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Salah in moving train mufti nizamuddin- ashrafia magazine,july 2013

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ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬48 ›‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ũዎ ‫إ‬| ͚ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ăĕ ƶ ŇĂĬaĂİ ĂāĕIJČa Ăĕ ć ņ ƶ İ ĂāĕIJČaĎČĕ ƶ ĕĀ ā Ăĕ Ă ň Ā ija ĂāőaČ ٍ ĕĂijĕ Ă İ‫ـ‬ ٍ ĕĬaĕ ٍ ņ ā Ņ Ă Ň Ā ija Ăāő ƻ᨞™ ‫ ڄ‬᫿ Ī‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᘎ ◵ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٶ‬œ⇜ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ™᧖ ‫ ڄ‬5 ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ༶ᆽ ༠ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ᎙᥮  ‫ٶ‬œጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِŨዎ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œَ‫ٱ‬ij ƻᑊ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œᦅ — ᫇ ⚙ű‫ٶ‬œ ‫ ڄ‬ƣ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᙴ  ›‫ٱ‬ij ◵ የ  ƣ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ᙴ: ۱‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ᫿ᦅ ዎ  ◵ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš  Ũ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ Ñƻ  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij — ƻ༞ᓦ — ƻ༞ᓦ žං ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ۲‫۔‬ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ 5 ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ˜ű ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᗺ ຬ  ‫ٱ‬ĴًŪ⊦ ጶ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ، ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ،ᅧᝲ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ¸ ᠶ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ʮ ʼnས  ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ Əⅆ ᔓ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ຬ، ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ᚆƻ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ، ុƓ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ϕ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ৪ ຬ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ ሱŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ ʮ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ƏŒ ǔ š ཌྷ ™ Ũ͛ᨥ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ Ə⁇ƻ ☺ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ᙴ،  — ⃴ ⚙ ‫ٱ‬ij Ə⁇Ķǎư ☺‫ٳ‬ƿ ኀ ᙴ ↎ ຋  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ₎⍺ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ š અ ͚ ↎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ຋ Ī‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ₄⍺ ͚ ᓥ⚮ ↬ ᘳ ϕ  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ۳‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ᫿ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚ ™ᨥ  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ຬ ᑘ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᙺ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ™ᨥ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦƽᦡ ჷᅓ‫ٱ‬ij  ʮ ™  ẵ  Əⅆ᧖ —  Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ẵ  Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij  ͚  ᓥƳ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅű — ‫ڄ‬ ™ƻ‫ٵ‬ƬǎƸƻǎƵǔƵǎư ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ư ᆽƼǎƹlj ǖ Ʒǎƹ   અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ⚙ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ šŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ۴‫۔‬‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  Ɠ‘‘ဲ◀ ໎’’  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬  ⁳ᠷ  ᫿ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ Ũෝ ຋ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ‘‘ဲ◀ ໎’’ ‫۔‬ຮ ᑋ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ અ ͚  ǖ Ʈţ⃊‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ،᢬  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ»‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛  ⚙  આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ  y‫ٳ‬ƿ  ഗ  ẵ  ೹  ̢ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ )1( ଷ ᙴ ྂ⚮  ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ⚙ ͚ ೹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ የ ‫ ڄ‬‘ҍ ٰŸ೶ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ء‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ǔ ƻِ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ֆ ƻ¸ ⃑‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ-‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư᢬- ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijű ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٶ‬œᢀ‫ٱ‬ij: ŲŏśǍƴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ ம౎ᦅ  ẵ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚  Ǎƭֶ۱۸۳۲— ‫ء‬ Ꮇ‫ٱ‬ij  — ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ ៮¸͚  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫۔‬ ု  ϕ۱۸۴۳—  ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijጶᑊ ᇞ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿŒķ  ᗏ‫ٱ‬ijˆ’’Ԍ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij˜‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿጹ  š  ŕ͛‫ٳ‬ƿԺ  ͚ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư — ŋ  ،ᇪઈ‫ٱ‬ĴĻ ǔ Ƹǎƹ ੼  ،‫ٳ‬ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙŊǍư‫ٳ‬ƿ)Manchester, Lancashire, Liverpool(ʮ  ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ₝  ‫ٱ‬ij☓  ͚  )1(- கᨪ ◧ ᠷ¸ ⁳ᠷ ẵ ឞ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ  ǖ ƭઈෝ: ۱  njƮţ’ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij  njƭዩ ‫۔‬Ẫ ⒚ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ő ‫ٵ‬ƫ ອ‫ٴ‬‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ǔ ƻ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺƟǎƲ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ   ‫ٳ۔‬ƿՖ۲۹ ‫ٶ‬œ኱ű  ŕ ٓő‫ٱ‬ij۱۴۳۴ Ѕඍ DŽ۱۱ ု۲۰۱۳ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ء‬ — ‫ٳ‬ƿՖ ، ʼnŒnjư ෩ᆽ Ɠ ᾳ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Ə₩࿬  Ϭ ៮¸ ‫۔‬ᨪ ʮ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ ʼn‫ٱ‬ijᶰ Ϭ — ὔ  ਴ ‫ᙺ۔‬۱۶  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij۱۷ ု۲۰۱۳ ǖ Ʊ‫ٱ؁‬Ĵnjư Ɠ ‫ء‬ƽᦡ‫ٳ‬ǂnj ƺǎƶ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚‘‘ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᅷ᩠’’ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ʮ Ϭ ʮ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻ‫ٵ‬Ƭŝ ǔ ƴ‫ٱ‬ij ຋   ǖ ƭઈෝ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ʮ ೔ᤡ ‫ٳ ڄ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ ʯ ŕ͛ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ ᑘ  – ⊴¹ ⋃ ẵ ޼ඍƻ ‫¸͛۔‬ ۲ ǔ Ʊሳ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ Ǘ ƮǎƸ ℌ ఌ ẵ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖ ༶◵‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ) ّŏƌ ǖ ƸŬ njš‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ũ ǘ Ŗ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ෩ᆽ ٍ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ☗‫ٳ‬ƿઊ(Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ იඁ — ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚⚮ ⁳ᠷ ʯ ዚ˜،  ▨‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ਴ ⒚ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ő ،Ə₩࿬  njƮţ’ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij  njƭዩ ᓥ Ə‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱۃ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ᴨ Ɠ ʮ ៹‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ʮ ⁳ᠷ ‫۔‬ᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻඋ¹  ƻও‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ͚  Ǘ Ư ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫۔‬ᙺ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚۱۲  Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᧖‫ٱ܊‬ij Ũዎ ఌ ป℈ű
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬48 અ ͚ ᓥࡻ ‡ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij š  Ǖ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈ ‫ډ‬    ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ – ຮ — ˼ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij— ᢭ ⚯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ៮ŒǍš x ᆽ   ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ᙺ  ẵ ƻ◀Œƈ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᮌ Ԍ Ɠ Ɨ☌  ᓥő Ķ ǖ ư ŕ͛‫ٳ‬ƿԺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕnj ư ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᤎ Ꮇ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿጹ ‫ە‬ —  ‫۔‬¸  ǖ Ưōᷜ ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ — ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ⋡‫ٱ‬ٓij ◵: Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij   ϕ  ͚ᥑ   ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۴۹—  ‫ء‬‘‘ˆ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij᧖  ǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٵ‬Ƭơ ǔ ƹǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᦡÎ’’)Great Indian Peninsular Railways Company(—  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ʮ  េⓔ Ռ   ‫۔‬۱۸  ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۴۹ Ɠ  ‫ء‬ ‘‘ˆ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٵ‬Ƭơ ǔ ƹǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᦡ Î’’  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘‫ٱ‬ijᣁ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư Î’’ ‫ އ‬ઈ ͚  ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᠻ¸ ᪕‫ٶ‬œ š ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᅪ ͚ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ — Ԍ  ẵ  Ķ ǖ ư ᓥຮ56 ŬŠ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ʮ Ķ ǖ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʯ ௻ ⚮ ̋ ៑ő  ‫۔‬ ۱۶š‫ٱ‬ijᦅ۱۸۵۳— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ™᧖ Ԍ Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ  Ķ ǖ ư ᓥຮ ẵ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ ਴ ‫۔‬۱۵  ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۵۴— ‫ء‬ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ™᧖  Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ ŏnjƶُǏř  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ¸Ų ᪹ ͚ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᥑ ៮őጶ۱۸۵۶ ອ‫ٵ‬ ǘ ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ɠ ‫ء‬‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij  — ŏśǍƴ Ų ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᮃ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ம౎ű)Vyasarpadi(  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ŕᆽő‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij )Walajah Road(᪹ ͚ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬   ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ‘‘Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿో  ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Î’’ ‫ ڄ‬ ᓥ     ƽ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᮃű ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿষ )Vyasarpadi Royapuram( ဳ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ  ͚ ǔ ƻ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ  ʮ  ǖ ƭ⇘‫ٵ‬ƫỼ‫۔‬ )2( ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư᢬ ۱۸۹۵‫ٳ‬ƿ ०‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ẵ ‫ء‬ᦅ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưԢ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ᘳ ኑ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ న᫭‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ শ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ¢ ẵ Ũዎ Ս  ǔ Ʊ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ǘ ƮǎƸ ‫ٶ‬œš‫ٱ‬ijᚡ{‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻሸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ،Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٱ‬ٓij ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫᣘ  NjǍƴ  Ķ ǖ ưŊǎƶ  ‫۔‬۱۹۰۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ○ ◵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿաŨ — ⊝ ‫ٱ‬ٓij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ◵ ሱ ဲᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿő  ƽ‫ٱ‬ijថ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ǔ ƻ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫۔‬ƽᦡ  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿա  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ௵₝  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư⚮ Ũ◵  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚ ἗ ͚ ⍽ž ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຮᨪ  ི  ຮ ഔ š  ǔ ƻ◵‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij: )۱(ᠦ،ი)۲(‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ხ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬)۳(‫ٱ‬ijᢅ‫۔‬ ۱۹۰۷— ‫ء‬ ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij ᘳ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ и‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ˀ ‫ ڄ‬ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ  ¸ )2(-]Brief History of Indian Railways and RPF[      ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in  ‫۔‬Վ۱۹۲۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᓥ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽšƽᦡ — ⓞ শ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ Ũዎ  આ ৙، ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠű ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᮃű ᑴో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᑋő‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ⚮ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫۔‬ ű‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ϕ ͚۴۲‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  Ũዎ۳۲ ƻ៧ő ‫ٱ‬ij ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᥬ — ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ⃻ᨸ ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ጶ Վ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ͚ ಕ ʯ  ‫۔‬۱۹۹۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ᣨ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ Ö Ɠ Ũዎ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬ij™  ⚮ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬)3( ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ‫٭‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ○ ◵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿաŨ۱۹۰۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ۔‬ij¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫٭‬ƽᦡ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ۔‬ij¸ ⁳ᠷ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫٭‬ Ŭ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຌࠩƓ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ —  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ   ǖ ƭ⇘‫ٵ‬ƫỼ۲۴ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ☰‫ٱ‬ij۱۹۸۴— n Ɠ ‫ء‬ ៮¸‫۔‬ ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ‫٭‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ŏśǍƴ Ų ˀ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű۳‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒű۱۹۲۵Ԍ Ɠ ‫ء‬ ᪹ ͚ ő‫ٳ‬ǀُĹ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘖ‫۔‬ ‫٭‬۱۹۵۲‫ٳ‬ƿ Ķ ǖ ư ‫ء‬ƽᦡ  ᛋ Ɠ)۶(—  ǔ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ᅱ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư  ຮ ੈ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ŕ᪛ Ɠ)۱۷(—  ǔ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ᅱ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư  ‫ᙺ۔‬ )4( ᑴ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ160ʮ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ռ ¸ ŲŏśǍƴ  ‫ٱ‬ijᣨŋ‫ٳ‬ǂ ǘ ƺǎư)AC(™᧖۱۹۳۴— ‫ء‬ ᑿ‫ٳ‬ǁƒჃ ༠  ، ᷪ ƽ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖ અ ͚ y‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٱ‬ijႵ Ɠ ʯ ʼn᪪‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ə‫ٳ‬ǀَnjƱ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ⅆ ◵ ┕ Ŵ᥏ᤧ ʯ ⃝‫ٵ‬ƫ  ۫ ‫۔‬ຮű  ẵ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿӡ)‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᑴළ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ᙉ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗጶ(—  ǍşƓ ƽ؈ ẵ Ə‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ŒǍš‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ⴕű — ƻᚩƓ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ƻ᨞‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ༶ᆽ  ༠ — የ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ⎻‫ٱ‬ij ྴ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ༳ ྂ¸ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ ᯊᑿ Ⴣ  ẵ ᘳ ŏśǍƴ  ‫۔‬༳ ྂ⚮ ᯊŲ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٱ‬ijᢺ᥂۱۹۶۹— ‫ء‬ ᑲ ẵ ŕ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ¸  ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ķ ǖ ư  ǘ ƶŃŖǎƶǎƹ ʮ  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ŏśǍƴ Ų ŏśǍƴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙŲ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij ŊُƑ ᷪ ™᧖ ༠ŏśǍƴ  ‫۔‬Ų |Ổ᧖ᡪ۱۹۸۸— ‫ء‬ ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ቶፍ ẵ  ͚ ဳ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ǔ ƻ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ‫۔‬ )5( )3(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:www.iloveindia.com/india- railways/history.htm )4(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:Samanya Gyan by Arihant in hindi )5(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴: www.urdutahzeeb.net/currentaffairs/news
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬49 ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ű ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ )ƙ‫ٳ‬ǂǎ ƺ ǔ ƶǎƹ ⒚‫ٱ‬ٓij  ő  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭő‫ٱ‬ijᶰ Վ ឱষ  ẵ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٱ‬ijጶ( ʯ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijű અ ͚ ᓥƳ ϕ ͚ ™᧖ ៮Ɠ ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ   ،ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ؟‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij —  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ƕ ᓥ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij: ƻᓦ!៮Ɠ ‫ܥ‬، ៾‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƮnjţ  Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙᦅ —  ୺ű   ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵)Pantry Car(ᤌ ƒ  ඏ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ຮƽᦡ  ◵  ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œᨪ  – ຮ⛨ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij  š۱۵ ،۲۰ ༳ ྂ⚮  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ༴ — ╫‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij π ، Ƴ Ŀও ’ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƽᦡ ʮ  ǔ ƻઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ũ◵ ◵  ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ŀ ǔ ư‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œওŕ ‫ڄ‬  ‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ ๱ njƮnjţ ࢾ ʮ ⍽౐ ™ƻ᨞ — ୺ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵)ඏ( ࡺ  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ຋ ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ʼn෢ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ᥢ ᱤ ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘અ ͚ ᓥƳ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’ ඔ ◵ᨪ ƒ  – ຮ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ƻጹ ‫ٶ‬œᥚ ৙ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ،  Ӌᨪ ‫ٱ‬ij  njƮƛĶǎư  ُŨዎ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᑘ ຮ  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij – ™᧖  ᘎ ، Ī ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ُŨዎ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ የ ™ƻ᨞ — ୺ű ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ ʯ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥƳ ͚  અ  ‫؟‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ◵‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ƒ™ የ ‫۔‬ƻ᨞ — ୺ű ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ —  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ  ẵ Əⅆᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ijƽᦡ  ◵ ᬊ ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķnj ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ◵ ᓥƳ ⚮ ຝ ẵ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ⊡  и‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ƆŒƀ‫ٱ‬ij šᡗ ॊ ຊ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ༷ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ،ɺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ™᧖ ᘳ ৖ ᓥƳ Ѕඍ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ॊ ͚ ™᧖ —  ৒ ‫ٶ‬œᨸ ᙴ ྂᆽ ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ — ᘳ ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijᨧ  Ɠ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ᓥƳ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ™ᨥ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ེᆽ‫۔‬ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᎤ‫ٱ‬ij —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ ™ᨥ ຬ » ե   njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ /first-brit-soldiers-death-in-2011reported- from-aghanistan ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٱ‬ٓijƻᨩ — ⍱ Ÿ෢  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⑹⃊‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐᧖ ʮ ʮ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǖ ƺĺ  ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ ™ᨥ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ եŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٶ‬œ ŒǍšű Ռ ᙴ ™ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ» ᩖ ᓥƳ Ķ ǖ ư અ ͚  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ™ ຋ ƽᆽƻ᨞ ʮ Տ¸ ›લ ŕ० ޵ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij™ ‫۔‬᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  Ǎš  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥŒǍšᓥŒ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ โ ͚   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ Œnjư š ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ƒ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ◵‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᨲ ™ ࢞  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎƻ᨞ ‫ ڄ‬◵ ƒُ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᘑ ͚   ‫۔‬ᙺ ʯ અ ͚ Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫؟‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ijጶnjƭ:᫲‫ٱ‬ij  ،ƻᓦƏ અ  ͚Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ࢞)PASSANGER( ™ᨥ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ڄ‬  ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ Ѕඍ ͚ ŪŖǎƶƻǎƵ   ǖ Ʈţ‫ٱ‬ij⁇ ༶¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ ƻŒƑ – ᙺ ™ š᧖ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༴ ຊ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ»  Տ ͚ ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ، —  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ᣗ ‫ڄ‬ ᙴ ྂ¸ અ ͚ ƻጹ  ⊾ ᗏŨ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ Ķُnjư ྼ Ɠ ᘳ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ྂ⚮  ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ અ ͚ ဲ‫ٱ‬ij⊾ ͙ Ķُnjư ྼ ᙴ ྂᆽ ͑ƻ  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij — ጕ ᙴ ྂ¸، ៮Ɠ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٱ‬ٓijű ƒ ༶¸، ៮Ɠ ᑋ  ˑ‫ٳ‬ƿઈ ༶¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ດ ᙺƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ᙴ ᔗ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij અ ͚ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ™ ƽ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ᧖ ៯Ɠ ͚Ũᅓ ƒ અ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ™ ᗏ᧖ ‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ķǎư ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ z‫ٳ‬ƿ، ⚶‫ٱ‬ij ֋‫ٱ‬ijᢺ   Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ™ᨥ ‫ٱ‬ijᣗ ‫ ڄ‬š  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ   njƮƛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ࢞ᨥ ‫ڄ‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ  ‫۔