2. ͵
SUMMARY
‹‹•Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• —†‡”Ǧ
™‡– ƒ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ…“—‹”‹‰ ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‹‰
‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… †‡–‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹• ‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡
•…ƒŽ‡‹ʹͲͲͺȂʹͲͳ͵Ǥ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵ͶŠ‹‰Š‡”‡†—…ƒǦ
–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘™ —•‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…
†‡–‡…–‹‘•›•–‡ǤŠ‡–™‘•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–‘‘Ž•…Š‘Ǧ
•‡ ƒ• •—’’‘”– •›•–‡• ˆ‘” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ”…Šƒ”‡—”‹–‹‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒƒ†”—†‘ˆ
™‡†‹•Š ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ

3. –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘•
Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡ ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–
“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘•ǡ „—– ‡ƒ…Š ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ …‘…Ž—†‡†
Ž‹…‡•‹‰ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘• †‹† ‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ –‡Ǧ
†‡”‹‰Ǥ

4. ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—–—”‡…‘–”ƒ…–’‡”‹‘†•ǡ‹–…ƒ
„‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•”‘‘ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹
–Š‡ ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ ’”‘…‡†—”‡Ǥ ‘– ƒŽŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡“—‹”‡‡–• –Šƒ– ƒ› „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Š‹‰ŠǦ
˜‘Ž—‡ —•‡ ‹ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹
–Š‡ ’‹Ž‘– ’”‘Œ‡…–• –Šƒ– ’”‡…‡†‡† ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡ Ž‹…‡•‹‰ ’‡”‹‘†• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ‹
‘”†‡” –‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… —–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‰ ”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ
‡…‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•
‰ƒ‹‡†ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ •Šƒ”‡†
•‡–‘ˆ…”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘•
ƒ† ƒ Ž‹…‡•‹‰ –‡’Žƒ–‡ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ
•—„•‡“—‡–…‘–”ƒ…–’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ
Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ”‹• ƒǦ
ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ •‘—‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Š •›•–‡•ǡ …ƒ‘–
„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†‘Ž›„›—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…–‡…Š‘Ž‘Ǧ
‰›™‹–Š‘—––Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒ•–”‘‰…‘–”‘Ž•›•Ǧ
–‡Ǥ ‡”‡ …‘–”‘Ž ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡
•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ”‡‘–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‡‹–Š‡”
ˆ‘” ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡•‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ˆ ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹• †‡–‡…–‹‘ ’”‘…‡†—”‡• ”‡“—‹”‡•
…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •–—†‡– ƒˆǦ
ˆƒ‹”• ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‹Ǧ
„”ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
•›•–‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡‡†•Ǥ‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘–‡–
‘ˆ ‹‹•Š ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž†
•‡”˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹Žƒ† •Š‘—Ž† „‡
‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹†‡š‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…–‹˜‡…—•–‘‡”‰—‹†ƒ…‡‹Ž‹‡
™‹–Š ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• †‡ˆ‹‡† „› ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ
‹–Š‘—– ‘—” ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†
”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡•
™‹ŽŽ ‘– ”‡…‘‰‹•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—• …ƒ‘– –ƒ‡ ƒ…Ǧ
…‘—–‘ˆǡ–Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ ‹Žƒ†Ǥ

5.  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡
†ƒ–ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡Šƒ…‡†Ǥ
ƒ’•‹–Š‡…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡
‘ˆ‹†‡š‹‰ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹…‘’ƒ–Ǧ
‹„Ž‡ •ƒ˜‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒ–•ǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡” –Š‹‰•ǣ ǡ
–Š‡‘•–…‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ–ˆ‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‰‡Ž‡…Ǧ
–”‘‹… ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ …ƒ „‡ ’”‘†—…‡† ‹ —Ǧ
‡”‘—• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡
–Š‡ –‡š– ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• –‘ ’”‘†—…‡
‹…‘””‡…–‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ
—–Š‡–‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—•‡””‘Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–…ƒ
„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•‘ƒ•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‘”‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
ƒ† •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‘”‡ †ƒ–ƒ •‡…—”‡ Ž‹‹‰
‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ
•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ––Š‡•›•–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘”
•‡”˜‹…‡ Ž‡˜‡Žǣ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” …ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹•
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „ƒ•‹… •›•–‡• ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž
ˆ”ƒ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹
“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž—–‹‘• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡Ǧ
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰•›•–‡•Šƒ˜‡
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†‹ˆŽ—Ǧ
‡…‡ǡƒ•–Š‡•‡ƒ‡–Š‡†‡–‡…–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•
ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‡˜‹Ǧ
”‘‡– ‘” ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ƒ–Ǧ
–‡–‹‘ —•– „‡ ’ƒ‹† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ
†ƒ–ƒ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ †ƒ–ƒ
•‡…—”‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–
™Š‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ
Š‡Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡…‘”‡’”‘…‡••‡•‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ •–”‘‰ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ…› ƒ† ’”‡…‹•‡
—•ƒ‰‡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–›
…Š‡… ‘ˆ •–—†› ƒ––ƒ‹‡–•Ǥ

