Price Control
About Wage and Price Control
A Brief History Wage and price controls were enforced in the United States during World War I,
World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. In 1942 the United States government began
wage and price controls in order to help win World War II and maintain the general quality of life.
The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established in 1941 and their mission was to avoid
profiteering and inflation as goods became in short supply in the United States due to the war. The
Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 gave the OPA the ability to regulate prices in the marketplace,
and brought 60 percent of all civilian food items under a form of control which froze prices at their
store–by–store March 1942 levels. (Wage–Price Control, 2008)
President Roosevelt instituted the National War Labor Board to regulate hiring and firing of worker
in 1942. It was the responsibility of the board to determine the correct procedures for settling
disputes that could possibly affect any war production. The board had authority to approve wage
increases and quickly adopted the Little Steel formula for wartime changes based on the rising cost
of living. (Price Control, n.d.) The federal government for the first time recognized an ongoing
responsibility for formulating budgets that would help maintain high levels of employment with the
introduction of The Employment Act of 1946. Controls during the world wars and the Korean War
were part

A Proposal Response On Climate Change And 192 Countries
Recommendation
This policy memo response the People's Climate March held on New York, September 21, 2014, by
focusing on how to decrease New York's level greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050
from 2005 levels . Despite the fact that 195 countries have become Parties to The United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and 192 countries have signed the protocol , the climate
crisis has not been solved but accelerated. By introduction a new energy–efficient standard in New
York City to both public and private buildings could largely relieve this intensified situation and
help sustain momentum from the People's Climate March. This new proposal will transform New
York City into an eco–friendly city with less greenhouse gas ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Big cities like New York with dense popularity should be extremely concerned about this
phenomenon by introducing new feasible energy saving proposal to mollify this challenge.
One of the main solution is to decrease or maintain the same greenhouse gas (GHG) emission level
for temperature control. Since nearly three–quarters of the GHG in New York City is emit from
buildings , targeted project aim at renew existing low energy efficiency building and expand more
new clean energy technology in both public and private housing. The new plan named "New City,
Built to Last" should be activate to transform New York City's Buildings for a Low–Carbon Future .
With this affordable project, every citizen could enjoy the benefit of an advanced low–carbon city,
improving the public health in long–term. Moreover, the new plan will generate large amount of
addition job positions to better boost the economy.
To better analysis the effect of this new plan, a stakeholder map is illustrate below, by placing each
stakeholder in their position.
The most affected group will be residents living in New York which could be grouped by low
income, middle income and high income residents. The low income residents tend to have negative
attitude since they pay a higher share of their rent for energy than wealthier residents, and often live
in less–efficient buildings. An

Factors Influencing The Formation Of Policy
Introduction
Our nation continues to grapple with the challenges of public higher education. A variety of ideas
have been presented to help public higher education continue evolving. While legislators present
their case through economic fluctuation, an ever–changing assessment of the value of higher
education, and demographic changes amongst other pressures affordability, access, and
accountability (AAA) continue to dominate the discourse. This is a national phenomenon that plays
out in the state legislature. Donald E. Heller edits a collection of essays titled The States and Public
Higher Education Policy: Affordability, Access, and Accountability. These essays help address many
of the factors influencing the formation of policy. While this is an informative compilation only
chapter 1, 2, 4, 8, and the concluding chapter will be analyzed. This analysis will provide an
overview of the key arguments, a critique of the chapters, and present comments and questions
about the implications of these policy proposals.
Key Arguments
In the first chapter authored by Donald E. Heller discusses trends in the affordability of public
colleges and universities. He attempts to challenge how college cost is assessed in relation to
financial aid. With the inclusion of additional fees that students are required to pay and a student and
family's ability to pay, we still continue to see that the cost of college takes a bigger percentage of
family resources each year. This problem is even worse