‬ ᅖ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬œ  njş‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ،، ᅦ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺŮƚ   ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ຋  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᙴ ྂ¸  ͚ ₎⍺  ࣀ ࣀ ʮ şⅆ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ᨥ  Ə⁇ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ⚙ ༶ᆽ  ᙴ ‫۔‬‘‘ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛’’ᙴ Ũ◵ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ẵ ጭ ƒ ő‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư  ‫۔‬᯵ ᆽ ƽᦡ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ ʯ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ‫ᙺ؟‬ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ᨪ ʫ ៩ᨨ ᙴ،  ጶᨪ ᙴ):۱(‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ᬋ،  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ͽ ͚ ™᧖ ƒ ᗫ x ‫۔‬)۲(ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ͚ ƻ◀Œƈ న ‫۔‬ॅ| અ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ న‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂᆽ ʪ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ẵ ᫱‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ Ə‫ٱ‬ijⅆ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ͙ ᙴ ྂ¸ ╡‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ϕ ͚ ᡳ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾‫ٳ‬ƿ  ʼn| ‫ٶ‬œᨸ ᙴ ྂᆽ ‫۔‬)۳(— ƻա‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư   ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư؈ᨪ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴƟ ǔ Ʋ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ Ͽ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺŕ ƒ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿᒎ ‫۔‬)۴(Ǎţ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǂ ǔ ƺǎƶ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮ʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ʮ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺľŋ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺľŋ‫ٱ‬ij ኀ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ኀʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưࡻ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬50 )۵(஡  Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ijᦅ   ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮)۶(៮⁝   Ũᔄ‫ٱ‬ij  ◵)۷(ʮ  ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮   ‫۔‬ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛)۸(‫ٱ‬ijŲƠ ǔ ƹǎƶnjţ ᦼ ဲᘟ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫۔‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ અ ͚ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij  ُŨዎ ẵ ᫿ Ư ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᒑ ،ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ƒ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫۔‬ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʯ Ỵ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ،‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿُ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬŕ અ ͚ ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫ᙺ؟‬ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ƒ، ⛨ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ẵű ỵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ،»  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ‫ٳ‬ƿዛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆ Ӌ ،∼‫ٱ‬ijᨪ અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ™᧖   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ƏŒ ǔ š ͚ ༶ᆽ ᘳ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ şⅆ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ  ⇘‫ٳ‬ƿ ǖ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬œű ༶ᆽ  ‫۔‬ᙺ Ѕ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ᑴጹ ƻ‫ٱ‬ٓij ∼‫ٱ‬ij ᝈ{͛‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ শ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٶ‬œš ‫ٱ‬ijᚡ{‫ٱ‬ٓij ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ưᣘ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚Ķǎư َ੼ʼn  ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ )‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǀِĹ(ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ ẵ ຬ Ֆ Ķ ǖ ư  njƮnjţ  ◵ ᓥ⚮ Ժ  ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ֆ ᓥ Ũ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ຋ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ Ժ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᙵ‫ٱ‬ij᛻ƻ ʮ ἃƓ ե ᓥ  ƒ ᓥ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ດ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،őɺš — ϕ ᝈ{͛‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ Ũዛ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᑊ ŖǎƶŝŷŒ ǔ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ –‫ٱ‬Ĵǎưƽᦡ ʮ ᯊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ™᧖  េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư শ‫ٱ‬ij ჵ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ѕඍ ͚ ༶ᆽ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᣒ ༶¸ ᙴ ጭ  ƒ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ᗏ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫŒƈ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙű ᷪ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ỵ અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬  ™᧖ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ᩖ ᓥƳ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋ અ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫۔‬ᙺ )៮¸ ᥢ Ϭ( ᗏ  ᓥ۱۶ု۲۰۱۳  ǖ ƭ◵֑‫ٱ‬ij ෩ᆽ  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ijዂ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ء‬ ՞ ͚ Ū Ɨ‫ٵ‬ ǘ ƫᓦŖǎƶƻǎƵϬ ኺ  njƭዩ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƮţ’‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ǀ ǘ Ʊᡩ  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ⊇ ᫴ઈ ៮ᴨ ⚮ DŽ Ɠ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ೔ᤡ  ʮ،  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijϗ  ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ĴnjưƻǎƵ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁů‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư ᠷɤ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ጶᦅ ᙴ: )۱(અ ͚ ᓥƳ ™᧖ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽƻᓦ ‫۔‬!★  ʼnઈ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œও ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ᫴ઈ᧖ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ༴ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ৭ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ᡨ ᙴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ũ◵ƽᦡ ᘳ ͚ અ ͚ ጎ  ᙴ ྂ⚮، — Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ጎ ‫ ڄ‬਴ ،‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű અ ͚ ̇ ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀᨲ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ™ –᧖   ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ៮‫ٱ‬ٓij ẵ Ռ ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،Ķǎư ʮ ༴ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ጶ ༶¸  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᬊ ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿষ ᛋ ᇡ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ༴ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᠻᆽ ¸   ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ Ɠ ᫴ઈ )۲(Ö ຋  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬ij™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᙺ ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ᮏ ‫ٵ܍‬ƫijᦅ  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij Ư ৭ ៮¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ Ũෝ Ɠ ‫܍‬‫ٵ‬ƫij ຋  ϕ ͚ ™᧖ ৭ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ¸ ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ᛨষ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ਴ ،ᙺᢻ ͑ƻ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸  ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ Ɠ ᫴ઈĶǎư ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ⎻‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ͛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ڄ‬ ™ – ᙺ ᛨষ᧖ ৭ ͑ƻ ៮¸، ‫ ۝‬ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư —  ຋ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ƏŒ ǖ ƶ ǔ ţ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ༶¸ ᇡᆽ ẵ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫۔‬ᙺ )۳(Ư ˆ‫ٱ‬ijᰲ  ¸  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư — ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ ‫ٱ‬ij  ଞ‫ٱ‬ij  Ռ ¸ અ ͚ ᓥ⚮  ǖ Ʈƛ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ  ẵ Ũ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij )through( ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ͚ᤎ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű ֫ Ɠ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥԢ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ᰲ ƻጹ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽű‫ٱ‬ij ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵Ǎƭ᫲  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ኑ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ኑ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫؛‬¸ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᰧ ᗫ ẵ  njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ijƗ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬  ʮ şⅆ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ‫ٱ‬ijጇᦼ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮  ‫۔‬ᙺ )۴(⊇ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠ  ẵ ƣോ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưᆽ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ™ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ Ų ǔ ƷƎǎƸ ǔ ƹǎư ⊇  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ሱ ƒ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ⛨ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຮ ‫ٱ‬ij  ʮ  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ռ ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  njƮţ’ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š  ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿᥐ‫ٱ‬ij ،Վ ¸‘‘ʮ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ  ǖ Ưōᠷ’’ ဴ⑸ ◵ ৙ આ   ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ и‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ‫ٶ‬œ⚮ ឞ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ᥑ ű ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij – ኺ ᫴ઈ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖  ⊇ ᓥ — DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π અ ͚ ᓥʟ Ɠ ™ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ ᧖  ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٶ‬œű‫۔‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٱ‬ٓij ঔ‫ٱ‬ij ϕ ͚ ᓥ¸ ឞ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ͚ ᥑ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ᏶‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ᏶‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ᙈ ‫ٱ‬ijƓ™‫ٳ‬ƿ’’‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ ٓij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ẵᢻ ͑ƻ ʯ،  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ᧗ ఩ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijű» ‫ ڄ‬ ǖ ƭᅭ ╞‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ – ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű Ռ ¸  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ༠ ᇞ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij კ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ʯ ‫۔‬) ᥢ Ϭ ៮¸( ۱۷ု۲۰۱۳ƽ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ዃ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ‫ء‬.‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij. ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǔ ƻ᥏ƽᦡ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮¸  ǖ ƭⓔŒŪ ẵ  Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᅷ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ  ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁūŝǎƴ‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ưེ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjƶ ‫ڄ‬ ᠷɤ: ‫٭‬Ŭ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎  Ɠű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ƒ ༶ŒǍš، ဲิ 
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬51 ‫ٳ‬ƿষ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᣨ ༶ŒǍš  ‫ᙺ۔‬‫ٵ‬ƬĽš š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  ǖ ƮŬij ‫ٱ ᙺ۔‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ๖‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٱ‬ij  ဲิ ‫ٳ‬ƿষ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᣨ ᘳ ‫ٶ‬œᡠ Ŭ ‫۔‬ᙺ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎ű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ   Ɨ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ͚)Pass(ಕ ƒ ͙ ‫ྂ۔‬ᆽ ‫٭‬‫ٳ‬ƿ ĩƓƽᦡ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ  ‫۔‬ᙺᨪ  ◴Œƈ ͚ ‫ٱ‬ijҍ — ᗺ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ ᮏ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ  ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿᒧᨩ  ↳ᢾ ດ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎ ͩ ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ժű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ͚  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫٭‬‫ٳ‬ƿষű ᑵ‫ٶ‬œ — ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ẵ  njƮƛ  ◵ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ʼn᪪‫ٱ‬ij —  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫٭‬᩽‫ٱ‬ij ŪŐű‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ™᧖—  ሱ  ‫۔‬ ŐŪ  Ə⁇ű‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ  ͚ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ᯊ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijጶઅ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ‫٭‬ƻᨩ ᘳ‘‘᩽‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖’’ ⛨ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ‫۔‬โ༷‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᐹᡍ‫ٱ‬ij  ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ،ŕ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗඥŕઅ ͚ ‫۔‬ ៮‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķُnjư ༶ᆽ ‫ ڄ‬Ɠ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ  ᓥ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķnj ư ʮ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ ផઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ)៮¸ ᥢ Ϭ( €Œ ǔ š Ϭ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij żƖ ǖ Ʋǖ ƭŒǎƶ  ₪Œ ǔ š ◵ᨪ  – ‫ٱ‬ij¸: ۱‫۔‬š‫ٱ‬ijᦅ۱۸۵۳— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ™᧖ ໾ Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ  ᓥຮ ẵ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ķ ǖ ư Ռ ‫۔‬ ۲‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ķ ǖ ư ₪∇ƽᦡ Ñ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ Ũዎ ◵ƻ  ͚ — ƻ༞ᓦ  ‫۔‬ຮ ۳‫۔‬۱۹۰۷—  ‫ء‬ ᷪ  ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij‫۔‬ ۴‫۔‬‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijِű   ϕ  ͚  ᘅ۱۹۴۷—  ‫ء‬  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ Ũዎ Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᥬ — ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ͚⚮ ⃻ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ͚ ಕ ʯ ‫۔‬ ۵‫۔‬‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰—  ‫ء‬  ⁳ᠷ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ۶‫۔‬‫ܥ‬)۲۰(៾‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư)۲۲( Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ᩖ ،ᓥƳ  ͚  ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ʮ ଷ  ͚ ƻ‫ؗ‬ᷜ  ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ  ዏ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱƻ ™ šƻ᨞ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ƒ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ۷‫۔‬ ᷪ ե ਴ ™ƻ᨞ — ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺ ǔ ƶǍƱű ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ࡻ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ™ƻ᨞ — ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  ͚  ⊡  ͚ᤎ ™᧖ — ᘳ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ  ͚⚮ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ৒ᨪ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ᥢ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬‫ـــــ‬ᢻ‫ٱ‬ij  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ ™ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬ij¸᧳ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij  ِŨዎ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘚ ‫ ¸۔‬ᑋ ›લ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ۸‫۔‬™  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ અ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ⛨ ᑋ ᙺ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ᷪ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ỵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ĴًŎ Ǖ ƶŬ،» ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ‫ٳ‬ƿዛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،∼‫ٱ‬ijᨪ અ ͚  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ،ᙺƻᨯ َ੼ – Ķ ǖ ưʼn ‫ ڄ‬ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ અ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ   ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ őɺ ۹‫۔‬ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ጶ ⛨ ʮ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ — ጕ ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ʪ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂᆽ ៮Ɠ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ͥŕ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ ༶‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ،  ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑋ ៮Ɠʮ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ʮ ᝽‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᜒ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ અ ͚  ጕ — ‫ٶ‬œ ⚙» ‫ٱ‬ij Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ķǎư ៮᪋‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ ౎‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ͥ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫĶǎư  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ™ ࢞ᨥ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙴ، ◊‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ཌྷ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ࢞ ™ Ũ͛ᨥ ƒ ً╇  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ‫۔‬ ۱۰‫۔‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ᷪ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖۱۹۳۴—  ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ   ،Ų ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬œ  njş‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٱ‬ijᢺ᥂۱۹۶۹— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ  ،Ų |Ổű ™᧖۱۹۸۸— ‫ء‬ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ  Ռ ‫۔‬ ۱۱ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯ Ū ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚Ũ‫ٱ‬ĴƌƻǎƵ ™ ࢞ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ᨥ  ᗺ ຬ، ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙٓ‫ٱ‬ij ᯊ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮᦤ Ỽᤔ  ᇄ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿষ ᇄ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿষᦤ Ỽᤔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ጶ ◵ᢷ Ⴣ ᓥ  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij ᯊ ™᧖  ʯ ẵ ₰ᦩ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ♲ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎  ϕ ͚ ᓥ⚮ Ə⁇ ₰‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưő࿬  ǖ ƭ᢯ Ỻő‫ٱ‬ij ᮁő‫ٱ‬ij ∥ ᗏ ͚  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬ij¸   Ǖ ƭ௤ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ༶‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ  ᓥŅľĕIJČĕĕa ā ŅŃņIJČĩ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ᶰ শ‫ٱ‬ijŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ ۝‬ʼnᠷ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ǔ ƻ  ʯ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺᨲ ™ ࢞ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ᧖  ‫۔‬༳ ᠻ¸ ẵ ĕĕŅľĕIJČaŅŃņIJČĩ — ᙺ: Őĕİ ƶ ĺČőaaĺaĕ ƶ Čĩĕ ā ŅňĬaĭĕĕaŅĶ ٍ ĉaŇijaĕĕīćĉĕĕaaĺaő ĕ ĂāņĕĕĬaĭĕĕaŅňIJČaĊČĒ ƶ ĺaĕŇĕ Ă IJa ًĎĕŁĭőaĕIJa ā ĕČĭađĕĩIJĉaaĕİőaĕŇİ ƶ ĕĬ aĺaĕņ Ăā ŅĭaőĕİĕĬaĭaĊĕņIJČĩaŁĭőa ā ĬČaőađaĕĩĕijĩaĭa Ā ĕĕĮŋĕĕaaĕijĕĬĕĬa Ņīĩa ƶ ĕijĉaĕijĉaŅIJČa Ă ĠĕķĕĕaŅňIJČaĕĕİaĕņ Ăā ŅłĭađŋĕĩĕIJČa Ă ĠĕņĮaőĉa Łĭőaĕĕīaĕĕīa Ā ĕIJĕĬaĕĕĭ Ā Ď ƶ ĕ Ăā Ķaĭĕĩĕaaĕĕīa Ā ĕIJĕĬaőa Ā ĕĕĮŋaĕĬ Łĭőaĕİ ƶ Č ć ďaŅňĭ Ā ĕĕaĭĕĩĕIJaĕŁ ā ĬČaĕijaőaĒĩaĕijĉaŅīaŋĕĭ ƶ ČaĕIJaĕ ƶ Čĩa Ņ ā ňIJČĉaİŋĕݏaŅňIJČaŋČĕİa Ā ġĕīa Ā ĕĕĵ ƶ ĺĕĭaĒ‫ئ‬ĕņIJČaĕİ ƶ ČaĕIJaő ƶ Čĉa ĭĕĕaŇijaĕĕīćĉĕĕĀ
