The document discusses Indian wetlands and their importance. It provides definitions of wetlands from United States fish and wildlife service and notes different types of wetlands like bogs and fens. It then summarizes some key wetland systems in India like Himalayan wetlands, Indo-Gangetic plains, coastal wetlands, and those in Deccan region. The document also briefly discusses threats to wetlands from losses and provides examples of acute and chronic losses. Remote sensing and GIS techniques for wetland management are also mentioned.

1. *
INDIAN WET LANDS
& FUTURE
SUPRATIM KARMAKAR
RIVER SCIENTIST, INDIA
EMAIL: karmakarsupratim@gmail.com
*

2. 1971- H
Cl¡-el l¡jp¡l nq-l Sm¡i¨¢j ¢houL p-Çjm-e HL¢V B¿¹
plL¡¢l Q¥¢š² p¡r¢la quz haÑj¡-e 154 ¢V -cn HC Q¥¢š²l
Awn£c¡lz
“Wetlands are areas of marsh , fen , peat land , of water of
temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, breakish of
salt, including areas or marine water, the depth of which at low
tide does not exceed six meters & may include riparian of
coastal zones adjacent to the wet lands or island or bodies of
marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying with in the
wet lands.”

3. United States fish and wildlife service
(1979)
Wet lands are lands traditional & aquatic
systems where the water table is usually at or
near the surface or the land is covered by
shallow water. For purpose of this
classification wetlands must have one or
more of the following attributes:
•At last periodically, the land supports
predominantly hydrophytes.
•The substrate is nonsoil and is saturated
with water or covered by shallow water at
some time during the growing season of each
year.
•The substrate is predominantly undrained
hydric soil.

7. •Organic Soil Wetlands:
•Organic Soil
Wetlands:

8. Bog Fen

10. j¡nÑ
-p¡u¡Çf jÉe-NË¡i ¢fVmÉ¡
-p¡u¡Çf
äp
HØa¥u¡¢l J
­m…e

11.  cnq¡S¡l£ qÊÊ-cl -cn-
p¤¤C-Xe

12. B¢éL¡l p¤¤c¡-e e£me-cl
a£-l Sm¡i¨¢j "p¡X

13. Himalayan wetlands
Ladakh and Zanskar: Pangong Tso, Tso Morari, Chantau,
Noorichan, Chushul and Hanlay
Marshes
KashmirValley: Dal, Anchar, Wular, Haigam,
Malgam, Haukersar and Kranchu lakes
Central Himalayas: Nainital, Bhimtal and Naukuchital
Eastern Himalayas: Numerous wetlands in Sikkim,
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur,
Beels in the Brahmaputra and
Barak valley

14. Indo-Gangetic wetlands :The Indo-
Gangetic flood plain is the largest wetland
system in India, extending from the river
Indus in the west to Brahmaputra in the
east. This includes the wetlands of the
Himalayan terai and the Indo-Gangetic
plains.

15. Coastal wetlands
The vast intertidal areas, mangroves and
lagoons along the 7500 kilometer long
coastline inWest Bengal, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra
andGujarat. Mangrove forests of the
Sunderbans of West Bengal and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Offshore
coral reefs of the Gulf of Kutch,Gulf of
Mannar, Lakshwadeep and Andaman
andNicobar Islands.

16. Deccan
A few natural wetlands, but
innumerable small and large reservoirs
and several water storage tanks in
almost every village in the region.

17. Sunderban : Climate Changing
Environmental Disaster Taming
the Environmental
Diversity, Challenge and Human
Response: A India-Bangladesh
Contain
By Suppratim Karmakar,
(Japan, October,2012)

18. i¡l-al I¢aqÉh¡q£
Sm pwlre fܢa
J
Sm¡i¨¢jl d¡le¡

19. f¤L

25. INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY OF RAIN WATER
HARVESTING AND NATIONAL WATER POLICY-A
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH IN INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES OF
WORLD WATER VISION PERSPECTIVE
-Supratim Karmakar
[KUSET, NEPAL(IN PRESS)]

26. Wetland losses – a threat to
ecological balance
Rainfall data

30. The wetland loss in
India can be divided
The wetland loss groups
into two broad in
namely-
acute and chronic
losses.

31. Acute wetland losses
• Agricultural conversion
•Direct deforestation in wetlands
•Hydrologic alteration
•Inundation by dammed reservoirs
Chronic wetland losses
Alteration of upper watersheds
Degradation of water quality
Ground water depletion
Introduced species and extinction of
native biota

32. States Total Districts Drought Affected
Uttar Pradesh 64 62
Haryana, Chandigarh
and Delhi
21 21
Punjab 16 14
Madhya Pradesh 45 39
Himachal Pradesh 12 12

33. Use of remote
sensing and
GIS in
wetland
management

34. Flood zonation mapping

39. 1990: Spatial Turbidity pattern 1997: Spatial Turbidity pattern
Turbidity Classification
Region of Interest
Kilometers
Low Turbid area 0 0.35 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8
ModerateTurbid area
HighTurbid area

40. Area Statistics of Wetland Area during 1990, 1997, 2007
1990 1997 2007
Class Name
Area Area Area Area Area Area Change %
(ha) (%) (ha) (%) (ha) (%) 1990–2007
Wetland 961.7 33.5 424.3 14.77 356.3 12.4 -21.1
Ecosystem
Aquatic - - 182.0 6.33 203.3 7.0 7.0
Vegetation
Other 144.9 5.0 506 17.61 329 11.45 6.45
Vegetation
Other Land 1765.7 61.5 1760 61.29 1983.7 69.15 7.65
Use
Total 2872.3 100 2872.3 100 2872.3 100 0

47. Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh
Tipaimukh Dam at a glance:
Location: Tipaimukh, Manipur, India,
on Barak river, around 100
km from Jakigang, Sylhet)
Length: 390 meter
Height: 164 meter
Cost: $1.35 billion
Completion: 2012
Reservoir C: 15.9 BCM average
Tipaimukh is located in Churachandpur district in Manipur state. It is in the south-
western hilly region of Manipur bordering the Indian state of Mizoram.
Tipaimukh means the confluence of the Tuivai and Barak rivers.
The word “Tipai” is the corrupted name coined for the river “Tuivai”, and “Mukh”
meaning “mouth” in Bengali.

48. Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh
What Consequences for Bangladesh?: Mirror Image of Farakkah
Rajshai-Khulna vs Sylhet-Dhaka
Padma vs Shurma, Kushiara

49. Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh
Political Impact
Giving India the ability to full control the water through Barak River itself is
dangerous as they can use it as a weapon against Bangladesh as and when necessary
This has been done in the past using the Farakka Barrage

57. fmc¡
¢hm