The Crisis Of Homelessness Has Been Experienced The World...
The crisis of homelessness has been experienced the world over and Australia is no different in this
regard. With the real estate boom of the 90s and early 2000s, previously affordable areas saw a steep
increase in newly constructed housing that led to the gentrification of such suburbs (Lucas, 2014)
and caused a rise in the price of housing in the area. The Commonwealth and State governments
have identified the lack affordable housing as a pressing issue and one of the causes of
homelessness. This in turn, has led to the release of various policies, white papers and commitments
to addressing the issue. Through this essay, the author will attempt to theorise the policy making
process by analysing the policy episode of the Moreland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With housing stress (Moreland City Council) defined as spending 30% or more of household
income on rent or mortgage, the Moreland City Council identified over 50% of respondents who
were experiencing moderate to high levels of housing stress. They seek to address the issue of
affordable housing by finding means to provide these vulnerable families with affordable,
appropriate and accessible housing (Moreland City Council) by creating social and community
housing properties in partnership with local community housing providers and private property
developers.
The Moreland City Council also identified the lack of a funding commitment by State and
Commonwealth governments (Moreland City Council) to be a key influence in the creation of this
policy as they believed that there was a serious shortage of funding to allow for the provision of
affordable housing within the city of Moreland. Though the Moreland City Council has been able to
identify avenues to allow for the provision of affordable housing in the area, they do not have as
much power and funding available to them to be able to successfully meet these requirements
without intervention from State and Commonwealth governments who have greater flexibility in
this regard.
They propose a process of collaboration, consultation and

Essay On Diabetes
need for increased understanding of the economic, and societal seriousness of diabetes and its
complications, and of the escalating costs to individuals, families, workplaces, society and
governments.
We need sustained, nationally consistent programs to prevent, detect and manage diabetes in
Australia. Too many plans and strategies have been designed and not properly implemented or
evaluated.
The opportunity cost of doing too little to stem this pandemic is apparent to many, but not, it would
seem, to those who need to take hard and firm policy decisions to create healthier environments in
schools, homes, hospitals and workplaces. We also need to ensure funding for quality treatment is
available and accessible to all to prevent or delay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this view governments are small, protectors of individual choice and focussed on the wealth
creation that will trickle down to the more vulnerable. This Strategy was commissioned by the State
Government but it only has some of the policy levers to tackle cost of living. Income support is a
Australian Government matter as are most of the macroeconomic levers influencing the cost of
living. Also taxation revenues are dominated by the Australian Government, and state taxation
accounts for only a small proportion of total government revenues. Nevertheless there are goods and
services over which the State Government has some control of pricing policy. Within these
constraints, the Strategy focuses on feasible options for the State Government to pursue. The aim is
to identify a framework and set of actions that can be delivered in the context of an already tight
State Budget. This is especially important given that the State's revenue base is already largely
regressive, that is the poor pay relatively more. In times of fiscal constraint where State Government
departments and Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) are to find savings, they often turn to
strategies, which are also regressive. In recent months we have witnessed an array of responses by
departments and GBEs designed in part to improve their bottom lines. These responses include
increases to user charges such as public housing rents and adult education fees,

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( Snap )
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Issues dealt with by the policy
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a program developed and administered
by the United States Department Agriculture; to support families and individuals with low income
by providing nutrition assistance in coordination with State agencies and other organizations such as
State agencies, faith based organizations and educators. In addition, SNAP provides a variety of
parallel benefits to society regarding its economy. The goal of SNAP is to reduce hunger of families
and individuals who qualify by facilitating their food purchases (United States Department of
Agriculture, 2014) .
The program works by providing to low income families electronic coupons through a system called
Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT). Benefactors receive a card and use it instead of a paper coupon
(Food Research and Action Center, 2010).
Historical Background; political and economic context of the development of the policy
According to the website SNAP to Health (2015), SNAP program started in 1933 as a part of the
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and as a relief of hunger during the Great Depression. In order
to make official the repartition of food from government, on 1939 the food stamps plan was created
and implemented by Roosevelt's administration. Low income families would buy food stamps to
buy food considered