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬52 ዚ˜:‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᡜ‫ٱ‬ij↫  ǗƷŐǍš – ᙺŲ ™᧖ —  ᑋ ،᝝ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ཯ ͑ ƽ⚮፲ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ ™ š᧖  ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚ — ሱ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ็‫ٱ‬ij ᝸‫ٱ‬ij  njƭ᨞ ʮ ᓥ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ ༶¸ ផѬ  ᘳ » ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ⛨ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư š — ‫۔‬໺ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᶰ ຋ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ™ ؈  ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ  ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ؈  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ᧖ ͙ ᯊ ẵ ᙴ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ njƮnjţ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ٓ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ৙⚮ ℈‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij᧖  — ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ਴ DŽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š Ÿ ★ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ™ – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ƣോ‫ٱ‬ij᧖  ،ƻᰋ DŽ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ẵ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  ᣆ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫۔‬ƻ‫ٴ‬‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ഋᨪ ᗺ – ᙺ ៮¸ ™᧖ —  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ᙺ۔‬ )6( Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ⇜Ķǎư   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjưᨪ ៮¸ Ũෝ –:  — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ࢞ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij Ũ⇘᧖  – ༳ ྂ¸ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ ™᧖ ᗺ ༠‫۔‬ űᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ưᨪ ៮¸ Ũෝ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij – ™  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij šƻ᨞  ◵ ॊ – ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ็‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ᝸‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍺ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ  ᆽ x ༠ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᶰ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ↎ ͚ᦅ — ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈ‫ٱ‬ij ★ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ማ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ଷ ᑋ ٓ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ॊ – ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍺  ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᰩᆽ  ǖ ƭőᠷ ࡊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ న‫۔‬ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᨪ ะ ᚆ ᙴ  ǖ ƭઈෝ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ የᦅ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚»  ̢ ῀‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ೹ ༶ ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ ᙺĶǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ͚ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽᤎ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁū ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư  ᾱ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ‫۔‬ )۱(  ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijِű ‫ ۝‬᫿ ẵ ᘅਝ)۴۲(‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ƽᦡ   Ũዎƻᨯ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽű ‫ٶ‬œ ҽ ༳᥶ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ Ïƻ   njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵᦅ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ŒǍš ຬʮ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ‫۔‬ lj ǔ ƴ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫŖǎƶƻǎƵ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ʮ ƻҍও – ຮ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٶ‬œᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٵ‬ƫű  ُŨዎ শ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ ƻ຋‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ᠷԢ  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ  njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ᠷŒǍš ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ⛨ ʮ  ╊ ◵ ƽ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ɨš‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ƒ ᑜ ຮ ʮ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ᇔ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij™ᦕ  Ïƻ — ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ، ᓥŒǍš ͥ ʧ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǣ ž‫ ڷ‬◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ഀ š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ِ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij»  ᘅ ʮ ៮Ɠ Տ¸ ᑋ ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ␊‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư، ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ៮Ɠ Î   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ આᦅ ʮ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ ŒǍš ‫ٶ‬œᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œ ،ű ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᥷ ◵ʼn  )6(-ĥa đĩŅňņIJČa ĕĕija ĕĕĵĕİa ĩŅŃņIJČa ĕĕŅľĕIJČĐăĆąađ ŋĕĬaĎŋĕĕijađĕĕĭĕĵČaĕľijĕİađĎĕĮĕĬaĕŅŃij ៮Ɠ ຋ આԢ  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ُŨዎ ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ǀُǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ẵ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij  ƽ⚮ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ ،͛ᢻ ‫ ڄ‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᓦ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ⛨ – ᙺ  Ǣ ƅ ǔ Ƹ ǖ Ʊ ೚‫ٱ‬ĴǎƶŰǎƷ ჲ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ᓥ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ Ÿ આ š ƽ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ž‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ĸŖǎƶŝ  ‫۔‬༳ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞  njƮƛ )۲(  ‫ٱ‬ij ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬  ᓥ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư — ƽ⎔  ጶᨪ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ Ə፝‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư – ᙺ: Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ(ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ƒ  ຋ĩ ĂİaĕĂijaĕĕijÏaĒĕĕľIJČ ‫ٱ‬ij¸‫۔‬ )7( ‫ٱ‬ij ഗ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᣗ ᘳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ẵ Ũዎ  ⊑  ǖ ƭ᢯  ᤑ‫ٱ܍‬ijᨪ ƒ ᙴ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  –‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ᓥƳ শ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ᙴ ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  Ӌᨪ ᙴ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  –‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙺ’’ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ߨ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨲ  – ᙺ ⛨ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥŒǍš ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ — ອᓦ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij،ຮƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ — ƻ༞ᓦ ƒ ljnjƴ  ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ຮŲŜǎƷǎƹ  – ᙺƻᨯ ʮ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽšᦅ ƒ ༶ŒǍš ༠‫۔‬ ‘‘અ  ͚  ᓥƳ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  ඔ ◵ᨪ ƒ  – ᙺ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥƳ ƻጹ‫ٳ‬ƿ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ Ž౎ ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   Ӌᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺ ඔƽᦡ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư — ‫ ڄ‬╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥƳ  —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥƳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ຝ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻጹᦅ   Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ƽᦡ Î ʮ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Əⅆƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ Ɠ — ŕ᎕  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ⚮ Ʋ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ ۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ᙺ ‘‘⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’Î ຋ ‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ◵‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œգ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư — અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ   Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ƽԺ ‫ݝ‬᥏ᤌ Î — ሱ ᙺ ␄ ◵  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ⛨ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ་  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ୭  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚  ‫ᙺ۔‬ ƻᓦ!‘‘۱۹۰۷— ‫ء‬ ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij’’  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ƒ ඔ  –‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ’’ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  ¸ ່،  Ӌᨪ  – ᙺ ඔ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ’’ Ñƻ ʮ ᘳ  ဲᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ດ ᓦ‫ٳ‬ƿ ່ ↳ᢾ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ÿઈ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭᠷŒŶ‫ٱ‬ij  ឳ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٵ‬ƫ )7(-őĕĕĭ ć ďaĕĶŋđĕĬaĥĐąąĔa đĐĄĕĵa đĩaaĒĕīĕĵĺČŋČĒ  – ¸ ⃑‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ⎔ٰű   ǔ ƻἑ ឳ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij۱۳۳۹š‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ DŽᦅ۱۹۲۱ ‫۔‬ᙺ ◵ ‫ء‬ ۱۲Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬53 — અ ͚  ǔ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ẵ‫ٱ‬ijশ‫ٱ‬ij — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij ৙൰ ‫۔‬ِ¹ અ ͚ ⒆  ǔ Ŵ∇  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ⚙ ẵ¹ ອ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƷŐُnjšŲ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ưَ‫ٱ‬ij ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ὔ ǔ ƼĽǗư)Under Taken(ʮ ƻΎ Θ – ᙺ ᙴ ĶŎِ Ū  Ũ‫ٱ‬ij⊾ ʮ،  ‫ٳ‬ƿ୭  ǔ ƻࠩઈ ͚ ƻΎ ດ ،◵  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ᙺ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ᙴ‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ — ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٵ‬ƫᡳ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ༶ŒǍš ຬ،  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ║‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ š ᡳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưᆽ ֆ‫ٱ‬ٓij ẵ ᡳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐  ˜‫ٱ‬ij š ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚮ű Î ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ᦅ —  Ķ ǖ ư ʼnས ⚮ ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ،৓  ẵ  ǖ ƭᠷŒŶ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕ⍺Ķǎư Î ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű Î ʮ — ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٵ‬ƫᡳ  Njnjƴ ƾ ǔ ƸŐǑťǎƷ  ࢑  ẵ ሱ ե Ɠ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ៮¸  ǖ Ưōᷜ Ñ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƻ ‫ٶ‬œ  ǖ ƭᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ ᗏ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᓥ،ᨧ “ ʮ  Ÿ ⚮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ‫۔‬ )۳(۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ⁳ᠷ ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٴ‬ఒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ↎ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij థ ᓥᦅ ↎ ẵᦅ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ˜ ‫أ‬ᷜ  ʮ ᓥ⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ʮ ἃƓ ༈ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  njş‫ٱ‬ٓijƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij ŨዎĶǎư  ମ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ،ᙺ  Ũዎ  ྀ‫ٵ‬ƫ  තᆽ ‫ٱ‬ij  ،،ᢺ᥂  ، Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺  ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ، |Ổ،ű ᅦ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺŮƚ  ៮Ɠ ™᧖⛨  ʮ ỳ  ، ‫ٶ‬œ،ᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œű અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ჵ — ɻ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿƓ౎ ዏ š ౎‫ٱ‬ij Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ༶ᆽ ™ – ᙺ᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ˼  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᘚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű ⓔʮ  ǔ ƻᑊ — ŕ᎕  ᙺ Ũœ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ Ɠᨪ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ƒ ⁳ᠷ  ᙺᒎ ƻጹ – ™᧖  ، ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ভ‫ٱ‬ij Ž౎ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫۔‬ƽ‫ٶ‬œ  ƻᓦ‘‘ّƠţŲ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  ᙺᒎ  njƮnjţ – ᙺ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱĶǎư ™ ⚮ ࡻ᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᨩ ᙑ  ਴ ດ ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ཀ Ɠ ‫ٶ‬œጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ ڄ‬ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᢃ’’ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  njƭ⃛ šű Ͽ ƽࡻ  ƒ ‫ ͛۔‬͚ ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš – ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij» ʮ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ߘఞ ͑ ᙺ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫƻ  –ᨪ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ߘఞ ◐ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ժ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ƻɿ⁗ ༶⚮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᒎ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ  ‫۔‬ᙺᨪ ‫ڄ‬ ᘳ ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ – ᙺ ༈  Əⅆ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ጶ ƽ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸‘‘ƪ Ǖ ƛ ِƤǎƸጆ’’ ،ᙺ Ə‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij૎ ͚ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿઈ ⚮჎ Ɠ ʼnઈ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬ ໍ ᓥ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ Ɠ ߘఞű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư š  ǖ ƭઈิ ‫ٶ‬œૢ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ۔‬ —  ǖ ƭőᠷ ŕ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ຋ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⍱ Ɠ ᑴᑊⓔ ™ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎᧖  ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᨧ  ◵‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⋂Ỽ’’ ƒ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ਴‫۔‬  ʮ ߘఞ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư Ỽᤔ   ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ Ɠ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ĴƟ ǔ Ʋ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ∈‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ଞ Ə᨞ ጶ ◵‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ኇ‫ٵ‬ƫ ∈ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͛¸ ‫ ᙺ۔‬ẵ Əⅆ )۴( ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫෆ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ጶ‘‘᠉ ŀ ǔ ƶِŐُǍư’’ ƻጹ ͚ ⚮ ™ ᙺᒎ᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ শ‫ٱ‬ij،ᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œű અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij  ᙺ ᯵ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᤌ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ◵‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ّƠţŲ’’ ᑘ ດ ᙺ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٱڄ‬ij – ‫۝‬ ǔ ƻ  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ —  ǖ ƭőᠷ Ũ⇘  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ⋂Ỽ’’ ƒ ⁳ᠷ  ⚙ – ‫ٱ‬ijጇᦼ  ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ͚ ƻ຋‫ٳ‬ƿ₩‘‘᠉ ŀ ǔ ƶِŐُǍư’’ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ً⇘Ỽ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnᠷ ղ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‘‘ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ»’’ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű  ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij š — ʼn‫ٶ‬œ ‫ڄ‬ ٰŸ೶ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ଞ Ə᨞ ẵ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕُƈ ጶ͛¸ű  ‫ᙺ۔‬ ›‫ٱ‬ij š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ᦲ┌ ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِŨዎᦅ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚Ķǎưథ  ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ޼ඍ ᗺ ẵ ƽ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ⋃ Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊƻ  ࿫‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ⚮ ¸ ᙴ ྂ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ᙴ: ۱‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ِ⋀ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ Ũዎ ◵ Ñƻ — ƻ༞ᓦ ͚ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ّŏُķ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijŲ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  – ຮ ⁳ᠷ —  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ‫ٶ‬œ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚ᨨ ᑘ  – —  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥƳ  ‫۔‬ຮ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ⛨ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ» ƒ Ə᨞ ◵ ᘳ ᑋ ،ຮ ⛨ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ  ◵ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ǀُǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ẵ  ǔ ƻُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬਴  ،ຮ ⁳ᠷ ᣆ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ™᧖ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༳ ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƒ  ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ຋ ༳‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶǎƹƨǎƸŝǎƴĊĊ Ă ĩ Ăİa ƶ ĕĂijaĕĕ Ă ijÏaĒĕĕĂľIJČĊĊ ᑘ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯  ᓥ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ű ‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ℈ — ఩» ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ ڄ‬ᣘ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ຋ ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ጶ ͛¸ű  ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ᗺ – ᙺ Ũ◀౎ ™᧖ — ᣓ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᣠ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨨ ƒ Տ ƻ¸، ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ƶŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫᥦ  ͚  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِŨ‫ٱ‬ijᡏ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ અ — ϕ ਴ ،આ DŽ ‫۔‬ƽ⚮ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ۲‫۔‬  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ᑋ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ، ᙺ ᖞ ʼn| ๱ Ũዎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ Ï ‫ٳ‬ƿడƻ ᙴ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋƽᦡ Ḝ‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑋ ،Ũዎ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ ఒ ͚ ᘅ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ƣᣊ‫ٵ‬ƫᦅ  ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ๱ Ũዎ ◵
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬54 ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij»  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ẵ ॿ ᭵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij žං ͚  ‫۔‬ ŕ͛‫ٱ‬ٓij Ŵ᥏‫ٵ‬ƫ Ũ⇘ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐‫ٳ‬ƿ  ॽ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ Ũෝ Ɠ  njƮƛ ៮ઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ᭵ ᒑ ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ጶ ͛¸  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵  Ɠ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ   ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ྂ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ຋℃‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ Ū ʼn‫ٶ‬œ ͚ ౟ŖǎƶƻǎƵ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  ِƏ᨞ ଞ‫ٱ‬ij  ᑘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛¸  ᙺ ŕỺ  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư –ᨪ ʮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij຋‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œⓔ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕ ǔ š Ə᨞  Əⅆ ଞ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᑘ  ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ٰű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ ኑ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijঔ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،:ĊĊaĕŇİ ĕņľĕIJČĊĊ — ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ  ǖ Ʈţ‫ٱ‬ij⁇   njƭ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű   ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺĊĊĩİaĕĂijaĕĕijaĎČĊĊ ᗺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ، ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᣓ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᣠ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙű ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨨ ᑘ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕  – ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕  ǔ Ƽ ǔ ƹُƙ Ũ⇘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij fl‫ٱ‬ijᑊ ᗺ ™᧖ — ĺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶŖǎƶǎƹ ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ  – ᙺ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽʰᨪ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij  ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ Ũฯ ◵ ŨŒķ ͚ )8( ‫ ۔‬ᙺ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij ʼn‫ٱ‬ijᶰ:ᨪ ‿ ™  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ᧖  ᖞ ʼn| Ũዎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ◵ — ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ƏŒ ǔ š ͚  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  Ə᨞ ◵ ᒑ ،ᙺ ᫵  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ດ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ً⇘Ỽᨪ‘‘‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű’’ ˼  ‫ᙺ؟‬ ‘‘ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ű’’ ᙴ Ɯ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ৒‫ٱ‬ij ᣘ ŕԺ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ ሱ  ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫٓ‫ٱ‬ij ʰű — Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ⛨ ƽԺ ៮Ɠ ◵ ⊝ ͚   ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬¸ ᑋ ᧎‫ٶ‬œƻᨯ  ຋‘‘ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ»’’ ᘳ ŕԺ  ๱ ጶ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưԢ  ຋ ᙺ ⊝ ◵ ƽԺ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ᨪ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij – ᑋ ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ Ժ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽƽ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ẵ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ຋ ᠻᆽ ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ: ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨲ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺƽᦡ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ◵» Ԣ ◵ ƽԺ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  )8(-‘‘Ũฯ’’ ᙺ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ẵ‘‘ߖఞ Ũฯ’’ ඔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯  ጶ ᓥᨪ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư –:‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ  અ ͚)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ(ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ƒ  ຋ĊĊaĕĂijaĕĕ Ă ij ĒĕĕľIJČa Ï Ă ń ĂİĊĊ ߖఞ Ũฯ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ™ ᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ  ຋ ĊĊĒĕĕľIJČaĩİaĕijaĕĕijĊĊ  ǖ ƭőᠷ ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛¸ ᑋᨲ ᙴ ‫ٳ‬ƿ –ᦅ  ⛨ ᑋ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᑋ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫۔‬ ᨪĒĕĕľIJČa Ï Ă ń ĂİaĕĂijaĕĕij ƒ،  ຋‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ٰű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ  ẵ Ũฯ ͚  ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư— ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨪ  ᙺ ʮ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ِŨŒķ ‫ٶ۔‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎۱۲Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ດ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œጁ ͚  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Əⅆ ᘳ ‫ ڄ‬ŕԺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ¸ ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ʈƛ‫ٶ‬œ ޵ ֆٓ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijƻᨯ  ‫ ڄ‬ ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš – Ķ ǖ ư ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ޵‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ¸  ᙺ Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ،ᙺ‘‘‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ»  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ∼‫ٱ‬ij ީ◵ ◵’’‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑘ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ –» ⊶‫ ۝‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ǔ ƻ  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ŀওƽᦡ Ֆ ◵ ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ ẵ ອᓦ শ‫ٱ‬ij  ᑋ ،ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙ ʼnɺ ᘳ ٰᑴ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙ ‫ٱ‬ijȼ ẵ Ũ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪᣐ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ଷ Ɠ  Ʋ‫ٳ‬ƿ ዏ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ᥚ ʮ ᾱ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ຋ ᠻᆽ ⋃ şⅆƻ ™  njƮnjţ – ͛¸᧖ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᗫ  ༶¸ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ẵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ڄ‬  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ͛ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ¤⇘ ‫ڄ‬، ‫ ڄ‬‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿա ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij، — ⇹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ƽԺ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚱ ͚‫ٳ‬ƿ ៮Ɠ ◵ ⊝‫ٵ‬ƫ ₛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ᧎‫ٶ‬œ ͑ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸፲  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ޵ ،ᙺ ¤⇘ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຋  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʯ ᧎‫ٶ‬œ ◵ ⊝‫ٵ‬ƫ  અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،͛¸ᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű  ‫۔‬ᙺ‘‘⇞  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆’’ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ⊝ শ‫ٱ‬ij ŕԺ –  njƮnjţ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ  ِnjƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ẵ¹   ِnjƮnj ƹƙ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑘ ՠ Ỽઊ ␝ – ៯¤ ǖ ƭ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ ᕄ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƻᨯ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ƒ،   ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌᨪ‘‘ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ∆’’ƒ  Ӌ‘‘njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij’’ ᣘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ ᗺ – ᙺ ™᧖ — — ϕ ਴ ،આ DŽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ʮ ᓥ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗُ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ᠷƒ  ǖ Ʈnjţ ‫۔‬ űᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ: njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ῀‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ ƻও₩‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ ⁳ᠷ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ ᠷઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᢹŒŪ: ␛ ᤞ ⛨ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ – ᙺ ೸ ◵ ⋂Ỽ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š Ԣű  ভ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ   ǔ ƻᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ،ᙺ ŕ‫ٳ‬ǁƅ ǔ ţ ◵ ʼnઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ᗺ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ͛ ᰩ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š ៮¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š  ، ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕ƻᨯ  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ˆ‫ٱ‬ij – Ķ ǖ ưᨪ ႌ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ¸ ᘳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٵ‬ƫŕ ‫ ڄ‬຋ ͛ ᠻᆽ ¸ ᥢ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ᗺ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ʮ ƾ ǔ ƸLj   ҍ – ᙺ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ  ͛ ᠻᆽ ¸ ᥢ ⚮ ᗫ ֆ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ‫ٱڄ‬ij ດ ƒ ᮾ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋  ‫۔‬ᙺ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ  ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِnjƭጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ — ሱ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ሱ ᓥ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijű  ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫෆ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ƶŧůŌ ‫ٱ‬ij —  Ǣ žߗ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ: ์:ĩŁĬaĵ ƶ ĩaaČĒČaĕĭĕŇņIJČaĕ ƶ ČaĕJőađĉĕĮĒaĕijaŋ ƶ ČaĕIJ
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬55 aĕŃī ā ĬČĕIJČaĕīaĠőĕĕIJČaĕīa ā ŋĕņIJČaŋČĕī ƶ ĺČaĕijaًŋĕľIJĉaaĕĕĮő ŅīĩaaĕĕĭaŋĕľIJČaĠČőŋaĊĕİŋaĕĮŋaĕijaĕĭĕŇņIJĕĮaĕĭĕIJČaĔőĕİ ĕŇIJČaĔĕŃIJČĕĬđaaĕ ƶ ČaĕIJaĕIĩ ā Ņň Ā ĬaŅīaŅĕijaĊĕŇľIJČĩa ā ĬČĕIJȏa ĭaĕņŃņIJČaő ƶ ČĩaĠőĕĕIJČaĕijaĖĕİaČĒČaĕĭĕIJČaĠő ƶ ČĀ ĕİĕĕij ƶ ČaIJČĩaĭa Ĕĕ ā ŃŃIJČa ĠőĕĬa ĕĭőĩa ā ŅIJČa ĕňĬĕĕa ŅňIJČa ĕİ ƶ ĺĴĉ‫ــــــ‬ĕIJČőĕĩʼnĕĬaIJĩa ā Ņň Ā ņIJČa ĕ ƶ ĺa đĠő ƶ ĺČĩa a ĕņĬČĕ Ăā ŅłĬaĒČŋČa ĕĕīa ŐőĕŇIJČőa ĕĕĮŋ ƶ ĺĕĬĉaŅňIJČĉa ĭaĔőĕŇIJČőđĕĩĕaIJőĕĕaaĕIJaŋĕİaČĕIJőađĥĕİaĕĭőałIJĕIJ ŅňIJČĉaĕIJĕĬĕņĕaaĕĕĮa ĕČőaĕĭĕIJČaĠő ƶ ČĕİĕĬaaĊĕņIJČaĒĕİő īőa đĕİőĕİa ĕĕĭĉĕŅ ā ŅaaĕĬŋĕĭa ĕŇŃĬa ĕIČ ā Ē ƶ Ča ĕĭa ĕĬ ƶ ĕĬ ĒĕİĕņIJČĉaaĊČĒ ƶ ĺČa ĕĬa ĕň ā ĬČa ĕija ĕJőa ĕĩĕĕĵa ĒĕŁľĬČa ĕĕī ĪČĀłIJĕĮaĕĕĕIJ ƶ ĕŇijőĀ őaĭĩaĬĕņĕaŅŃIJȏĕaľĕĕņIJČaĕīĩĐađŋČĕŃIJČaĕIĕʼnIJČaĕĬ a ĕIJa ĕČőĕŃĬaa đĕĩĭŅķČa Ā ĕIĕķa ĕJa ĕņĮa ĕĭĕIJČa ĎĕĭaĕľĬ IJ ƶ ő ƶ ĺČ ć ĩaaĕ ƶ ČĩŅňĬaĕĭĕIJČaĎĕĭaĖĕİaČĒČaĺČađłIJĕĮaİ ƶ ĕĕIJĕĬĕĕ Ďĭ Ā ĕŃĕČĕĎĭaĕņĮĩaŅ ā ňIJČĉaĕIJĕĬĕ ā ņĕaaĪČĀ ዚ˜: — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿƓ్  njƮnjţ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ⛨ ẵ ʮ  š Ԣ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ᫿ ẵ ƾ ǔ ƸŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ ʮ ᘭ‫ٳ‬ƿ ྂᆽ ͚  ║຋)njƯō⋡ ⇉(ᑜ ¸ Ỽᤔ ᒃᠷƻ  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥ⚮ ᯊ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ ⑤ⓔ ͚ ༶¸ ║຋  ،ᙺ ʯ ຋: )۱(અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ᘳ š ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ʮ ∑  ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij –  njƮnjţ આ DŽű {‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ Ə᨞ š ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵᣰ  ‫¸؟‬ )۲(‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư —  njƮ Ǖ ƛ ِኦ ᒃᠷƻ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ͚  ᓥ˜ُ‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ķ ǖ ư  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ‫ٶ‬œ» ‫؟‬ƽ⚮ űႍ — ŕ᎕  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀᨪ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ᬋ DŽ ∑  અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ –ű   ǔ ƻ◵‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥ⚮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿষ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ๰ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ِឝ‫ٱ‬ijỼ‫ٵ‬ƫ‘‘‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ’’ અ ͚ ៮Ɠ ƒ Ŵ᥏ ¤  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺᨲ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ ཯   ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ͚⚮DŽ ᬋ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ᫿ ẵ ƾ ǔ ƸŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ  ʮ ᓥᆽ ຝ ႌ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ␜ ‫۔‬¸   ǖ ƮّŐƈᨲ ៮ɤ  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ – ᙺ  ͚  njƮnj ƹƙ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ૛ ẵ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ᙺ ¤ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƭጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ِnjƮnj ƹƙ ႒  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ┌ ጶ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥᆽ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ៮¸  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ÿ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᓥ، ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿᛸ»  ̢೹ ‫ ڄ‬ʼnᠷ ◵ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ᘳ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᤂ ཯  njƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ —  ǔ ƍ ǖ ƸnjƹŪŲ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ – ᙺ ẵ આ‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ͚  —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ¸  ǖ ƭ⑸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᚪˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᣰ  ¸ ᑋ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ␜ ِƣŒƀ‫ٱ‬ij –ᨲ ŋ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ֋‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺŖǎƶٰ ǎƹ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư Ķ ǖ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ِʼn‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ – ᙺ   ດ ƽ⚮ᨪ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư – ʮ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ¸  ǖ ƭ⑸ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᣰ  ¸) ຋ ᘳ ᫿ ᬋ DŽ ᙺ  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ(ᑘ ཯ – ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ᣘ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ẵ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ‫ᙺ۔‬ )9( ĊĊČĒČaĠőĕ Āā ĕIJČa Ă ĕĂijaĖĕİĊĊ |⇘ ِԡ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮Œƈ ⚮ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ᧖ ဲ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ᓥᨪ  ៮ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ǖ Ʈţ⃊‫ٵ‬ƫ ᗺ – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ ِጸա Ə᨞ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǔ Ʊ’’ʮ  ᙺš Ԣᤌ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű   ǔ ƻᆽ š ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ʮ ʼnઈ  ◵  ǖ ƯĹŒǏ ŗ {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ  ، ¸ᨪ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ϕ ͚ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij – ¸ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫۔‬͛ ᰩ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ — ೹ ͚ ljnjƴ Ŗǎƶǎƹ {‫ٱ‬ij ƻᑊ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œᣵ ᙴ ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ‫۔‬ ᗺ ™᧖ ៮Ɠ ẵ ʮ ᓥ‫ٶ‬œƓ  ◵  ǔ ƻᆽ ຋ ƽ⚮  ǖ ƭ‫ٴ‬‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǀُnjţ {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ℌ ͚ ʼnઈ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀƆ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ᣰ ‫ڄ‬ ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛  ™᧖  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ⇹ ẵ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ϕ ͚ ᓥ‫ٶ‬œƓ ẵ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺĊĊaĕijaĖĕİĠőĕĕIJČĊĊƻᨯ ‫ ᙺ۔‬ƣ‫ٶ‬œ’  njƭ᨞ njƮnjţĊĊĠőĕĬa ĂĕİĕĬaĖĕİĊĊ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ƽ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ ᗼ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ ڄ‬ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ ،͚ şⅆ ʮ Ə᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ  š Ԣ ᗺ ™᧖ ‫ ڄ‬š Տ¸ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫۔‬ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij ِ⏽‫ٳ‬ƿ: Ŗǎƶƻᨯ ଞ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ⊑  ǖ ƭ᢯  ᤑ‫ٱ܍‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ᓥű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ͑ ᣘ ◵ƻ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ؟‬Ĵǎư ຋ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij – ᙺ  ǔ Ŵ∇ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ અ ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ༠ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ،  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư ẵ ሱ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺᦅ ™  ǔ ƻࠩઈ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥŒǍš᧖  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œⓔ š ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ અ ™᧖ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij š ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ   ِ ǖ ƭ∈ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ শ‫ٱ‬ijጆ ៮Ɠ ◵  ຋ ຮ ᑋ ŕ‫ٳ‬ǁƅ ǔ ţ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ™᧖ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ᑋ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ẵ ⚱ ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ⛨  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ  ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ⛨ ʯ ຋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ʯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ũ⅌ ᰩ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊઅ   ™᧖  ǖ ƹĺ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎƶǎƹ ⛨ ĹǒƶŐƾǒƸ ☺‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ‫۔‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  njş‫ٱ‬ĴّnjťُŢ ‫ٴ‬⑕ⓔ ƏŒ ǔ š ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ͚ᑘ ‫۔‬  – )9(-ĕĭČĕĕIJČőaĕĬĕIJČaĎĕĬađŋĕĕŃņIJČaĒŋĒaaĉ ć ĕŅňIJČaĩĭaĕŅʼnij ĂāĬČĕIJČaĩŅīđaĥĐĆĂĈađĔĐĂĕĕĕŇĮĕĬađĕĬĕİĕijađ
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬56  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ঔྜྷ  ِ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ⇜ᨪ  ͚  njƮ Ǖ ƛ ِኦ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ○Ũ ‫ٱ‬ij ، ྂ⚮ᢻ  ŴỰ‫ٱ‬ij ϗ – ຮ ᑋ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ِᖗ‫ٱ‬ij ϗ   njƮǏř‫ٱ‬ij్‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ⑕ⓔ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ُ͐‫ٳ‬ƿ ᫿ ◊‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚   njƮ Ǖ ƛ ኦ — ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij ⊝ ŕĶǎư અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ Ѕඍ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ᣘ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٴ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᗺ  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᗺ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ‫ڄ‬  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٴ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij š ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ‫۔‬͛¸ ᑋ ᣘ Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij ঔ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ: ࡩ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ   ᯊ  š  ƽ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ  Ŀও  njƮnjţ ༳ ྂ⚮ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij — ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ  ᓥᆽ ᘚ ͚ ⑤ⓔ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻᆽ š ᓥ¸ ງ ਴ᣰ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ດ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩  ƒ Ə᨞ ◵ ᓥᆽ ¸ ງ ‫ٱ‬ĴًŪ⊦ ᘳ ᑋ ، ᓼ‫ٳ‬ƿ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻᆽᣰ‫۔‬ ຋ ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ  ǔ Ŵ∇ ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ᓥ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣵ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ⑕ⓔ Ɠᣵ’’  — ᣘ ͚ ᘳ ᑘ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᦅ  Ɨ⓵‫ٱ‬ij ⋃ ẵƻ ᙺ: ʼn◀‫ٱ‬ij:‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — — ᒍ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ƒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ཯ ຋ ᙺ Ժ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  njƮnjţ ດ ƽ⚮  ͚⚮  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ← ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ર ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊƽĩİaĕĂijaĕĬĕņIJČa ā ĕ ƶ ĺaĒĒĕĕľIJČ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ẵ(ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥő  ᘭ‫ٳ‬ƿ ྂᆽ ʼnઈ ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ¸ Ə᨞ ◵ ƒ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬)ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥő( ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣰ ‫ ڄ‬ njƮnjţ ¸ ཯ ƒ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ⚮ ‫۔‬ ᨪ — ᣘ ͚ ೹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư – ᙺ Ⴣ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᙺ » ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺᨪ  ຋ ᠻᆽ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ⑕ⓔ ʮ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛ ᠻᆽ ŒǍš  ẵ ŕ᎕ ‫ ͛۔‬ᠻᆽ ¸  njƯ ǘ Ʊ⋡ ʼn◀‫ٱ‬ij:‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱڄ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij  ດ ͛¸ ᑋ  njƯ ǘ Ʊ⋡ ẵ ŕ᎕ᨪ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ   – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫâ)ẵ ⑕ⓔ( ‫ ͛۔‬ᰩ ᑋ ຝĭaĠĕĭĩaĕŃĕIJČĐaĕī Ĭ ƶ ČĕĵĕĕĕĐŃĬaĕĕĮaČĒČĕĕaIJČaĕJĒaĕIJĕĕaŅĭĕŁIJČaĕJĕĬa ƶ ĕ Ăā ĶĕĬaőa ľĬaőĕĕaľĬaĕĩĭaĉĕňĬaĕīĕĕaaőŋĕŃĬaĕIJČaĕIJĕņĕaaĕŇŃĕĵČaő ĕŇņIJČĕĬaČőĕIJČaĉĕIĬađaĭaČĕĮĩaĕŃĕIJČĕĕaaČĪĀ)10( )10(-őĕĕĭ ć ďaĕĶŋđĕĬaĥĐćĂąĔa đĐĂaĕŇİa ĕIJĕĵŋa đ ĕňĬaĕĵaĒĕņľĕIJČĕĕĂĄăĆĪ Ŗǎƶƪţ — ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ – ᙺ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ Ə᨞ᦅ  — ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ڄ‬، ʮ Ə᨞ ҍ ⋈ᑊ ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš અ ␢  ␟ ‫ٱ‬ij ʼn࣌‫ٱ‬ij   ǖ ƭ᢯  ᓥ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣵ’’ ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ š  ᣘ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽű ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ጶ‘‘{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ⑕ⓔᣵ’’ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽ šű ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ۔‬  ŕ⍺:ጶ ཯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ᙴ ඵ ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ‫ڄ‬ ᙴ ඵ ᤳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ ẵᥚ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ຋ ᠻᆽű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ  ẵ Ɨ⓵‫ٱ‬ij ő‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư ౎‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ –ᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ͚ᣵ ᗺ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ‿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ   – ᙺᨪ  Ə᨞‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij – ᑋ ،ᙺ ኇ‫ٵ‬ƫّ∈  njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ અ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij š Ũิ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᬋ⚮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍣ şⅆ ᙹᒎᨪ، ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ِ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ཏű ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ ៮¸‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬ij — ŨŒķ ͚ ŕᮃ Ɨ┌ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ‫ٱ‬ijᣒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjưƻᥨ ៮‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ༶ᆽ ᙴ ጫ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij ᘳ ϕ ͚ ␥‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍣ şⅆ  ‫ ڄ‬⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᯵ᆽ ᳩ  ԡ  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ἟‫ٵ‬ƫ ⒆  ِ Ǖ Ɨߋ ⇻ x ‫ᙺ۔‬ €Œ ǔ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ۱‫۔‬ ‫ٱݨ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆  ǖ ƭ᢯ᤎ)Ỽ ‫ٳ‬ƿգ ൶ᤄ( ِ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ᪄‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ካ ₰‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưő࿬  ǖ ƭ᢯ ༶‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ  Ǖ ƭ௤ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ఽ   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚ —ĕ Ă ĕ ƶ ĵ Ă Č Ă ĕķĕİ Ă Čᨪ ᗺ – ຮ ™᧖ —  ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ͑፲ ™᧖ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij š ‫ٶ‬œ» ༶Ì ༠ — ሱ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ե ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnᠷ ◵  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ‫۔‬ᰩᆽŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ నĶǎư  ຋ ⇘™ ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ » ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ Ũ᧖ ᘳ ᠶ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ ܗ‬ ǔ ƻઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ཌྷ ᚡ‫ٶ‬œُ‫ٱ‬ij ᚡ‫ٶ‬œِ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙణ ޵ Ũᚚ ◵ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫű  ẵ ‫ ᙺ۔‬¬ֶƗ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ᦅ ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ͚¹ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚  ǔ ƻᰋ  ƒ ኀ ༶‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ຝ‫۔‬ ۲‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬ij ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬  ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ༠ ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ  ͚ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ Ũœ ჻ᑊⓔ Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᗺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ™᧖ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒᨨ ‿ ᙴ، ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij  ƒ  ǖ Ʈnjţᠷ ‫۔‬ ƻᓦ ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ  njƯō⋡ ⇉ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ⛨  ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij Տ ᠻᆽ ઍ š  ༴ Ɨ‫ٶ‬œ ،ၙٓ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻጹ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ‫ ׈‬຋ ᙺᨪ ༷ ℈‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư – ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᘳ ྂٓ‫ٱ‬ij  ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij
‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬57 ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒᨨ  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij આ DŽᨪ ͙ ‫ٳ‬ƿᅓ‫ٱ‬ij Ͽ ᘳ ᫿  Ÿ DŽ ‫ ڄ‬຋ Ɠ ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ៮ ƒ njşž ‫۔‬IJĕľĬaĎČő ć ĩaĕŅīČĒ ‫٭٭٭‬

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Salah in moving train mufti nizamuddin- ashrafia magazine,july 2013