6.  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
…Š‡…‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•‹–‡”™‘˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‡
‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘ˆ ‰‘‘† •…‹Ǧ
‡–‹ˆ‹… ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ȋ
ȌǤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ”‘‘ ˆ‘” †‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ ’”‘…‡†—”ƒŽ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǣ –Š‡›
•Š‘—Ž† „‡ –‹‡† ‘”‡ …Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ† …‘’”‡Š‡Ǧ
•‹˜‡Ž›–‘–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–•–‡‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

7.  –Š‡ …‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ …Ž‡ƒ”
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ …‘•‡Ǧ
“—‡…‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ…– …‘‹––‡†ǡ ƒ†
’”‹˜ƒ…› ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• …‘…‡”‡†
•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡•—”‡†ǤŠ‡Šƒ”‘‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”ƒ…Ǧ
–‹…‡•…ƒ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ‘‰•–—†‡–•ǡ
–Š‡ ˆŽ—‡…› ‘ˆ ’”‘…‡••‡• ƒ† ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ †ƒ–ƒ ’”‘Ǧ
–‡…–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•†‡–‡…–‹‘ƒ–ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ •–—†› ’ƒ–Š ‹’‘•‡• ‡™ …‘–‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†
ƒ† ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ –Š‡
„ƒ•‹… …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹•Ǧ
…‘†—…– ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ ’”‘Ǧ
…‡••‹‰ ‹–Ǥ Š‡ •—”˜‡› ’”‘Œ‡…– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† –Š‡
’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ„ƒ•‹…†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡™‘”Ǧ
‹‰…‘…‡’–•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘‰—‹†‡–Š‡‹”ƒ’’Ž‹Ǧ
…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