Microeconomics Term Paper
Price Control | January 21
2011
| Price control if not properly managed could be disastrous to the economy. It maynot only lead to
higher prices in the long–run, but can even disrupt an industry. If pricesare not allowed to vary in
response to greater risk, cost of production, and increasing costof staying in business, not enough
producers would be encouraged to supply the product. | A Term Paper |
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Economic Issue of the Day Vol. X no.2 (March 2010),
"The Janus face of price controls"
The Business Star, "DTI Price Monitoring Scheme Now Underway In All Provinces," May 17,
1989, p.
12.
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=538575 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To these ends, the State shall:
(1) Develop, adopt and promulgate measures to promote productivity in basic necessities and prime
commodities;
(2) Develop an improved and efficient transport and distribution system;
(3) Develop, adopt and promulgate measures to stabilize prices at reasonable levels;
(4) Institute appropriate penalties for illegal price manipulation and other violations of this Act; and
(5) Establish a mechanism that will readily protect consumers from inadequate supply and
unreasonable price increase on occasions of calamities, emergencies and like occurrences.
Sec. 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act, the term:
(1) "Basic necessities" includes: rice; corn; bread; fresh, dried and canned fish and other marine
products, fresh pork, beef and poultry meal; fresh eggs; fresh and processed milk; fresh vegetables;
root crops; coffee; sugar; cooking oil; salt; laundry soap; detergents; firewood; charcoal; candles;
and drugs classified as essential by the Department of Health;
(2) "Butter fund" means a contingent fund in the budget of the implementing agency which shall not
be used in its normal or regular operations but only for purposes provided for in this Act;
(3) "Implementing agency" means the department, agency or office of the

Price Control Essay
The price ceiling is the maximum price a seller is allowed to charge for a product or service. An
impact on society includes when the prices are so high of a product, that no one can buy it. A price
floor is the lowest legal price a product or service can be sold at. When market price is at its lowest,
it may still be too high for consumers to purchase products. Governments can intervene for any
purpose, and they are the ones who set these price controls.
Governments may intervene in the market system to fix prices above or below equilibrium if they
believe that it is in the public interest to do so. Governments may intervene in the provision,
regulation, maintenance and management of public goods to maximise the benefits to the ... Show
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Because consumers aren't paying as much for the product, producers will not be able to produce as
much at the lower price, and consumers will demand more because the product is cheaper. The end
result will be consumers not being able to buy the product since there is not enough being made. For
example, the price of milk was $2 per litre, and has now been reduced to $1 per litre. This will be
great for consumers as they can buy more milk for less, until it runs out. Therefore price ceilings
have a good impact on consumers.
For producers, price ceilings don't have as good an impact as it does on consumers. Since the
consumers are paying much less money for goods and services, they simply cannot afford to make
any products. It will have a harmful effect on producers, as their surplus will decrease, resulting in
them not making as much product. For example, if the price of lettuce decreases from $7 to $5, then
that means a decrease in the amount of money producers are getting. They will not have enough
money to grow lettuce, so there will be none or little lettuce harvested to be sold. This means that
price ceilings have a large impact on producers, and not in a good way.
If the government puts in a price ceiling, then the quantity demanded will exceed the quantity
supplied, meaning that not enough goods or services will be supplied to satisfy demand. This
situation is called a shortage. Because price ceilings are installed in the interests of

The Economic Benefits Of Economic Welfare Essay
Economic welfare is defined as the well–being or standard of living of an individual or individuals
taking part in an economy (Business Dictionary, 2015). This can be measured through statistics such
as individual income, health care expense, educational achievement and opportunity for economic
growth. The better one fares among these categories, the more likely one is to have a higher
standard of living and possess an inherent socio–economic advantage. Currently, the aboriginal
population scores poorly across all of these standards. Despite government incentives, the average
indigenous person is born into an economic disadvantage with little room for vertical movement,
indicating a need for major social and legislative change.
Among the aboriginal population in 2005, 18.7% of individuals living with family were below the
poverty line. Unattached, or single, individuals were even more likely to fall into this low–income
bracket at 42.8%. Conversely, these rates among the non–aboriginal population were 8.4% and
28.0% respectively (Collin & Jensen, 2009). These numbers highlight the economic disparity
Aboriginals face, the cause of which lies rooted in their historical mistreatment. To better
understand the situation today and how it came to be, one must begin by looking at early Canadian
policy involving Aboriginals.
The first important document concerned with indigenous rights was the Royal Proclamation. Signed
in 1763, it recognized the sovereignty of the aboriginal