  • 1. ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬48 ›‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ũዎ ‫إ‬| ͚ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ăĕ ƶ ŇĂĬaĂİ ĂāĕIJČa Ăĕ ć ņ ƶ İ ĂāĕIJČaĎČĕ ƶ ĕĀ ā Ăĕ Ă ň Ā ija ĂāőaČ ٍ ĕĂijĕ Ă İ‫ـ‬ ٍ ĕĬaĕ ٍ ņ ā Ņ Ă Ň Ā ija Ăāő ƻ᨞™ ‫ ڄ‬᫿ Ī‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᘎ ◵ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٶ‬œ⇜ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ™᧖ ‫ ڄ‬5 ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ༶ᆽ ༠ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ᎙᥮  ‫ٶ‬œጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِŨዎ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œَ‫ٱ‬ij ƻᑊ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œᦅ — ᫇ ⚙ű‫ٶ‬œ ‫ ڄ‬ƣ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᙴ  ›‫ٱ‬ij ◵ የ  ƣ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  njƯ ǖ Ʊ౎ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ᙴ: ۱‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ᫿ᦅ ዎ  ◵ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš  Ũ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ Ñƻ  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij — ƻ༞ᓦ — ƻ༞ᓦ žං ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ۲‫۔‬ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ 5 ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ˜ű ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᗺ ຬ  ‫ٱ‬ĴًŪ⊦ ጶ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ، ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ،ᅧᝲ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ¸ ᠶ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ʮ ʼnས  ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ Əⅆ ᔓ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ຬ، ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ᚆƻ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ، ុƓ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ϕ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ৪ ຬ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ ሱŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ ʮ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ƏŒ ǔ š ཌྷ ™ Ũ͛ᨥ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ Ə⁇ƻ ☺ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ᙴ،  — ⃴ ⚙ ‫ٱ‬ij Ə⁇Ķǎư ☺‫ٳ‬ƿ ኀ ᙴ ↎ ຋  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ₎⍺ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ š અ ͚ ↎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ຋ Ī‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ₄⍺ ͚ ᓥ⚮ ↬ ᘳ ϕ  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ۳‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ᫿ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚ ™ᨥ  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ຬ ᑘ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᙺ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ™ᨥ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦƽᦡ ჷᅓ‫ٱ‬ij  ʮ ™  ẵ  Əⅆ᧖ —  Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ẵ  Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij  ͚  ᓥƳ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅű — ‫ڄ‬ ™ƻ‫ٵ‬ƬǎƸƻǎƵǔƵǎư ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ư ᆽƼǎƹlj ǖ Ʒǎƹ   અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ⚙ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ šŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ۴‫۔‬‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  Ɠ‘‘ဲ◀ ໎’’  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬  ⁳ᠷ  ᫿ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ Ũෝ ຋ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ‘‘ဲ◀ ໎’’ ‫۔‬ຮ ᑋ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ અ ͚  ǖ Ʈţ⃊‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ،᢬  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ»‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛  ⚙  આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ  y‫ٳ‬ƿ  ഗ  ẵ  ೹  ̢ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ )1( ଷ ᙴ ྂ⚮  ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ⚙ ͚ ೹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ የ ‫ ڄ‬‘ҍ ٰŸ೶ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ء‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ǔ ƻِ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ֆ ƻ¸ ⃑‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ-‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư᢬- ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijű ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٶ‬œᢀ‫ٱ‬ij: ŲŏśǍƴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ ம౎ᦅ  ẵ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚  Ǎƭֶ۱۸۳۲— ‫ء‬ Ꮇ‫ٱ‬ij  — ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ ៮¸͚  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫۔‬ ု  ϕ۱۸۴۳—  ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijጶᑊ ᇞ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿŒķ  ᗏ‫ٱ‬ijˆ’’Ԍ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij˜‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿጹ  š  ŕ͛‫ٳ‬ƿԺ  ͚ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư — ŋ  ،ᇪઈ‫ٱ‬ĴĻ ǔ Ƹǎƹ ੼  ،‫ٳ‬ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙŊǍư‫ٳ‬ƿ)Manchester, Lancashire, Liverpool(ʮ  ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ₝  ‫ٱ‬ij☓  ͚  )1(- கᨪ ◧ ᠷ¸ ⁳ᠷ ẵ ឞ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ  ǖ ƭઈෝ: ۱  njƮţ’ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij  njƭዩ ‫۔‬Ẫ ⒚ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ő ‫ٵ‬ƫ ອ‫ٴ‬‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ǔ ƻ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺƟǎƲ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ   ‫ٳ۔‬ƿՖ۲۹ ‫ٶ‬œ኱ű  ŕ ٓő‫ٱ‬ij۱۴۳۴ Ѕඍ DŽ۱۱ ု۲۰۱۳ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ء‬ — ‫ٳ‬ƿՖ ، ʼnŒnjư ෩ᆽ Ɠ ᾳ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Ə₩࿬  Ϭ ៮¸ ‫۔‬ᨪ ʮ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ ʼn‫ٱ‬ijᶰ Ϭ — ὔ  ਴ ‫ᙺ۔‬۱۶  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij۱۷ ု۲۰۱۳ ǖ Ʊ‫ٱ؁‬Ĵnjư Ɠ ‫ء‬ƽᦡ‫ٳ‬ǂnj ƺǎƶ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚‘‘ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᅷ᩠’’ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ʮ Ϭ ʮ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻ‫ٵ‬Ƭŝ ǔ ƴ‫ٱ‬ij ຋   ǖ ƭઈෝ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ʮ ೔ᤡ ‫ٳ ڄ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ ʯ ŕ͛ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ ᑘ  – ⊴¹ ⋃ ẵ ޼ඍƻ ‫¸͛۔‬ ۲ ǔ Ʊሳ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ Ǘ ƮǎƸ ℌ ఌ ẵ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖ ༶◵‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ) ّŏƌ ǖ ƸŬ njš‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ũ ǘ Ŗ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ෩ᆽ ٍ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ☗‫ٳ‬ƿઊ(Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ იඁ — ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚⚮ ⁳ᠷ ʯ ዚ˜،  ▨‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ਴ ⒚ٓ‫ٱ‬ij ő ،Ə₩࿬  njƮţ’ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij  njƭዩ ᓥ Ə‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱۃ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ᴨ Ɠ ʮ ៹‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ʮ ⁳ᠷ ‫۔‬ᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻඋ¹  ƻও‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ͚  Ǘ Ư ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫۔‬ᙺ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚۱۲  Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᧖‫ٱ܊‬ij Ũዎ ఌ ป℈ű
  • 2. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬48 અ ͚ ᓥࡻ ‡ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij š  Ǖ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈ ‫ډ‬    ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ – ຮ — ˼ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij— ᢭ ⚯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ៮ŒǍš x ᆽ   ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ᙺ  ẵ ƻ◀Œƈ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᮌ Ԍ Ɠ Ɨ☌  ᓥő Ķ ǖ ư ŕ͛‫ٳ‬ƿԺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕnj ư ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᤎ Ꮇ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿጹ ‫ە‬ —  ‫۔‬¸  ǖ Ưōᷜ ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ — ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ⋡‫ٱ‬ٓij ◵: Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij   ϕ  ͚ᥑ   ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۴۹—  ‫ء‬‘‘ˆ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij᧖  ǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٵ‬Ƭơ ǔ ƹǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᦡÎ’’)Great Indian Peninsular Railways Company(—  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ʮ  េⓔ Ռ   ‫۔‬۱۸  ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۴۹ Ɠ  ‫ء‬ ‘‘ˆ Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٵ‬Ƭơ ǔ ƹǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᦡ Î’’  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘‫ٱ‬ijᣁ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư Î’’ ‫ އ‬ઈ ͚  ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᠻ¸ ᪕‫ٶ‬œ š ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᅪ ͚ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ — Ԍ  ẵ  Ķ ǖ ư ᓥຮ56 ŬŠ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ʮ Ķ ǖ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʯ ௻ ⚮ ̋ ៑ő  ‫۔‬ ۱۶š‫ٱ‬ijᦅ۱۸۵۳— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ™᧖ Ԍ Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ  Ķ ǖ ư ᓥຮ ẵ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ ਴ ‫۔‬۱۵  ϖ‫ٱ‬ij۱۸۵۴— ‫ء‬ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ™᧖  Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ ŏnjƶُǏř  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ¸Ų ᪹ ͚ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᥑ ៮őጶ۱۸۵۶ ອ‫ٵ‬ ǘ ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ɠ ‫ء‬‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij  — ŏśǍƴ Ų ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᮃ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ம౎ű)Vyasarpadi(  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ŕᆽő‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij )Walajah Road(᪹ ͚ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬   ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ‘‘Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿో  ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Î’’ ‫ ڄ‬ ᓥ     ƽ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᮃű ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿষ )Vyasarpadi Royapuram( ဳ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ  ͚ ǔ ƻ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ  ʮ  ǖ ƭ⇘‫ٵ‬ƫỼ‫۔‬ )2( ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư᢬ ۱۸۹۵‫ٳ‬ƿ ०‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ẵ ‫ء‬ᦅ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưԢ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ᘳ ኑ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ న᫭‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ শ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ  ¢ ẵ Ũዎ Ս  ǔ Ʊ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ǘ ƮǎƸ ‫ٶ‬œš‫ٱ‬ijᚡ{‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻሸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ،Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٱ‬ٓij ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫᣘ  NjǍƴ  Ķ ǖ ưŊǎƶ  ‫۔‬۱۹۰۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ○ ◵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿաŨ — ⊝ ‫ٱ‬ٓij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ◵ ሱ ဲᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿő  ƽ‫ٱ‬ijថ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ǔ ƻ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫۔‬ƽᦡ  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿա  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ௵₝  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư⚮ Ũ◵  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚ ἗ ͚ ⍽ž ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຮᨪ  ི  ຮ ഔ š  ǔ ƻ◵‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij: )۱(ᠦ،ი)۲(‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ხ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬)۳(‫ٱ‬ijᢅ‫۔‬ ۱۹۰۷— ‫ء‬ ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij ᘳ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ и‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ˀ ‫ ڄ‬ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œᢀ  ¸ )2(-]Brief History of Indian Railways and RPF[      ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in  ‫۔‬Վ۱۹۲۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᓥ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽšƽᦡ — ⓞ শ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ Ũዎ  આ ৙، ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠű ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᮃű ᑴో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᑋő‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ⚮ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫۔‬ ű‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ϕ ͚۴۲‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  Ũዎ۳۲ ƻ៧ő ‫ٱ‬ij ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᥬ — ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ⃻ᨸ ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ጶ Վ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ͚ ಕ ʯ  ‫۔‬۱۹۹۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ᣨ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ Ö Ɠ Ũዎ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬ij™  ⚮ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬)3( ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ‫٭‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ○ ◵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿաŨ۱۹۰۵— ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ۔‬ij¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫٭‬ƽᦡ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٱ۔‬ij¸ ⁳ᠷ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫٭‬ Ŭ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຌࠩƓ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ —  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ   ǖ ƭ⇘‫ٵ‬ƫỼ۲۴ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ☰‫ٱ‬ij۱۹۸۴— n Ɠ ‫ء‬ ៮¸‫۔‬ ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ‫٭‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ŏśǍƴ Ų ˀ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű۳‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒű۱۹۲۵Ԍ Ɠ ‫ء‬ ᪹ ͚ ő‫ٳ‬ǀُĹ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘖ‫۔‬ ‫٭‬۱۹۵۲‫ٳ‬ƿ Ķ ǖ ư ‫ء‬ƽᦡ  ᛋ Ɠ)۶(—  ǔ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ᅱ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư  ຮ ੈ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ŕ᪛ Ɠ)۱۷(—  ǔ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ᅱ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư  ‫ᙺ۔‬ )4( ᑴ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ160ʮ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ռ ¸ ŲŏśǍƴ  ‫ٱ‬ijᣨŋ‫ٳ‬ǂ ǘ ƺǎư)AC(™᧖۱۹۳۴— ‫ء‬ ᑿ‫ٳ‬ǁƒჃ ༠  ، ᷪ ƽ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖ અ ͚ y‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٱ‬ijႵ Ɠ ʯ ʼn᪪‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ə‫ٳ‬ǀَnjƱ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ⅆ ◵ ┕ Ŵ᥏ᤧ ʯ ⃝‫ٵ‬ƫ  ۫ ‫۔‬ຮű  ẵ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿӡ)‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᑴළ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ᙉ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗጶ(—  ǍşƓ ƽ؈ ẵ Ə‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ŒǍš‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ⴕű — ƻᚩƓ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ƻ᨞‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ༶ᆽ  ༠ — የ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ⎻‫ٱ‬ij ྴ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ༳ ྂ¸ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ ᯊᑿ Ⴣ  ẵ ᘳ ŏśǍƴ  ‫۔‬༳ ྂ⚮ ᯊŲ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٱ‬ijᢺ᥂۱۹۶۹— ‫ء‬ ᑲ ẵ ŕ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ¸  ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ķ ǖ ư  ǘ ƶŃŖǎƶǎƹ ʮ  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ŏśǍƴ Ų ŏśǍƴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙŲ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij ŊُƑ ᷪ ™᧖ ༠ŏśǍƴ  ‫۔‬Ų |Ổ᧖ᡪ۱۹۸۸— ‫ء‬ ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ ቶፍ ẵ  ͚ ဳ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ǔ ƻ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ռ‫۔‬ )5( )3(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:www.iloveindia.com/india- railways/history.htm )4(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴:Samanya Gyan by Arihant in hindi )5(-ঔ‫ٱ‬ij̴: www.urdutahzeeb.net/currentaffairs/news
  • 3. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬49 ⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ű ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ )ƙ‫ٳ‬ǂǎ ƺ ǔ ƶǎƹ ⒚‫ٱ‬ٓij  ő  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭő‫ٱ‬ijᶰ Վ ឱষ  ẵ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٱ‬ijጶ( ʯ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijű અ ͚ ᓥƳ ϕ ͚ ™᧖ ៮Ɠ ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ   ،ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ؟‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij —  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ƕ ᓥ  njƮţ’ ʼnⓖ‫ٱ‬ij: ƻᓦ!៮Ɠ ‫ܥ‬، ៾‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƮnjţ  Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙᦅ —  ୺ű   ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵)Pantry Car(ᤌ ƒ  ඏ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ຮƽᦡ  ◵  ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œᨪ  – ຮ⛨ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij  š۱۵ ،۲۰ ༳ ྂ⚮  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ༴ — ╫‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij π ، Ƴ Ŀও ’ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƽᦡ ʮ  ǔ ƻઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ Ũ◵ ◵  ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ŀ ǔ ư‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œওŕ ‫ڄ‬  ‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ ๱ njƮnjţ ࢾ ʮ ⍽౐ ™ƻ᨞ — ୺ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵)ඏ( ࡺ  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ຋ ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ʼn෢ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ᥢ ᱤ ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘અ ͚ ᓥƳ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’ ඔ ◵ᨪ ƒ  – ຮ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ƻጹ ‫ٶ‬œᥚ ৙ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ،  Ӌᨪ ‫ٱ‬ij  njƮƛĶǎư  ُŨዎ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᑘ ຮ  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij – ™᧖  ᘎ ، Ī ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ُŨዎ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ የ ™ƻ᨞ — ୺ű ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ ʯ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥƳ ͚  અ  ‫؟‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ◵‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ƒ™ የ ‫۔‬ƻ᨞ — ୺ű ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ —  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ  ẵ Əⅆᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ijƽᦡ  ◵ ᬊ ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķnj ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ◵ ᓥƳ ⚮ ຝ ẵ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ⊡  и‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ƆŒƀ‫ٱ‬ij šᡗ ॊ ຊ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ༷ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ،ɺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ™᧖ ᘳ ৖ ᓥƳ Ѕඍ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ॊ ͚ ™᧖ —  ৒ ‫ٶ‬œᨸ ᙴ ྂᆽ ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ — ᘳ ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijᨧ  Ɠ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ᓥƳ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ™ᨥ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ེᆽ‫۔‬ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱᎤ‫ٱ‬ij —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ ™ᨥ ຬ » ե   njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ /first-brit-soldiers-death-in-2011reported- from-aghanistan ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٱ‬ٓijƻᨩ — ⍱ Ÿ෢  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⑹⃊‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐᧖ ʮ ʮ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǖ ƺĺ  ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ ™ᨥ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ եŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٶ‬œ ŒǍšű Ռ ᙴ ™ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ» ᩖ ᓥƳ Ķ ǖ ư અ ͚  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ™ ຋ ƽᆽƻ᨞ ʮ Տ¸ ›લ ŕ० ޵ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij™ ‫۔‬᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  Ǎš  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥŒǍšᓥŒ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ โ ͚   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ Œnjư š ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ƒ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ◵‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᨲ ™ ࢞  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎƻ᨞ ‫ ڄ‬◵ ƒُ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᘑ ͚   ‫۔‬ᙺ ʯ અ ͚ Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫؟‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ijጶnjƭ:᫲‫ٱ‬ij  ،ƻᓦƏ અ  ͚Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ࢞)PASSANGER( ™ᨥ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ڄ‬  ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ Ѕඍ ͚ ŪŖǎƶƻǎƵ   ǖ Ʈţ‫ٱ‬ij⁇ ༶¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ ƻŒƑ – ᙺ ™ š᧖ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༴ ຊ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ»  Տ ͚ ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ، —  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ᣗ ‫ڄ‬ ᙴ ྂ¸ અ ͚ ƻጹ  ⊾ ᗏŨ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ Ķُnjư ྼ Ɠ ᘳ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ྂ⚮  ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ અ ͚ ဲ‫ٱ‬ij⊾ ͙ Ķُnjư ྼ ᙴ ྂᆽ ͑ƻ  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij — ጕ ᙴ ྂ¸، ៮Ɠ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٱ‬ٓijű ƒ ༶¸، ៮Ɠ ᑋ  ˑ‫ٳ‬ƿઈ ༶¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ດ ᙺƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ᙴ ᔗ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij અ ͚ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ™ ƽ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ᧖ ៯Ɠ ͚Ũᅓ ƒ અ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ™ ᗏ᧖ ‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ķǎư ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ z‫ٳ‬ƿ، ⚶‫ٱ‬ij ֋‫ٱ‬ijᢺ   Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ™ᨥ ‫ٱ‬ijᣗ ‫ ڄ‬š  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ   njƮƛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ࢞ᨥ ‫ڄ‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ  ‫۔‬ ᅖ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬œ  njş‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ،، ᅦ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺŮƚ   ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ຋  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᙴ ྂ¸  ͚ ₎⍺  ࣀ ࣀ ʮ şⅆ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ᨥ  Ə⁇ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ʮ અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ⚙ ༶ᆽ  ᙴ ‫۔‬‘‘ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛’’ᙴ Ũ◵ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ẵ ጭ ƒ ő‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư  ‫۔‬᯵ ᆽ ƽᦡ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʮ ʯ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ‫ᙺ؟‬ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ᨪ ʫ ៩ᨨ ᙴ،  ጶᨪ ᙴ):۱(‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ᬋ،  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ͽ ͚ ™᧖ ƒ ᗫ x ‫۔‬)۲(ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ͚ ƻ◀Œƈ న ‫۔‬ॅ| અ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ న‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂᆽ ʪ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ẵ ᫱‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ Ə‫ٱ‬ijⅆ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ͙ ᙴ ྂ¸ ╡‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ϕ ͚ ᡳ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾‫ٳ‬ƿ  ʼn| ‫ٶ‬œᨸ ᙴ ྂᆽ ‫۔‬)۳(— ƻա‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư   ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư؈ᨪ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴƟ ǔ Ʋ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ Ͽ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺŕ ƒ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿᒎ ‫۔‬)۴(Ǎţ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǂ ǔ ƺǎƶ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮ʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ʮ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺľŋ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺľŋ‫ٱ‬ij ኀ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ኀʼn‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưࡻ ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij
  • 4. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬50 )۵(஡  Ə᫲‫ٱ‬ijᦅ   ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮)۶(៮⁝   Ũᔄ‫ٱ‬ij  ◵)۷(ʮ  ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮   ‫۔‬ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛)۸(‫ٱ‬ijŲƠ ǔ ƹǎƶnjţ ᦼ ဲᘟ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư‫۔‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ અ ͚ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij  ُŨዎ ẵ ᫿ Ư ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᒑ ،ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ƒ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫۔‬ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʯ Ỵ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ،‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿُ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬŕ અ ͚ ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫ᙺ؟‬ njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ:ƒ، ⛨ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ẵű ỵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ،»  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ‫ٳ‬ƿዛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆ Ӌ ،∼‫ٱ‬ijᨪ અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ™᧖   ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij Ũዎ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ƏŒ ǔ š ͚ ༶ᆽ ᘳ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ şⅆ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ  ⇘‫ٳ‬ƿ ǖ Ưǎ Ʊ ‫ٶ‬œű ༶ᆽ  ‫۔‬ᙺ Ѕ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ᑴጹ ƻ‫ٱ‬ٓij ∼‫ٱ‬ij ᝈ{͛‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ শ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٶ‬œš ‫ٱ‬ijᚡ{‫ٱ‬ٓij ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ưᣘ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚Ķǎư َ੼ʼn  ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ )‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǀِĹ(ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ ẵ ຬ Ֆ Ķ ǖ ư  njƮnjţ  ◵ ᓥ⚮ Ժ  ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ֆ ᓥ Ũ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ຋ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ Ժ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᙵ‫ٱ‬ij᛻ƻ ʮ ἃƓ ե ᓥ  ƒ ᓥ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ດ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،őɺš — ϕ ᝈ{͛‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij  ẵ Ũዛ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᑊ ŖǎƶŝŷŒ ǔ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ –‫ٱ‬Ĵǎưƽᦡ ʮ ᯊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ™᧖  េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư শ‫ٱ‬ij ჵ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ѕඍ ͚ ༶ᆽ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᣒ ༶¸ ᙴ ጭ  ƒ ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ᗏ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫŒƈ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙű ᷪ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ỵ અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬  ™᧖ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ᩖ ᓥƳ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋ અ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ‫۔‬ᙺ )៮¸ ᥢ Ϭ( ᗏ  ᓥ۱۶ု۲۰۱۳  ǖ ƭ◵֑‫ٱ‬ij ෩ᆽ  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ijዂ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ء‬ ՞ ͚ Ū Ɨ‫ٵ‬ ǘ ƫᓦŖǎƶƻǎƵϬ ኺ  njƭዩ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƮţ’‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ǀ ǘ Ʊᡩ  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ⊇ ᫴ઈ ៮ᴨ ⚮ DŽ Ɠ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ೔ᤡ  ʮ،  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijϗ  ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ĴnjưƻǎƵ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁů‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư ᠷɤ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ጶᦅ ᙴ: )۱(અ ͚ ᓥƳ ™᧖ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽƻᓦ ‫۔‬!★  ʼnઈ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œও ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ᫴ઈ᧖ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư   ༴ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ৭ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ᡨ ᙴ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ũ◵ƽᦡ ᘳ ͚ અ ͚ ጎ  ᙴ ྂ⚮، — Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ጎ ‫ ڄ‬਴ ،‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű અ ͚ ̇ ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀᨲ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ™ –᧖   ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ៮‫ٱ‬ٓij ẵ Ռ ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،Ķǎư ʮ ༴ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ጶ ༶¸  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᬊ ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿষ ᛋ ᇡ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ༴ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᠻᆽ ¸   ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ Ɠ ᫴ઈ )۲(Ö ຋  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊ‫ٱ‬ij™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،ᙺ ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ᮏ ‫ٵ܍‬ƫijᦅ  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij Ư ৭ ៮¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸ Ũෝ Ɠ ‫܍‬‫ٵ‬ƫij ຋  ϕ ͚ ™᧖ ৭ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ¸ ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ᛨষ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ਴ ،ᙺᢻ ͑ƻ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸  ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ Ɠ ᫴ઈĶǎư ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ⎻‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ͛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ڄ‬ ™ – ᙺ ᛨষ᧖ ৭ ͑ƻ ៮¸، ‫ ۝‬ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư —  ຋ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ƏŒ ǖ ƶ ǔ ţ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ༶¸ ᇡᆽ ẵ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫۔‬ᙺ )۳(Ư ˆ‫ٱ‬ijᰲ  ¸  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư — ᆿ‫ٱ‬ij ៮Ɠ ‫ٱ‬ij  ଞ‫ٱ‬ij  Ռ ¸ અ ͚ ᓥ⚮  ǖ Ʈƛ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ  ẵ Ũ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij )through( ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ͚ᤎ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű ֫ Ɠ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥԢ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ᰲ ƻጹ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽű‫ٱ‬ij ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵Ǎƭ᫲  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ኑ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ኑ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫؛‬¸ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᰧ ᗫ ẵ  njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ijƗ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬  ʮ şⅆ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ‫ٱ‬ijጇᦼ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮  ‫۔‬ᙺ )۴(⊇ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π ᛴ‫ٶ‬œ Ɠ  ẵ ƣോ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưᆽ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ™ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ Ų ǔ ƷƎǎƸ ǔ ƹǎư ⊇  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ሱ ƒ DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ⛨ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຮ ‫ٱ‬ij  ʮ  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ռ ĵ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  njƮţ’ű  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š  ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿᥐ‫ٱ‬ij ،Վ ¸‘‘ʮ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ  ǖ Ưōᠷ’’ ဴ⑸ ◵ ৙ આ   ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ и‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ‫ٶ‬œ⚮ ឞ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ᥑ ű ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij – ኺ ᫴ઈ ‫ٱ܊‬ij᧖  ⊇ ᓥ — DŽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀŃ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٱ‬ijᦲ π અ ͚ ᓥʟ Ɠ ™ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁNjُ ǖ ƴ ᧖  ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٶ‬œű‫۔‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٱ‬ٓij ঔ‫ٱ‬ij ϕ ͚ ᓥ¸ ឞ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ͚ ᥑ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ᏶‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ᏶‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ᙈ ‫ٱ‬ijƓ™‫ٳ‬ƿ’’‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ ٓij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ẵᢻ ͑ƻ ʯ،  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٶ‬œ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ᧗ ఩ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijű» ‫ ڄ‬ ǖ ƭᅭ ╞‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ – ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ͛ű Ռ ¸  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ༠ ᇞ‫ٱ‬ij ƻŒƑ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij კ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ʯ ‫۔‬) ᥢ Ϭ ៮¸( ۱۷ု۲۰۱۳ƽ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ዃ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ‫ء‬.‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij. ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǔ ƻ᥏ƽᦡ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ៮¸  ǖ ƭⓔŒŪ ẵ  Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᅷ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ  ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁūŝǎƴ‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ưེ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjƶ ‫ڄ‬ ᠷɤ: ‫٭‬Ŭ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎  Ɠű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ƒ ༶ŒǍš، ဲิ 
  • 5. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬51 ‫ٳ‬ƿষ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᣨ ༶ŒǍš  ‫ᙺ۔‬‫ٵ‬ƬĽš š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  ǖ ƮŬij ‫ٱ ᙺ۔‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ๖‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٱ‬ij  ဲิ ‫ٳ‬ƿষ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵ᣨ ᘳ ‫ٶ‬œᡠ Ŭ ‫۔‬ᙺ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎ű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ   Ɨ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ͚)Pass(ಕ ƒ ͙ ‫ྂ۔‬ᆽ ‫٭‬‫ٳ‬ƿ ĩƓƽᦡ ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ  ‫۔‬ᙺᨪ  ◴Œƈ ͚ ‫ٱ‬ijҍ — ᗺ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ ᮏ ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ  ࡺ‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿᒧᨩ  ↳ᢾ ດ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀĹ౎ ͩ ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ժű ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ͚  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫٭‬‫ٳ‬ƿষű ᑵ‫ٶ‬œ — ™᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ẵ  njƮƛ  ◵ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ʼn᪪‫ٱ‬ij —  ǔ ƻ᪄‫ٵ‬ƫᘅ ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫٭‬᩽‫ٱ‬ij ŪŐű‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ ™᧖—  ሱ  ‫۔‬ ŐŪ  Ə⁇ű‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺǎƶ  ͚ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ᯊ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijጶઅ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ‫٭‬ƻᨩ ᘳ‘‘᩽‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖’’ ⛨ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ‫۔‬โ༷‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᐹᡍ‫ٱ‬ij  ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ،ŕ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗඥŕઅ ͚ ‫۔‬ ៮‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķُnjư ༶ᆽ ‫ ڄ‬Ɠ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ  ᓥ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ Ķnj ư ʮ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٶ‬œ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ ផઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ)៮¸ ᥢ Ϭ( €Œ ǔ š Ϭ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij żƖ ǖ Ʋǖ ƭŒǎƶ  ₪Œ ǔ š ◵ᨪ  – ‫ٱ‬ij¸: ۱‫۔‬š‫ٱ‬ijᦅ۱۸۵۳— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ™᧖ ໾ Ɨ‫ٵ‬ƫᮃ  ᓥຮ ẵ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ Ķ ǖ ư Ռ ‫۔‬ ۲‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ķ ǖ ư ₪∇ƽᦡ Ñ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ Ũዎ ◵ƻ  ͚ — ƻ༞ᓦ  ‫۔‬ຮ ۳‫۔‬۱۹۰۷—  ‫ء‬ ᷪ  ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij‫۔‬ ۴‫۔‬‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijِű   ϕ  ͚  ᘅ۱۹۴۷—  ‫ء‬  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ Ũዎ Ǘ Ư ǔ Ʊᥬ — ོ‫ٳ‬ƿֶ ͚⚮ ⃻ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ͚ ಕ ʯ ‫۔‬ ۵‫۔‬‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵۱۹۵۰—  ‫ء‬  ⁳ᠷ  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ۶‫۔‬‫ܥ‬)۲۰(៾‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư)۲۲( Ķ ǖ ư  ᫿  ʼn‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ᩖ ،ᓥƳ  ͚  ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ʮ ଷ  ͚ ƻ‫ؗ‬ᷜ  ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ  ዏ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱƻ ™ šƻ᨞ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ƒ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ۷‫۔‬ ᷪ ե ਴ ™ƻ᨞ — ‫ٳ‬ǂ Ǘ ƺ ǔ ƶǍƱű ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ࡻ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  ™ƻ᨞ — ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  ͚  ⊡  ͚ᤎ ™᧖ — ᘳ  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưƳ  ͚⚮ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ৒ᨪ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ᥢ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫۔‬‫ـــــ‬ᢻ‫ٱ‬ij  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ ™ – ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ‫ٱ‬ij¸᧳ŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij  ِŨዎ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘚ ‫ ¸۔‬ᑋ ›લ ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ۸‫۔‬™  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋƽᦡ ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ અ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ⛨ ᑋ ᙺ  ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ᷪ ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱű ỵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ĴًŎ Ǖ ƶŬ،» ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ» ‫ٳ‬ƿዛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ،∼‫ٱ‬ijᨪ અ ͚  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ،ᙺƻᨯ َ੼ – Ķ ǖ ưʼn ‫ ڄ‬ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ અ ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ   ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ őɺ ۹‫۔‬ი‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ ጶ ⛨ ʮ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ — ጕ ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ʪ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂᆽ ៮Ɠ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ͥŕ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ ༶‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ،  ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑋ ៮Ɠʮ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ʮ ᝽‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ⍽‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ో‫ٱ‬ٓij ᜒ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ અ ͚  ጕ — ‫ٶ‬œ ⚙» ‫ٱ‬ij Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵Ķǎư ៮᪋‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ ౎‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ͥ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫĶǎư  ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ™ ࢞ᨥ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙴ، ◊‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ཌྷ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ࢞ ™ Ũ͛ᨥ ƒ ً╇  ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ེᆽ‫۔‬ ۱۰‫۔‬ ŏśǍƴ Ų ᷪ  ƽ‫ٱ‬ij ™᧖۱۹۳۴—  ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ   ،Ų ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬œ  njş‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٱ‬ijᢺ᥂۱۹۶۹— ‫ء‬ ŏśǍƴ  ،Ų |Ổű ™᧖۱۹۸۸— ‫ء‬ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ  Ռ ‫۔‬ ۱۱ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯ Ū ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚Ũ‫ٱ‬ĴƌƻǎƵ ™ ࢞ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ᨥ  ᗺ ຬ، ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙٓ‫ٱ‬ij ᯊ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ຮᦤ Ỽᤔ  ᇄ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿষ ᇄ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿষᦤ Ỽᤔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư ጶ ◵ᢷ Ⴣ ᓥ  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij ᯊ ™᧖  ʯ ẵ ₰ᦩ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ ♲ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎  ϕ ͚ ᓥ⚮ Ə⁇ ₰‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưő࿬  ǖ ƭ᢯ Ỻő‫ٱ‬ij ᮁő‫ٱ‬ij ∥ ᗏ ͚  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٱ‬ij¸   Ǖ ƭ௤ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ༶‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ  ᓥŅľĕIJČĕĕa ā ŅŃņIJČĩ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ᶰ শ‫ٱ‬ijŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ ۝‬ʼnᠷ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ǔ ƻ  ʯ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺᨲ ™ ࢞ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ᧖  ‫۔‬༳ ᠻ¸ ẵ ĕĕŅľĕIJČaŅŃņIJČĩ — ᙺ: Őĕİ ƶ ĺČőaaĺaĕ ƶ Čĩĕ ā ŅňĬaĭĕĕaŅĶ ٍ ĉaŇijaĕĕīćĉĕĕaaĺaő ĕ ĂāņĕĕĬaĭĕĕaŅňIJČaĊČĒ ƶ ĺaĕŇĕ Ă IJa ًĎĕŁĭőaĕIJa ā ĕČĭađĕĩIJĉaaĕİőaĕŇİ ƶ ĕĬ aĺaĕņ Ăā ŅĭaőĕİĕĬaĭaĊĕņIJČĩaŁĭőa ā ĬČaőađaĕĩĕijĩaĭa Ā ĕĕĮŋĕĕaaĕijĕĬĕĬa Ņīĩa ƶ ĕijĉaĕijĉaŅIJČa Ă ĠĕķĕĕaŅňIJČaĕĕİaĕņ Ăā ŅłĭađŋĕĩĕIJČa Ă ĠĕņĮaőĉa Łĭőaĕĕīaĕĕīa Ā ĕIJĕĬaĕĕĭ Ā Ď ƶ ĕ Ăā Ķaĭĕĩĕaaĕĕīa Ā ĕIJĕĬaőa Ā ĕĕĮŋaĕĬ Łĭőaĕİ ƶ Č ć ďaŅňĭ Ā ĕĕaĭĕĩĕIJaĕŁ ā ĬČaĕijaőaĒĩaĕijĉaŅīaŋĕĭ ƶ ČaĕIJaĕ ƶ Čĩa Ņ ā ňIJČĉaİŋĕݏaŅňIJČaŋČĕİa Ā ġĕīa Ā ĕĕĵ ƶ ĺĕĭaĒ‫ئ‬ĕņIJČaĕİ ƶ ČaĕIJaő ƶ Čĉa ĭĕĕaŇijaĕĕīćĉĕĕĀ
  • 6. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬52 ዚ˜:‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᡜ‫ٱ‬ij↫  ǗƷŐǍš – ᙺŲ ™᧖ —  ᑋ ،᝝ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ཯ ͑ ƽ⚮፲ ᬪ‫ٱ‬ijƻ ™ š᧖  ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚ — ሱ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ็‫ٱ‬ij ᝸‫ٱ‬ij  njƭ᨞ ʮ ᓥ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ ༶¸ ផѬ  ᘳ » ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ⛨ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư š — ‫۔‬໺ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᶰ ຋ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ™ ؈  ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ  ǔ ƻ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ؈  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ᧖ ͙ ᯊ ẵ ᙴ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬ njƮnjţ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ٓ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ৙⚮ ℈‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij᧖  — ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ਴ DŽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š Ÿ ★ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ™ – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ƣോ‫ٱ‬ij᧖  ،ƻᰋ DŽ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ẵ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  ᣆ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫۔‬ƻ‫ٴ‬‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ഋᨪ ᗺ – ᙺ ៮¸ ™᧖ —  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ᙺ۔‬ )6( Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ⇜Ķǎư   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjưᨪ ៮¸ Ũෝ –:  — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ™ ࢞ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij Ũ⇘᧖  – ༳ ྂ¸ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ ™᧖ ᗺ ༠‫۔‬ űᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ   ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ưᨪ ៮¸ Ũෝ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij – ™  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij šƻ᨞  ◵ ॊ – ຮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ็‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ᝸‫ٱ‬ij ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij š Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍺ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ  ᆽ x ༠ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᶰ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ↎ ͚ᦅ — ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈ‫ٱ‬ij ★ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ  ማ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ଷ ᑋ ٓ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ॊ – ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š Ũ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍺  ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᰩᆽ  ǖ ƭőᠷ ࡊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ న‫۔‬ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᨪ ะ ᚆ ᙴ  ǖ ƭઈෝ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ የᦅ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚»  ̢ ῀‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ š ೹ ༶ ‫ٱ‬ij ᗏ ᙺĶǎư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ͚ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽᤎ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǁū ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư  ᾱ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙴ ྂ⚮ ‫۔‬ )۱(  ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓijِű ‫ ۝‬᫿ ẵ ᘅਝ)۴۲(‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ƽᦡ   Ũዎƻᨯ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽű ‫ٶ‬œ ҽ ༳᥶ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ijš Ǘ Ưǎ Ʊ Ïƻ   njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵᦅ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ŒǍš ຬʮ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ‫۔‬ lj ǔ ƴ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫŖǎƶƻǎƵ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ʮ ƻҍও – ຮ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٶ‬œᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٵ‬ƫű  ُŨዎ শ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ ƻ຋‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ᠷԢ  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ  njƭᡶ শ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ᠷŒǍš ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ⛨ ʮ  ╊ ◵ ƽ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ɨš‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ƒ ᑜ ຮ ʮ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ᇔ ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij™ᦕ  Ïƻ — ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ، ᓥŒǍš ͥ ʧ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǣ ž‫ ڷ‬◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ഀ š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ِ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij»  ᘅ ʮ ៮Ɠ Տ¸ ᑋ ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ␊‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư، ‫ ڄ‬ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ៮Ɠ Î   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ આᦅ ʮ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻ ŒǍš ‫ٶ‬œᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œ ،ű ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ᥷ ◵ʼn  )6(-ĥa đĩŅňņIJČa ĕĕija ĕĕĵĕİa ĩŅŃņIJČa ĕĕŅľĕIJČĐăĆąađ ŋĕĬaĎŋĕĕijađĕĕĭĕĵČaĕľijĕİađĎĕĮĕĬaĕŅŃij ៮Ɠ ຋ આԢ  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫő‫ٱ‬ij ُŨዎ ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ǀُǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ẵ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij  ƽ⚮ ᑋ ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ ،͛ᢻ ‫ ڄ‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᓦ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ⛨ – ᙺ  Ǣ ƅ ǔ Ƹ ǖ Ʊ ೚‫ٱ‬ĴǎƶŰǎƷ ჲ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ᓥ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ Ÿ આ š ƽ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ž‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ĸŖǎƶŝ  ‫۔‬༳ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞  njƮƛ )۲(  ‫ٱ‬ij ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬  ᓥ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư — ƽ⎔  ጶᨪ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ Ə፝‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư – ᙺ: Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ(ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ƒ  ຋ĩ ĂİaĕĂijaĕĕijÏaĒĕĕľIJČ ‫ٱ‬ij¸‫۔‬ )7( ‫ٱ‬ij ഗ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᣗ ᘳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ẵ Ũዎ  ⊑  ǖ ƭ᢯  ᤑ‫ٱ܍‬ijᨪ ƒ ᙴ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  –‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ᓥƳ শ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ᙴ ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  Ӌᨪ ᙴ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  –‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ᙺ’’ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ߨ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨲ  – ᙺ ⛨ Ũᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥŒǍš ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ — ອᓦ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij،ຮƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ — ƻ༞ᓦ ƒ ljnjƴ  ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ຮŲŜǎƷǎƹ  – ᙺƻᨯ ʮ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽšᦅ ƒ ༶ŒǍš ༠‫۔‬ ‘‘અ  ͚  ᓥƳ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  ඔ ◵ᨪ ƒ  – ᙺ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥƳ ƻጹ‫ٳ‬ƿ ভ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ Ž౎ ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   Ӌᨪ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺ ඔƽᦡ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư — ‫ ڄ‬╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥƳ  —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥƳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ຝ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻጹᦅ   Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ƽᦡ Î ʮ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Əⅆƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ Ɠ — ŕ᎕  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ⚮ Ʋ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ ۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⚮ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ᙺ ‘‘⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ’’Î ຋ ‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ◵‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œգ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ ჵ េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư — અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ   Ɍ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ƽԺ ‫ݝ‬᥏ᤌ Î — ሱ ᙺ ␄ ◵  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ⛨ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ་  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔƒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ୭  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ͚  ‫ᙺ۔‬ ƻᓦ!‘‘۱۹۰۷— ‫ء‬ ᷪ ե ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ  ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij Ս ‫ٱ‬ٓij’’  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ƒ ඔ  –‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ’’ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijű‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  ¸ ່،  Ӌᨪ  – ᙺ ඔ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ’’ Ñƻ ʮ ᘳ  ဲᅓ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ດ ᓦ‫ٳ‬ƿ ່ ↳ᢾ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ÿઈ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭᠷŒŶ‫ٱ‬ij  ឳ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٵ‬ƫ )7(-őĕĕĭ ć ďaĕĶŋđĕĬaĥĐąąĔa đĐĄĕĵa đĩaaĒĕīĕĵĺČŋČĒ  – ¸ ⃑‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ⎔ٰű   ǔ ƻἑ ឳ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij۱۳۳۹š‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ DŽᦅ۱۹۲۱ ‫۔‬ᙺ ◵ ‫ء‬ ۱۲Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ
  • 7. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬53 — અ ͚  ǔ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ẵ‫ٱ‬ijশ‫ٱ‬ij — ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij ৙൰ ‫۔‬ِ¹ અ ͚ ⒆  ǔ Ŵ∇  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ⚙ ẵ¹ ອ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƷŐُnjšŲ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ Ŕ ǔ ưَ‫ٱ‬ij ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ὔ ǔ ƼĽǗư)Under Taken(ʮ ƻΎ Θ – ᙺ ᙴ ĶŎِ Ū  Ũ‫ٱ‬ij⊾ ʮ،  ‫ٳ‬ƿ୭  ǔ ƻࠩઈ ͚ ƻΎ ດ ،◵  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ᙺ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫij š  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ᙴ‫۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ Ïƻ — ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٵ‬ƫᡳ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ শ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ༶ŒǍš ຬ،  ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ║‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ š ᡳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưᆽ ֆ‫ٱ‬ٓij ẵ ᡳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐  ˜‫ٱ‬ij š ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚮ű Î ‫ٳ‬ƿ ͚ᦅ —  Ķ ǖ ư ʼnས ⚮ ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ،৓  ẵ  ǖ ƭᠷŒŶ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕ⍺Ķǎư Î ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű Î ʮ — ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٵ‬ƫᡳ  Njnjƴ ƾ ǔ ƸŐǑťǎƷ  ࢑  ẵ ሱ ե Ɠ ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ៮¸  ǖ Ưōᷜ Ñ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƻ ‫ٶ‬œ  ǖ ƭᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ⚙ ᗏ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ᓥ،ᨧ “ ʮ  Ÿ ⚮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ‫۔‬ )۳(۱۹۵۰— ‫ء‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ဲ◀ Ɠ ໎  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ⁳ᠷ ጸ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٴ‬ఒ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ↎ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij థ ᓥᦅ ↎ ẵᦅ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᯈَ‫ٱ‬ij ˜ ‫أ‬ᷜ  ʮ ᓥ⚮ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ʮ ἃƓ ༈ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  njş‫ٱ‬ٓijƽᦡ ‫ٱ‬ij ŨዎĶǎư  ମ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ،ᙺ  Ũዎ  ྀ‫ٵ‬ƫ  තᆽ ‫ٱ‬ij  ،،ᢺ᥂  ، Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺  ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺُƙ ᑴᙼ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ، |Ổ،ű ᅦ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ĵ‫ٳ‬ǂǍ ƺŮƚ  ៮Ɠ ™᧖⛨  ʮ ỳ  ، ‫ٶ‬œ،ᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œű અ ͚  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ‫ٳ‬ƿƽᦡ  េ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǘ ư ჵ — ɻ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿƓ౎ ዏ š ౎‫ٱ‬ij Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ༶ᆽ ™ – ᙺ᧖ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ˼  Ǘ Ʈƛ⍺ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᘚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű ⓔʮ  ǔ ƻᑊ — ŕ᎕  ᙺ Ũœ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ Ɠᨪ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ƒ ⁳ᠷ  ᙺᒎ ƻጹ – ™᧖  ، ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ভ‫ٱ‬ij Ž౎ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ẵ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ẵŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫۔‬ƽ‫ٶ‬œ  ƻᓦ‘‘ّƠţŲ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ’’  ᙺᒎ  njƮnjţ – ᙺ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱĶǎư ™ ⚮ ࡻ᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᨩ ᙑ  ਴ ດ ƽ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ ཀ Ɠ ‫ٶ‬œጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ ڄ‬ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᢃ’’ ‫ٳ‬ƿ◵  njƭ⃛ šű Ͽ ƽࡻ  ƒ ‫ ͛۔‬͚ ُ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ͚  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš – ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij» ʮ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ߘఞ ͑ ᙺ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫƻ  –ᨪ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ߘఞ ◐ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ժ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ƻɿ⁗ ༶⚮ ‫ٳ‬ƿᒎ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ  ‫۔‬ᙺᨪ ‫ڄ‬ ᘳ ẵ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪ – ᙺ ༈  Əⅆ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ  ጶ ƽ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư¸‘‘ƪ Ǖ ƛ ِƤǎƸጆ’’ ،ᙺ Ə‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij૎ ͚ ᓥ‫ٳ‬ƿઈ ⚮჎ Ɠ ʼnઈ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬ ໍ ᓥ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ Ɠ ߘఞű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư š  ǖ ƭઈิ ‫ٶ‬œૢ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ۔‬ —  ǖ ƭőᠷ ŕ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ຋ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⍱ Ɠ ᑴᑊⓔ ™ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎᧖  ‫ٶ‬œ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᨧ  ◵‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ⋂Ỽ’’ ƒ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀŃ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗʮ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ਴‫۔‬  ʮ ߘఞ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư Ỽᤔ   ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ Ɠ  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ĴƟ ǔ Ʋ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ∈‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ଞ Ə᨞ ጶ ◵‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ኇ‫ٵ‬ƫ ∈ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͛¸ ‫ ᙺ۔‬ẵ Əⅆ )۴( ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫෆ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ጶ‘‘᠉ ŀ ǔ ƶِŐُǍư’’ ƻጹ ͚ ⚮ ™ ᙺᒎ᧖ ‫ٶ‬œ শ‫ٱ‬ij،ᨠ ᓟُ‫ٶ‬œű અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ࿬‫ٱ‬ij  ᙺ ᯵ ĵ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿᤌ  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ◵‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ijِ‫ٳ‬ƿ ّƠţŲ’’ ᑘ ດ ᙺ ⁳ᠷ ‫ٱڄ‬ij – ‫۝‬ ǔ ƻ  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ —  ǖ ƭőᠷ Ũ⇘  ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ ⋂Ỽ’’ ƒ ⁳ᠷ  ⚙ – ‫ٱ‬ijጇᦼ  ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ͚ ƻ຋‫ٳ‬ƿ₩‘‘᠉ ŀ ǔ ƶِŐُǍư’’ ŕ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶŃ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ً⇘Ỽ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư⚮  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnᠷ ղ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‘‘ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ»’’ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƏŒ ǔ šű  ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij š — ʼn‫ٶ‬œ ‫ڄ‬ ٰŸ೶ ࢫ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ଞ Ə᨞ ẵ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕُƈ ጶ͛¸ű  ‫ᙺ۔‬ ›‫ٱ‬ij š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ᦲ┌ ‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬Ŕǎ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِŨዎᦅ ‫ٱ‬ij ͚Ķǎưథ  ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ޼ඍ ᗺ ẵ ƽ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ⋃ Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊƻ  ࿫‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ⚮ ¸ ᙴ ྂ‫ٱ‬ٓij  ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ᙴ: ۱‫۔‬ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ —  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ِ⋀ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ  ‫ٳ‬ƿడ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ Ũዎ ◵ Ñƻ — ƻ༞ᓦ ͚ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ،ຮ ّŏُķ ◵  ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijŲ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  – ຮ ⁳ᠷ —  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ‫ٶ‬œ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ͚ᨨ ᑘ  – —  ǖ ƭⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥƳ  ‫۔‬ຮ Ƴ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᙼ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ ᓥ ƻᑯ‫ٱ‬ij ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ⛨ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ» ƒ Ə᨞ ◵ ᘳ ᑋ ،ຮ ⛨ — ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ  ◵ Ɨ‫ٳ‬ǀُǍƱ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ‫ٶ‬ ǔ Ŕ ǔ š‫ٱ‬ij࿬ ẵ  ǔ ƻُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ ڄ‬਴  ،ຮ ⁳ᠷ ᣆ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ™᧖ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༳ ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ƒ  ᠶ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ຋ ༳‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ƶǎƹƨǎƸŝǎƴĊĊ Ă ĩ Ăİa ƶ ĕĂijaĕĕ Ă ijÏaĒĕĕĂľIJČĊĊ ᑘ ‫ٱ‬ij¸ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯  ᓥ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ű ‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ℈ — ఩» ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ،‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ ڄ‬ᣘ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ ຋ ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ጶ ͛¸ű  ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ᗺ – ᙺ Ũ◀౎ ™᧖ — ᣓ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᣠ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨨ ƒ Տ ƻ¸، ‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ƶŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫᥦ  ͚  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِŨ‫ٱ‬ijᡏ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ અ — ϕ ਴ ،આ DŽ ‫۔‬ƽ⚮ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ۲‫۔‬  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ᑋ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ، ᙺ ᖞ ʼn| ๱ Ũዎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ດ Ï ‫ٳ‬ƿడƻ ᙴ، ‫ٳ‬ƿ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ᑋƽᦡ Ḝ‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑋ ،Ũዎ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ ఒ ͚ ᘅ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ƣᣊ‫ٵ‬ƫᦅ  ⎴‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ๱ Ũዎ ◵
  • 8. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬54 ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ǖ ƭ‫ٱ‬ij»  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ẵ ॿ ᭵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij žං ͚  ‫۔‬ ŕ͛‫ٱ‬ٓij Ŵ᥏‫ٵ‬ƫ Ũ⇘ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐‫ٳ‬ƿ  ॽ ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ Ũෝ Ɠ  njƮƛ ៮ઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ٓij ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ᭵ ᒑ ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ጶ ͛¸  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵  Ɠ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ   ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ྂ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ƿ຋℃‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ Ū ʼn‫ٶ‬œ ͚ ౟ŖǎƶƻǎƵ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  ِƏ᨞ ଞ‫ٱ‬ij  ᑘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛¸  ᙺ ŕỺ  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư –ᨪ ʮ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư‫ٱ‬ij຋‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œⓔ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕ ǔ š Ə᨞  Əⅆ ଞ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᑘ  ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ٰű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ ኑ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijঔ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ‫ٳ‬ƿ ،:ĊĊaĕŇİ ĕņľĕIJČĊĊ — ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ  ǖ Ʈţ‫ٱ‬ij⁇   njƭ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű   ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺĊĊĩİaĕĂijaĕĕijaĎČĊĊ ᗺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ، ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᣓ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᣠ  ِnjƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙű ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨨ ᑘ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕  – ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕  ǔ Ƽ ǔ ƹُƙ Ũ⇘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij fl‫ٱ‬ijᑊ ᗺ ™᧖ — ĺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶŖǎƶǎƹ ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ  – ᙺ ᗏ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ƽʰᨪ  ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ ⊇‫ٱ‬ij  ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ Ũฯ ◵ ŨŒķ ͚ )8( ‫ ۔‬ᙺ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij ʼn‫ٱ‬ijᶰ:ᨪ ‿ ™  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ᧖  ᖞ ʼn| Ũዎ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ◵ — ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ƏŒ ǔ š ͚  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ៮‫ٱ‬ijᶰ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ưō‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  Ə᨞ ◵ ᒑ ،ᙺ ᫵  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ດ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ً⇘Ỽᨪ‘‘‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű’’ ˼  ‫ᙺ؟‬ ‘‘ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ű’’ ᙴ Ɯ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ৒‫ٱ‬ij ᣘ ŕԺ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ ሱ  ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫٓ‫ٱ‬ij ʰű — Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ⛨ ƽԺ ៮Ɠ ◵ ⊝ ͚   ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬¸ ᑋ ᧎‫ٶ‬œƻᨯ  ຋‘‘ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ»’’ ᘳ ŕԺ  ๱ ጶ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưԢ  ຋ ᙺ ⊝ ◵ ƽԺ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ᨪ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij – ᑋ ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ Ժ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽƽ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ẵ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ຋ ᠻᆽ ‫ ᙺ۔‬‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij njƭ‫ٱ‬ijጶ: ╜‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫᨲ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺƽᦡ ഀ  ِ ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ◵» Ԣ ◵ ƽԺ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  )8(-‘‘Ũฯ’’ ᙺ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎ ẵ‘‘ߖఞ Ũฯ’’ ඔ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij –   ǖ ƭ᢯  ጶ ᓥᨪ ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư –:‘‘Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ  અ ͚)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ(ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ƒ  ຋ĊĊaĕĂijaĕĕ Ă ij ĒĕĕľIJČa Ï Ă ń ĂİĊĊ ߖఞ Ũฯ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ અ ͚ ᓥƳ™ ᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ  ຋ ĊĊĒĕĕľIJČaĩİaĕijaĕĕijĊĊ  ǖ ƭőᠷ ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛¸ ᑋᨲ ᙴ ‫ٳ‬ƿ –ᦅ  ⛨ ᑋ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᑋ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌ ‫۔‬ ᨪĒĕĕľIJČa Ï Ă ń ĂİaĕĂijaĕĕij ƒ،  ຋‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ‫ٶ‬œ᨞ٰű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ  ẵ Ũฯ ͚  ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij – ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư— ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᨪ  ᙺ ʮ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ِŨŒķ ‫ٶ۔