Minimum Wage Raise in Seattle
Minimum Wage Raise in Seattle After the protest in New York City, the issue of raising the
minimum wage has come up once again. Seattle is spearheading this cause with a proposal of
raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour. This will help minimum wage workers a great deal by
increasing their income. However, there are concern that this move could hurt certain businesses,
which can lead to higher unemployment and contraction of the economy. The ethical issue surfaced
as this will benefit some at the expense of other. Washington has the nation's highest minimum wage
at $9.19 per hour. Seattle is set to raise the minimum wage even further, to $15 per hour. More than
fifteen millions people work for a minimum wage, which lead to about ... Show more content on
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Beside the increase in cost to businesses and customers, other people can potentially be hurt by this
policy. By increasing the wage, small businesses will suffer a higher cost that can lead to cutting
jobs, stalling new hire or even shutting down. On the other hand, the economic plight of these
minimum wage workers should also be considered. Therefore, the $15 plan would produce
unpredictable consequences, while not doing anything would doom minimum wage workers to live
in in poverty and to consume public resources. The interest groups in this policy are minimum wage
workers, businesses, politicians and the public in Seattle. The minimum wage workers would get a
huge raise, from about $9 to $15, which would yield them more income and better standard of
living. Politicians who pushed for this policy would gain popularity because of the political
environment of Seattle. Businesses stand to take a lost in profit due to rise cost of business due to
the higher minimum wage. Raising prices can is certainly one way to combat the rising cost for
businesses. However, this will affect the public, who will have to pay if price is raised. Businesses
might lay people off and less willing to hire new ones. This will hurt current workers and potential
workers, because businesses must adjust to the new policy. Minimum wage should be raised to help
these workers to a better living conditions, but fifteen dollars maybe too excessive for the market to
bear. One

How Has Social Policy Impacted My Life
Social policies have impacted my life before I was even aware of the term social policy. Today,
social policy impacts my personal life and my professional life daily. I am impacted personally by
many social policies that pertain particularly to higher education and women's rights. Social policies
that increase assess for adult learners and reduce financial barriers for higher education has allowed
me to return to higher education. I am an adult student who has children and works full time so
attending classes in a traditional setting is not an option for me. With higher education being more
accessible and offered on–line I am able to attend higher education working towards a degree.
Financial policies regarding higher education have provided ... Show more content on
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I work with families that are involved in child protective services and I am always amazed at the
lack of social policies that are in place to assist these families. These families often times are faced
with poverty, addiction, and homelessness. Although there are many social policies that improve the
quality of life for individuals that live in poverty there continues to be needs that go unmet for
families living in poverty. There are several treatment facilities that treat addiction, but many of the
clients that I work with do not have insurance that the treatment facilities accept. A typical client
that suffers from addiction does not have the financial ability to pay cash for treatment. I recently
inquired about the cost of treatment for a client without insurance and was informed that the cost of
inpatient care was approximately $1,000 a day. There is no client on my caseload that can afford to
pay the cost of inpatient treatment. The lack of affordable housing for families living in poverty is
another very frustrating social policy. One town that I work in has one low income housing complex
that has a current waiting list of three years. The waiting list for housing assistance in this particular
community is currently closed and will not accept applications at this time. The closets homeless
shelter is forty–nine miles away from the town. I currently have five clients on my caseload in this
area that are