‬œ‫ٱ‬ij౎۱۲Ŗ ǔ ƶŬ ʮ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ດ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij¸  ẵ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œጁ ͚  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ Əⅆ ᘳ ‫ ڄ‬ŕԺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ¸ ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ Ʈƛ‫ٶ‬œ ޵ ֆٓ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijƻᨯ  ‫ ڄ‬ ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš – Ķ ǖ ư ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ޵‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ¸  ᙺ Ũ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ،ᙺ‘‘‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ»  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ∼‫ٱ‬ij ީ◵ ◵’’‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑘ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ –» ⊶‫ ۝‬ ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ǔ ƻ  ‫ٱ‬ij¸ᨪ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ Ŀওƽᦡ Ֆ ◵ ᵵ‫ٱ‬ij⚮ ‫ڄ‬ ƒ ẵ ອᓦ শ‫ٱ‬ij  ᑋ ،ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙ ʼnɺ ᘳ ٰᑴ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ ƾ ǖ ƸĽƙ ‫ٱ‬ijȼ ẵ Ũ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŒŪᣐ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ଷ Ɠ  Ʋ‫ٳ‬ƿ ዏ ‫ٶ‬œ ⚮ᥚ ʮ ᾱ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ຋ ᠻᆽ ⋃ şⅆƻ ™  njƮnjţ – ͛¸᧖ ᘳ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᗫ  ༶¸ ᠸ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ ẵ ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ڄ‬  ‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿ͛ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ¤⇘ ‫ڄ‬، ‫ ڄ‬‫ٶ‬ Ǘ œ‫ٳ‬ƿա ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ ƮŬ‫ٵ‬ƬĽš ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij، — ⇹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ƽԺ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ⚱ ͚‫ٳ‬ƿ ៮Ɠ ◵ ⊝‫ٵ‬ƫ ₛ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ ᧎‫ٶ‬œ ͑ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸፲  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ޵ ،ᙺ ¤⇘ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ຋  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ʯ ᧎‫ٶ‬œ ◵ ⊝‫ٵ‬ƫ  અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،͛¸ᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű  ‫۔‬ᙺ‘‘⇞  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆’’ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ⊝ শ‫ٱ‬ij ŕԺ –  njƮnjţ ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ  ِnjƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ẵ¹   ِnjƮnj ƹƙ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᑘ ՠ Ỽઊ ␝ – ៯¤ ǖ ƭ ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙴ ᕄ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ijƻᨯ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ƒ،   ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬ ǔ ŔٰśŌᨪ‘‘ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ƿ∆’’ƒ  Ӌ‘‘njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij’’ ᣘ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺ ᗺ – ᙺ ™᧖ — — ϕ ਴ ،આ DŽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ʮ ᓥ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗُ‫ٶ‬œ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ᠷƒ  ǖ Ʈnjţ ‫۔‬ űᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ: njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij ῀‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ẵ ƻও₩‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ᠻ¸ ྂ⚮ ⁳ᠷ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ ᠷઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ ᢹŒŪ: ␛ ᤞ ⛨ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ – ᙺ ೸ ◵ ⋂Ỽ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š Ԣű  ভ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ًŒ Ǖ ƶŬ ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ   ǔ ƻᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ،ᙺ ŕ‫ٳ‬ǁƅ ǔ ţ ◵ ʼnઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œű ᗺ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ͛ ᰩ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š ៮¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š  ، ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ᜕ƻᨯ  ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ˆ‫ٱ‬ij – Ķ ǖ ưᨪ ႌ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ¸ ᘳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ‫ٵ‬ƫŕ ‫ ڄ‬຋ ͛ ᠻᆽ ¸ ᥢ ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ᗺ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ʮ ƾ ǔ ƸLj   ҍ – ᙺ  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ  ͛ ᠻᆽ ¸ ᥢ ⚮ ᗫ ֆ‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ‫ٱڄ‬ij ດ ƒ ᮾ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ຋  ‫۔‬ᙺ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ  ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِnjƭጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ — ሱ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ሱ ᓥ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᠻᆽ ʮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijű  ‫۔‬ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫෆ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٳ‬ƿ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ƶŧůŌ ‫ٱ‬ij —  Ǣ žߗ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ⚮‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ: ์:ĩŁĬaĵ ƶ ĩaaČĒČaĕĭĕŇņIJČaĕ ƶ ČaĕJőađĉĕĮĒaĕijaŋ ƶ ČaĕIJ
  • 9. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬55 aĕŃī ā ĬČĕIJČaĕīaĠőĕĕIJČaĕīa ā ŋĕņIJČaŋČĕī ƶ ĺČaĕijaًŋĕľIJĉaaĕĕĮő ŅīĩaaĕĕĭaŋĕľIJČaĠČőŋaĊĕİŋaĕĮŋaĕijaĕĭĕŇņIJĕĮaĕĭĕIJČaĔőĕİ ĕŇIJČaĔĕŃIJČĕĬđaaĕ ƶ ČaĕIJaĕIĩ ā Ņň Ā ĬaŅīaŅĕijaĊĕŇľIJČĩa ā ĬČĕIJȏa ĭaĕņŃņIJČaő ƶ ČĩaĠőĕĕIJČaĕijaĖĕİaČĒČaĕĭĕIJČaĠő ƶ ČĀ ĕİĕĕij ƶ ČaIJČĩaĭa Ĕĕ ā ŃŃIJČa ĠőĕĬa ĕĭőĩa ā ŅIJČa ĕňĬĕĕa ŅňIJČa ĕİ ƶ ĺĴĉ‫ــــــ‬ĕIJČőĕĩʼnĕĬaIJĩa ā Ņň Ā ņIJČa ĕ ƶ ĺa đĠő ƶ ĺČĩa a ĕņĬČĕ Ăā ŅłĬaĒČŋČa ĕĕīa ŐőĕŇIJČőa ĕĕĮŋ ƶ ĺĕĬĉaŅňIJČĉa ĭaĔőĕŇIJČőđĕĩĕaIJőĕĕaaĕIJaŋĕİaČĕIJőađĥĕİaĕĭőałIJĕIJ ŅňIJČĉaĕIJĕĬĕņĕaaĕĕĮa ĕČőaĕĭĕIJČaĠő ƶ ČĕİĕĬaaĊĕņIJČaĒĕİő īőa đĕİőĕİa ĕĕĭĉĕŅ ā ŅaaĕĬŋĕĭa ĕŇŃĬa ĕIČ ā Ē ƶ Ča ĕĭa ĕĬ ƶ ĕĬ ĒĕİĕņIJČĉaaĊČĒ ƶ ĺČa ĕĬa ĕň ā ĬČa ĕija ĕJőa ĕĩĕĕĵa ĒĕŁľĬČa ĕĕī ĪČĀłIJĕĮaĕĕĕIJ ƶ ĕŇijőĀ őaĭĩaĬĕņĕaŅŃIJȏĕaľĕĕņIJČaĕīĩĐađŋČĕŃIJČaĕIĕʼnIJČaĕĬ a ĕIJa ĕČőĕŃĬaa đĕĩĭŅķČa Ā ĕIĕķa ĕJa ĕņĮa ĕĭĕIJČa ĎĕĭaĕľĬ IJ ƶ ő ƶ ĺČ ć ĩaaĕ ƶ ČĩŅňĬaĕĭĕIJČaĎĕĭaĖĕİaČĒČaĺČađłIJĕĮaİ ƶ ĕĕIJĕĬĕĕ Ďĭ Ā ĕŃĕČĕĎĭaĕņĮĩaŅ ā ňIJČĉaĕIJĕĬĕ ā ņĕaaĪČĀ ዚ˜: — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿƓ్  njƮnjţ ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ⛨ ẵ ʮ  š Ԣ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ᫿ ẵ ƾ ǔ ƸŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ¤⇘ ẵ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ ʮ ᘭ‫ٳ‬ƿ ྂᆽ ͚  ║຋)njƯō⋡ ⇉(ᑜ ¸ Ỽᤔ ᒃᠷƻ  ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ɠ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥ⚮ ᯊ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚ ⑤ⓔ ͚ ༶¸ ║຋  ،ᙺ ʯ ຋: )۱(અ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ijᨪ ᘳ š ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ʮ ∑  ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij –  njƮnjţ આ DŽű {‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ Ə᨞ š ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵᣰ  ‫¸؟‬ )۲(‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư —  njƮ Ǖ ƛ ِኦ ᒃᠷƻ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ͚  ᓥ˜ُ‫ٱ‬ij — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ķ ǖ ư  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ‫ٶ‬œ» ‫؟‬ƽ⚮ űႍ — ŕ᎕  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀᨪ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ᬋ DŽ ∑  અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ،ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ –ű   ǔ ƻ◵‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥ⚮ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ِ ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿষ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ๰ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ِឝ‫ٱ‬ijỼ‫ٵ‬ƫ‘‘‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ Ɔ‫ٵ‬ƫỼ’’ અ ͚ ៮Ɠ ƒ Ŵ᥏ ¤  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺᨲ —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ ጸ‫ٵ‬ƫ ཯   ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ͚⚮DŽ ᬋ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ᫿ ẵ ƾ ǔ ƸŐĻ ǔ Ʋ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ  ʮ ᓥᆽ ຝ ႌ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᓥ ␜ ‫۔‬¸   ǖ ƮّŐƈᨲ ៮ɤ  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ – ᙺ  ͚  njƮnj ƹƙ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ¸ ૛ ẵ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ጶ ᙺ ¤ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ  njƭጶ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ِnjƮnj ƹƙ ႒  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ┌ ጶ ẵ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ͚ ᓥᆽ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ៮¸  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ÿ⚮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ᓥ، ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ƽ‫ٳ‬ƿᛸ»  ̢೹ ‫ ڄ‬ʼnᠷ ◵ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ ᘳ ‫ᙺ۔‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᤂ ཯  njƭ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ —  ǔ ƍ ǖ ƸnjƹŪŲ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ – ᙺ ẵ આ‫ٱ‬ijᤥ ͚  —  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ِʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ¸  ǖ ƭ⑸  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ᚪˆ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᣰ  ¸ ᑋ  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ␜ ِƣŒƀ‫ٱ‬ij –ᨲ ŋ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ֋‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺŖǎƶٰ ǎƹ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư Ķ ǖ ư ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ ِʼn‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ – ᙺ   ດ ƽ⚮ᨪ ᠼ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư – ʮ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥ¸  ǖ ƭ⑸ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊᣰ  ¸) ຋ ᘳ ᫿ ᬋ DŽ ᙺ  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ(ᑘ ཯ – ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ᣘ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ẵ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ ‫ᙺ۔‬ )9( ĊĊČĒČaĠőĕ Āā ĕIJČa Ă ĕĂijaĖĕİĊĊ |⇘ ِԡ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮Œƈ ⚮ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ᧖ ဲ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙ  ᓥᨪ  ៮ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ  ǖ Ʈţ⃊‫ٵ‬ƫ ᗺ – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š   ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᆽ‫ٱ‬ij‘‘ ِጸա Ə᨞ ʼn‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǔ Ʊ’’ʮ  ᙺš Ԣᤌ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű   ǔ ƻᆽ š ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ʮ ʼnઈ  ◵  ǖ ƯĹŒǏ ŗ {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ  ، ¸ᨪ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ϕ ͚ ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij – ¸ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫۔‬͛ ᰩ ¸ ᑋ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ ᦅ‫ٳ‬ƿ — ೹ ͚ ljnjƴ Ŗǎƶǎƹ {‫ٱ‬ij ƻᑊ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œᣵ ᙴ ‫ٶ‬œጶ࿬ ‫۔‬ ᗺ ™᧖ ៮Ɠ ẵ ʮ ᓥ‫ٶ‬œƓ  ◵  ǔ ƻᆽ ຋ ƽ⚮  ǖ ƭ‫ٴ‬‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ǀُnjţ {‫ٱ‬ijᣰ ℌ ͚ ʼnઈ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀƆ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ᣰ ‫ڄ‬ ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ⃛  ™᧖  ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ⇹ ẵ ᓥ¸ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰ š Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ϕ ͚ ᓥ‫ٶ‬œƓ ẵ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ᙺĊĊaĕijaĖĕİĠőĕĕIJČĊĊƻᨯ ‫ ᙺ۔‬ƣ‫ٶ‬œ’  njƭ᨞ njƮnjţĊĊĠőĕĬa ĂĕİĕĬaĖĕİĊĊ  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ƽ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ ᗼ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ͚ ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ ڄ‬ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ ،͚ şⅆ ʮ Ə᨞ ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ  š Ԣ ᗺ ™᧖ ‫ ڄ‬š Տ¸ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫۔‬ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij ِ⏽‫ٳ‬ƿ: Ŗǎƶƻᨯ ଞ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬ij ਴ – ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ⊑  ǖ ƭ᢯  ᤑ‫ٱ܍‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ᓥű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ — ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ͑ ᣘ ◵ƻ ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ؟‬Ĵǎư ຋ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ͚  Ǎƭ‫ٱ‬ٓij – ᙺ  ǔ Ŵ∇ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ  ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ અ ™᧖ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ ༠ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƒ،  ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư ẵ ሱ ‫ٳ‬ƿ – ᙺᦅ ™  ǔ ƻࠩઈ આ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥŒǍš᧖  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ༳ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œⓔ š ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ અ ™᧖ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij š ƒ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ   ِ ǖ ƭ∈ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿⓔ‫ٵ‬ƫ শ‫ٱ‬ijጆ ៮Ɠ ◵  ຋ ຮ ᑋ ŕ‫ٳ‬ǁƅ ǔ ţ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ અ ͚ ᓥƳ ͚ ™᧖ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ᑋ ᥭ‫ٱ‬ij শ‫ٱ‬ij Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ẵ ⚱ ‫ٵ‬ƫᨪ ⛨  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ  ،‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ⛨ ʯ ຋ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ ઈ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ ƻᑊⓔ ʯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij Ũ⅌ ᰩ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊઅ   ™᧖  ǖ ƹĺ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎƶǎƹ ⛨ ĹǒƶŐƾǒƸ ☺‫ٳ‬ƿ ᑋ ‫۔‬ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ◵  njş‫ٱ‬ĴّnjťُŢ ‫ٴ‬⑕ⓔ ƏŒ ǔ š ‫ٳ‬ǀnjƱ ͚ᑘ ‫۔‬  – )9(-ĕĭČĕĕIJČőaĕĬĕIJČaĎĕĬađŋĕĕŃņIJČaĒŋĒaaĉ ć ĕŅňIJČaĩĭaĕŅʼnij ĂāĬČĕIJČaĩŅīđaĥĐĆĂĈađĔĐĂĕĕĕŇĮĕĬađĕĬĕİĕijađ
  • 10. ‫ت‬ ⓑỼ‫ٱ‬ij ࿮‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ŕઈ៮őጶ۲۰۱۳‫ء‬56  ‫۔‬ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǣ ƀ ẵ ঔྜྷ  ِ ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ⇜ᨪ  ͚  njƮ Ǖ ƛ ِኦ ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ຮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ ○Ũ ‫ٱ‬ij ، ྂ⚮ᢻ  ŴỰ‫ٱ‬ij ϗ – ຮ ᑋ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ِᖗ‫ٱ‬ij ϗ   njƮǏř‫ٱ‬ij్‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư અ ͚ ⑕ⓔ ‫ٳ‬ƿő‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ُ͐‫ٳ‬ƿ ᫿ ◊‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚   njƮ Ǖ ƛ ኦ — ‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij ⊝ ŕĶǎư અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮ Ѕඍ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ ᑋ ᣘ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٴ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ijᦅ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٱ‬ijĶǎư  ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿ᫚‫ٶ‬œ ŕ‫ٳ‬ƿ฾ ᗺ  ǖ Ʈŧ ǖ ƴ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᗺ njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ‫ڄ‬  ◵ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ‫ٴ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij š ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  ‫۔‬͛¸ ᑋ ᣘ Ķǎư‫ٱ‬ij ঔ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnὉ‫ٱ‬ij ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ: ࡩ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ   ᯊ  š  ƽ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ  Ŀও  njƮnjţ ༳ ྂ⚮ ᑫ‫ٱ‬ij — ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ  ᓥᆽ ᘚ ͚ ⑤ⓔ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻᆽ š ᓥ¸ ງ ਴ᣰ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ຮᨪ ‫ٵ‬ƫ᳃ ِ‫ٳ‬ƿ∆ű  ‫۔‬‫ٱ‬ij¸ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚  njş‫ٱ‬ٓij ດ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ ƾ ǔ ƸLj  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ —  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ₩  ƒ Ə᨞ ◵ ᓥᆽ ¸ ງ ‫ٱ‬ĴًŪ⊦ ᘳ ᑋ ، ᓼ‫ٳ‬ƿ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ʼnઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ǔ ƻᆽᣰ‫۔‬ ຋ ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ  ǔ Ŵ∇ ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ᓥ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣵ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ⑕ⓔ Ɠᣵ’’  — ᣘ ͚ ᘳ ᑘ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưઈ ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ –ű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ  njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᦅ  Ɨ⓵‫ٱ‬ij ⋃ ẵƻ ᙺ: ʼn◀‫ٱ‬ij:‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — — ᒍ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ƒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ཯ ຋ ᙺ Ժ ŕ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư  njƮnjţ ດ ƽ⚮  ͚⚮  ǖ ƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ← ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ર ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊƽĩİaĕĂijaĕĬĕņIJČa ā ĕ ƶ ĺaĒĒĕĕľIJČ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij)‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ẵ(ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥő  ᘭ‫ٳ‬ƿ ྂᆽ ʼnઈ ‫ ڄ‬ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ຋ ¸ Ə᨞ ◵ ƒ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬)ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij — ᓥő( ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ◵ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣰ ‫ ڄ‬ njƮnjţ ¸ ཯ ƒ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƽ⚮ ‫۔‬ ᨪ — ᣘ ͚ ೹ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᑴ‫ٱ‬ĴǍư – ᙺ Ⴣ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ᙺ » ẵ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ  ˆ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺᨪ  ຋ ᠻᆽ ƻᓦ‫ٵ‬ƫ⑕ⓔ ʮ Ɨُ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ͛ ᠻᆽ ŒǍš  ẵ ŕ᎕ ‫ ͛۔‬ᠻᆽ ¸  njƯ ǘ Ʊ⋡ ʼn◀‫ٱ‬ij:‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱڄ‬ij ᚪ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij  ດ ͛¸ ᑋ  njƯ ǘ Ʊ⋡ ẵ ŕ᎕ᨪ ‫ٱ‬ijᢻ   – ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫâ)ẵ ⑕ⓔ( ‫ ͛۔‬ᰩ ᑋ ຝĭaĠĕĭĩaĕŃĕIJČĐaĕī Ĭ ƶ ČĕĵĕĕĕĐŃĬaĕĕĮaČĒČĕĕaIJČaĕJĒaĕIJĕĕaŅĭĕŁIJČaĕJĕĬa ƶ ĕ Ăā ĶĕĬaőa ľĬaőĕĕaľĬaĕĩĭaĉĕňĬaĕīĕĕaaőŋĕŃĬaĕIJČaĕIJĕņĕaaĕŇŃĕĵČaő ĕŇņIJČĕĬaČőĕIJČaĉĕIĬađaĭaČĕĮĩaĕŃĕIJČĕĕaaČĪĀ)10( )10(-őĕĕĭ ć ďaĕĶŋđĕĬaĥĐćĂąĔa đĐĂaĕŇİa ĕIJĕĵŋa đ ĕňĬaĕĵaĒĕņľĕIJČĕĕĂĄăĆĪ Ŗǎƶƪţ — ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ᠻ‫ٱ‬ĴǍưᚩ – ᙺ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ٳ‬ƿ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ Ə᨞ᦅ  — ᓥ˜‫ٱ‬ij ẵ ‫ڄ‬، ʮ Ə᨞ ҍ ⋈ᑊ ᷪ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ ᙺ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬Ŕnjš અ ␢  ␟ ‫ٱ‬ij ʼn࣌‫ٱ‬ij   ǖ ƭ᢯  ᓥ‘‘‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚᣵ’’ ᘳ‫ٵ‬ƫ š  ᣘ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽű ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư  ጶ‘‘{‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ⑕ⓔᣵ’’ ‫ٳ‬ƿᆽ šű ઈ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ᙺ۔‬  ŕ⍺:ጶ ཯ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ᙴ ඵ ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ij∆َ‫ٱ‬ij ŕ‫ٵ‬ƫ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬ijᶰű અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ š ‫ڄ‬ ᙴ ඵ ᤳ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٶ‬œ ẵᥚ  ‫ٵ‬ƫ⍾ ຋ ᠻᆽű ℈‫ٳ‬ƿᨪ  ẵ Ɨ⓵‫ٱ‬ij ő‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư njş‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٶ‬œ ͚ᨪ  ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ưᆽ ¸  ǖ Ưnj Ʊ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ư ౎‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ –ᦅ {‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ᓥᆽ ᘚ ͚ᣵ ᗺ ẵ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ — ‿ ‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ   – ᙺᨪ  Ə᨞‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij  Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫۔‬ŕԺ  ِnjƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ij – ᑋ ،ᙺ ኇ‫ٵ‬ƫّ∈  njƭ‫ٳ‬ƿ  njƯ ǔ Ʊᆽ અ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij š Ũิ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᬋ⚮ ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍣ şⅆ ᙹᒎᨪ، ᗺ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ —  ِ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ‫ٱ‬ijጶ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ཏű ਜ਼‫ٶ‬œ ៮¸‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬ij — ŨŒķ ͚ ŕᮃ Ɨ┌ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ‫ٱ‬ijᣒ  ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjưƻᥨ ៮‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ༶ᆽ ᙴ ጫ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij ᘳ ϕ ͚ ␥‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ⍣ şⅆ  ‫ ڄ‬⚙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ ᯵ᆽ ᳩ  ԡ  njƮnj ƹƙ ◵ ‫ٳ‬ƿ἟‫ٵ‬ƫ ⒆  ِ Ǖ Ɨߋ ⇻ x ‫ᙺ۔‬ €Œ ǔ š Ũᣗ‫ٱ‬ij ۱‫۔‬ ‫ٱݨ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ⁆  ǖ ƭ᢯ᤎ)Ỽ ‫ٳ‬ƿգ ൶ᤄ( ِ‫ٶ‬ ǔ œ᪄‫ٱ‬ij ͚ ካ ₰‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ưő࿬  ǖ ƭ᢯ ༶‫ٳ‬ƿᶰ  Ǖ ƭ௤ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ఽ   ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij Ѕඍ ͚ — ᓥઈ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ͚ —ĕ Ă ĕ ƶ ĵ Ă Č Ă ĕķĕİ Ă Čᨪ ᗺ – ຮ ™᧖ —  ᙺ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀ ǘ Ʊᆽ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǔ ư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ͑፲ ™᧖ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ǂǏ ŗ ຈ‫ٱ‬ij š ‫ٶ‬œ» ༶Ì ༠ — ሱ ᝸‫ٱ‬ij  ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ şⅆ ʮ ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿ ե ẵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ʼnᠷ ◵  njşٓ‫ٱ‬ij ດ ‫۔‬ᰩᆽŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٱ‬ij – ᙺ నĶǎư  ຋ ⇘™ ƽᮃ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ ،ᙺ ‫ٱ‬Ĵ ǖ ư¸ » ╧‫ٵ‬ƫ ◵ ᓥÌ š ‫ٳ‬ƿ↎ Ũ᧖ ᘳ ᠶ‫ٳ‬ƿ  ‫ ܗ‬ ǔ ƻઈ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ǁƒ౐ ཌྷ ᚡ‫ٶ‬œُ‫ٱ‬ij ᚡ‫ٶ‬œِ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٱ‬Ĵ Ǖ ƙణ ޵ Ũᚚ ◵ ƻও‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫű  ẵ ‫ ᙺ۔‬¬ֶƗ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ  Ǖ ƮƊ‫ٱ‬Ĵnj ư ͚ᦅ ‫ٳ‬ǁƦ ͚¹ ʮ ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ ອ‫ٱ‬Ĵƙ ͚  ǔ ƻᰋ  ƒ ኀ ༶‫ٱ‬ĴǍư ຝ‫۔‬ ۲‫۔‬ ‫ٱ‬ij ⊑ ⃊‫ٳ‬ƿ ᤉ‫ٱ‬ij Ũઈ‫ٱ‬ij  ǖ ƭ᢯ ŮŢ‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ڬ‬  ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij℈‫ٱ܍‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ — ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٶ‬œ Ꭴ‫ٱ‬ijƻ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ǀǎƱ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳ ͚ŕ અ ͚ ‫ٳ‬ƿᦅ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ  ༠ ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij અ ͚ ƒ ʮ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ༶ᆽ، ⛨  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij Ӌ  ͚ ⍱‫ٵ‬ƫ ᓥƳŕ અ ͚ અ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ Ũœ ჻ᑊⓔ Ī‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᗺ  njƭ‫ٱ‬ij  ™᧖ — ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿᐊ  njƮnjţ‫ٱ‬ij‫ٵ‬ƫ ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij  ǔ Ŵ‫ٳ‬ǁƒᨨ ‿ ᙴ، ͚  ǔ ƻ‫ٱ‬ij ʮ ŕ‫ٶ‬œ⇘‫ٱ‬ij  ƒ  ǖ Ʈnjţᠷ ‫۔‬ ƻᓦ ™ ‫ٳ‬ƿ{‫ٱ‬ij ͚  ǖ ƯƦ‫ٵ‬ƫ – ᙺ  njƯō⋡ ⇉ ˆ‫ٱ‬ij᧖ ⛨  ƽ‫ٳ‬ Ǘ ǀnjƱ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij Տ ᠻᆽ ઍ š  ༴ Ɨ‫ٶ‬œ ،ၙٓ‫ٱ‬ij  Ǎƭ᫲‫ٱ‬ij ◵ Ɨ‫ٱ‬ij ƻጹ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư ‫ٳ‬ ǔ ƿŕ‫ٶ‬œ‫ٱ‬Ĵǎư   ‫ ׈‬຋ ᙺᨪ ༷ ℈‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬Ĵnjư – ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᬨ‫ٱ‬ij ‫ٳ‬ƿ‫ٵ‬ƫ‫ٱ‬ij ᙺ‫ٳ‬ƿ ᘳ ྂٓ‫ٱ‬ij  ⚮ ˜‫ٱ‬ij