A Comprehensive Assessment Of Economic Inequality And...
Martin Gilens provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic inequality and political power
in America. He explores on how the affluence of politicians influences the political setting of the
country. According to the author, political equality is considered as the philosophy of democracy.
Due to the inequalities that exist among the citizens regarding information, social and political
affairs, it would be impractical to anticipate equal influence over policy making. Nature and the
degree of representative inequalities depict the extent of democracy in a particular society. The
author points out that when the inequalities in the political influence intensify, democracy shifts into
oligarchy, whereby the wealthy few rule the society. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article pinpoints the fact that it is difficult to disentangle the personal preferences of the
Congressional members from influences that could affect their behaviors in decision–making. There
is no reliable technique of measuring the personal preferences of the representatives that are
unaffected by the demands presented by their constituents. Various scholars who have analyzed this
scenario have made efforts to assess the roles that are played by individual preferences through
identifying some individual characteristics that are related to the interests and preferences of the
representative. For instance, the personal wealth of the member might be linked with their economic
policy preferences, and the use of tobacco by the member may be linked to their tobacco legislation
preferences.
Gilens also carried research on the professional histories of the representatives before their entrance
to the Congress. Unlike the previous assessment that the author had carried out about the economic
status, he found out that the histories of the members are related to their Congressional voting
records. Gilens also finds significant differences between the representatives and most of the
conformist professions. The author attributes the differences to the types of districts or the states that
the authors were elected from instead of any independent influence of their professional
backgrounds. The article is further supplemented by

The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act
Executive Summary
This brief summarizes the extension of dependant coverage to adult children up to age 26. With
little restrictions adult children may remain on their parent's insurance until the age of 26. While this
policy greatly eases the strain of starting a career in the current economic environment, does it truly
benefit the young adult cohort? This brief examines the impact on the college graduate specifically.
A thorough epidemiologic study needs to be undertaken to evaluate the effects the policy has on the
cohort. More affordable insurance plans tailored for young adults with a focus on prevention could
also help the cohort make the transition from college to career. There are pros and cons to each
option. A thorough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background The extension of dependant coverage mandates that group plans and any individual
plan that covers dependants must cover adult children regardless of the child's martial status,
enrollment in higher education, or eligibility for an employer plan (Healthcare.gov). The adult child
does not even have to live with the parents or be claimed as a dependant on the parent's tax returns.
This coverage lasts until the child is 26 years old. Previously, many plans had stopped coverage at
"19 or upon college graduation" (Goldman, 2013).
Starting in the late 2000's, the downed economy had job growth at record lows and the prospects for
recent graduates were not good, though things have started to look up (Coffey, 2015). However,
with or without job prospects, in 2013 seven out of ten college graduates had an average of $28,400
in student loan debt (Institute for College Access and Success, 2013). This burden on young adults
makes even the thought of affording health insurance a pipe dream. Within the first year of the
ACA, the young adult cohort was 30% more likely to be on their parents insurance and the rates of
uninsured individuals had fallen five percentage points (Goldman, 2013).
Concerns The dependant extension was widely trumpeted as a success of the ACA. Young college
graduates start out in their careers in a much different way

Individual Assignment
1. INTRODUCTION
The policy making process has been a very active one, especially the housing sector. Consequently,
South Africa's housing policy was the end product of much heated debates and discussions within
the National Housing Forum from the year 1992 to 1994. Thus, the White Paper of 1994, A New
Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa was implemented. This essay will discuss and analyse
this Housing policy strategy. It will also discuss the integrated model to policy making, which
consists of five phases that are very specific and progresses in a coherent manner and relate it to the
policy being analysed. It will firstly, identify and explain these five phases namely, the policy needs,
problems and context, the policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is imperative that all recommendations or alternatives been given get taken into consideration as
the policy will impact the lives of all citizens within the country. Policies gets drafted in either
Green or White Paper discussion documents and once the policy is finalised it then gets published in
the Gazette for public comment. The White Paper on housing was decided by the NHF after much
research and debate. The policy was then published in a Government Gazette on the 23 December
1994.
2.4. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
The fourth phase is the policy implementation stage. This is a crucial step in the policy making
process as government actualizes the decisions made into a reality. This phase requires the
cooperation of all stakeholders and the public administration staff involved, if the policy is to be a
success. According to (Ile, et al., 2012, pg. 12) "there should be recognition that policy is iterative in
nature and activities may be complicated by the nature of the public administration environment."
Additionally this stage involves various programmes and activities to achieve the objectives of the
policy. Lastly with the integrated model to public policy the implementation stage is founded on the
five protocols, namely, content, context, commitment, clients and coalition and capacity.
In relation to policy discussed within this essay the housing policy took its form through

Financial Management Activities
Module: Financial Management
Financial Management
Broad Aim
The aim of this module is to give participants an overview of the role of managers in controlling
financial resources.
Training outcomes
By the end of this module, participants will be able to:
Identify the main elements of financial management and assess whether the financial management
in their station is adequate
Identify the financial policies needed in a radio station
Develop a budget
Do a cash flow projection
Develop and interpret a variance report Activity 1.: Problems with managing finances
What are the main problems that your station has with managing money?
What do you want to learn about managing money?
What is financial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An organisation must have set policy about the budget process:
Who is responsible for the process?
Who will draft the budget?
Who will be consulted in drawing up the budget?
When should the budget process start?
Who will approve the budget?
How will the budget be monitored and controlled?
Activity 5.: A basic budget
In pairs (15 minutes)
Think about your home. What are the main items that you have to pay for? Think about items that

you know you need to pay for regularly, and those that you pay once a year.
Develop a budget that shows the income and expenditure in your home.
Item Amount
Income items
Many people only think about budgeting for expenditure.
A budget must also show what income you anticipate getting and from whom.
A budget is a planning tool. You need to know what your income will be, before you can plan what
to spend.
Examples of possible income items:
Donations promised
Donations likely
Interest
Sales e.g. of promotional material, or other goods
Sale of advertising time
Fundraising events
Sales of services (e.g. DJ at a function)
Sales of programmes
Expenditure items
Your budget must cover all the expected expenditure. There are two kinds of expenditure items:
1 Capital costs: include the cost of the actual building, your equipment and furniture, cars etc. These
are usually once off

Global Perspective on Health Policy Essay
Introduction
A macro perspective on health policy issues can be helpful to identify how problems become policy
issues and how these issues result in the creation of health care policy. The neglected epidemic of
Chronic Disease also known as non– communicable diseases are a controversial issue that needs to
be addressed in the world. In this paper, the writer will provide an explanation of how this issue has
resulted from a policy's creation. Identify the steps in the state and federal policy development
process. Furthermore, differentiate between policy development and implementation. Also, explain
how stakeholders become involved in the process and why their voices often become a driver for
change in health policy.
What is Chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2011).
Policy Making Process. In healthcare, Chronic Disease epidemics cause many threats to the world.
In response to the crisis, The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance has proposed five
priority actions.
Which are: "Leadership, prevention, treatment, international cooperation, and monitoring and
accountability–and the delivery of five priority interventions–tobacco control, salt reduction,
improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and
technologies (The Lancet. 2011)."
The import involvements were chosen for their health paraphernalia, cost–value, small costs of
implementation, and political and financial achievability. Tobacco control is the most urgent and
immediate priority. They have propose a goal for 2040 that in essence the world would be free from
tobacco where fewer than 5% of people engaged in tobacco use (The Lancet. 2011).
Policy problems are identified by many factors that include methods that include getting issues on
the political agendas and removing them. The first step in the Policymaking Process is agenda
setting. Agenda setting is all about decision–making in the first phase of the policymaking process.
To be considered on the agenda, difficulties must arise to policymakers' attention. Healthcare
problems are highly visible, because the affect the nation, whereas major problems no relating to
health are considered invisible to make the agenda (The

The Pros And Cons Of Government Intervention
The future is uncertain, as such conventional wisdom dictates that governments must intervene in
the economy to help enhance growth and ensure stability. However, is too much intervention a bad
thing? There are many reasons why it is so but one such reason is that in an economy where there is
excessive government intervention and ownership such as in the Soviet Union, there was a lack of
risk and subsequently lack of innovation as rather than satisfying customers the concern of a
producer in the system was to satisfy the state. The lack of a reward for working harder, due to all
businesses being owned by the state reduces incentive to produce or innovate and this leads to
inefficient outcomes in an economy. This is a contrast to a capitalist society where innovation and
hard work can lead to personnel gain in the form of money. Price ceiling and price floors are price
control mechanisms that are used to, respectively set a maximum price, and a minimum price. One
such problem as a result of implementing these is that they will artificially cause a shortage or
surplus, respectively, of the good or service due to affecting supply and demand. This prevents the
good/services to be at the equilibrium price, which is where economic outcomes would be most
efficient. So should governments intervene? Regardless of the aforementioned downsides this has
always been a topic of debate between Keynesian economists and classical economists, but a widely
accepted consensus is that some level

Example Policy Brief: Water Use in Perth
|
Reducing Domestic Water use in Residential Gardens|
Issue and Stakeholder Briefing|
|
|
|
To the desk of Hon. Bill Marmion. Minister for Water and Environment
This policy brief brings to light the issue of household water consumption in Perth, particularly the
need to examine the potential for large scale water savings in the domestic sphere. Domestic water
use is nearly double that of Melbourne and Brisbane, whilst local water supplies are critically low.
This brief summarises the history of water usage in Perth, it accounts culturally for the reasons that
we use so much on our gardens. There is a section that outline the dimensions of issue, who is using
how much? The benefit that multi–story housing has on water ... Show more content on
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The difference in water usage by income is represented in figure 2.
This point is reinforced by figure 3 which illustrates the increasing percentage of lawn and garden
ownership relative to the level of income, with the highest income brackets all having high
percentages of ownership. A point of concern is that whilst the relationship between private green
space ownership and income exists, there is still a very large portion of the total population
consuming water just for gardening purposes.
Figure 4: Reticulation water usage
The final issue of ex–house water usage is the usage of reticulation, and the false perception that its
more efficient than hand watering. As shown in figure 4 water usage for automatic reticulation is
nearly double that of non–automatic.
The State Government: the state government is the chief authority on the issue of domestic water
use, and holds the most influence and power in the issue. The state government is currently a liberal
party lead by Collin Barnett. This Stakeholder is the figure head for numerous government agencies,
namely the Department of Environment and conservation, the Department of Water and Water

Corporation. Whilst the state government maintains a relationship with the commonwealth
government on the issue, there tends to

Michelle Obama Domestic Policy Role Essay
Domestic Policy Role: Chief Policy Maker
Michelle Obama as my analogy because she has many great ideas about improving the health of
americans and lowering obesity rates, such as the Let's Move campaign and going around the
nations motivating families to battle childhood obesity, to eat healthier and provide more organic
foods on tables at homes and schools. Her actions so far has started the conversation about
childhood health. Michelle Obama is trying to address many factors that lead to childhood obesity.
Her incentives has started a national conversation on childhood obesity, but has yet to make a major
impact. One of the presidential roles is Chief Policy Maker that has the power to influence policy at
national and local levels. President Truman started the conversation of many ideas after the ending
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It sets military goals, deciding when to send out troops and where to station them. I choose Steve
Jobs as my analogy because Steve Jobs was the CEO of Apple. Steve Jobs decided what products
would be made and when they would be released to the public, he also decided what they looked
like and how they worked. Im connecting these two roles because both of them are the main
decision makers, they run the show. One of Truman's strengths was to make politically difficult
decisions. For example, Truman was most known for ending World War II by dropping two atomic
bombs over japan. This forced Japan to surrender in 1945. Truman was also known for the Truman
Doctrine, this supported other countries that were threatened by communism. This gained Truman
popularity because it was well perceived through the public. I think Truman was very effective in
this role, because not only did he make a difficult decision on how to end World War II, but he also
gave other countries aid, mainly Europe in rebuilding a lot of what was destroyed during the

Policy Process Essay

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Policy Process Essay