8. Ͷ
Tables:
Table1,p.25:IntegrationofPDsystemsathighereducation
institutions.PDsystemsurvey2Ǧ4/2013.
Table2,p.50:Scaleforgradingthedegreeofintentioninan
actorattemptedact
Table3,p.71:Proposalsforactionrelatedtothesurveyand
bodiesresponsiblefortheirimplementation,andestimated
volumesofwork
Images:
Image1,p14:PlagiarismReferenceTariff,national
guidelinesforthesanctioningofplagiarismintheUK.
Image2,p.17:Digitodaynewsitemontheintroductionof
Nalkki,29October2007.
Image3,p.22:Thesisoriginalitycheckfeedbacksession7
February2014.
Image4,p.36:APDsystemcheckreportviewbrokenbya
faultyPDFfile.
Image5,p.38:SideǦbyǦsideuserinterfaceimageofTurnitin
andUrkundassignmentsinMoodle.
Image6,p.59:Ethicalguidelinesforlearning,Universityof
Turku.
Recommendations:
P.60Ǧ61:Recommendationsforhighereducationinstitutions
fortrainingstudentstoactethicallyandforinstructions
fordealingwithcasesofstudentcheating.
P.65:Recommendationfortrainingingoodscientificpractice
atthevariousstagesofstudypath.
P.68:RecommendationfortheassessmentofethicalguideǦ
lines,PDguidelinesandguidelinesforGSPtrainingbased
onquestionsfromseveralactorperspectives.
Graphs:
Insidecover:Therelationshipbetweenplagiarism,plagiarism
asacademicmisconductandstudentcheating,andtheelecǦ
tronicdetectionofplagiarism.Ref.Graph3.
Graph1,p9:Issueschannelledforfurtherprocessingin
workgroupsfromthekickǦoffseminaron18April2013.
Graph2,p12:RelationshipbetweenaPDsystemandPDserǦ
vice,andthecontrolframeworkofplagiarismcontrol.
Graph3,p12:LinksbetweenaPDsystemtohighereducation
institutioninfrastructureandkeyoperatinginstructions.
Graph4,p.33:Generalprocessforagreeingonindexing.
Graph5,p.33:TurnitinprocessdescriptionfortechnicalprepaǦ
rationofindexing.
Graph6,p.39:PDcheckofathesisaspartoftheassessment,
approvalandpublishingprocess.
Graph7,p.41:ProceduresinCaseofAcademicFraudatthe
UniversityofVaasa
Graph8,p.45:Threeperspectivesforexaminingtheconceptof
plagiarism.
Graph9,p.50:Plagiarism,plagiarismasacademicmisconduct
andstudentcheating.
Graph10,p.52:Continuumofplagiarismrelatedtoastudy
attainment.
Diagrams:
Diagram1,p.15:Shareofcautionsissuedforplagiarismand
fixedǦtermsuspensionsofallsanctionsinhighereducation
institutionsinSwedenin2012.
Diagrams2,p.20:DistributionofPDsystemsinFinnishuniǦ
versitiesin2013.
Diagram3,p.20:DistributionofPDsystemsinFinnishuniverǦ
sitiesofappliedsciencein2013.
Diagrams4,p.21:PDserviceownersinhighereducationinstiǦ
tutions
Diagram5,p.21:ProvidersofendǦusersupportinhighereduǦ
cationinstitutions
Diagram6,p.21:OwnersofPDservices,providersofendǦuser
supportandactorsprimarilyresponsibleformaintenance
supportinhighereducationinstitutions.
Diagram7,p.23:Readinessofhighereducationinstitutionsto
cooperateinacquiringPDsoftware.
Diagram8,p.23:ScheduleforthenextPDrelatedacquisition.

9. ͷ
CONTENTS:
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................... .............................3
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................... ...........................7
1.PDSYSTEM,PDSERVICEANDMETHODSFORCONTROLLINGPLAGIARISM...................................................10
2.WHATISTHESCALEOFTHEPROBLEM?.........................................................................................................12
3. BRIEFHISTORYOFPLAGIARISMDETECTIONSYSTEMSINHIGHEREDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSINFINLAND
16
3.1ThefirstwaveofPDtechnology...................................................................................................................16
3.2 TheuseofPDtechnologybecomesaqualitysystemrequirement.......................................................17
3.3Summaryofthehistoryofacquisitions........................................................................................................20
3.4Acquiredsystems,theirownersandmaintainersin2013...........................................................................21
4.DEVELOPMENTTARGETSINTHEACQUISITIONPROCESS.............................................................................24
4.DEVELOPMENTTARGETSINTHEACQUISITIONPROCESS.............................................................................24
4.1Highereducationinstitutions'preparednessforcooperationinlicensing...................................................24
4.2Jointpreparationofselectioncriteria..........................................................................................................24
4.3Ensuringgooddataprotectionanddatasecuritythroughouttheserviceenvironment.............................25
4.4Assessmentofefficiency,usabilityandreliability........................................................................................27
4.5Serviceprovider'sresponsibilityforthequalityofreferencedatabases.....................................................29
4.6Summaryofdevelopmentneedsintheacquisitionprocess........................................................................30
5.USEOFPDSYSTEMSINPRODUCTION............................................................................................................31
5.1VisibilityofFinnishpublicationsinreferencedatabases..............................................................................32
5.1.1ChartingofcontentͲrelatedrequirements............................................................................................32
5.1.2PDaspartofscientificpublishers'publishingprocesses.......................................................................33
5.1.3Auniformindexingprocessforvariousserviceproviders......................................................................33
5.1.4Theuseofthesesandstudyattainmentsasreferencedata.................................................................35
5.1.5SummaryofmeasuresforenhancingthequalityofreferencedatainFinland.....................................36
5.2FactorsunderminingthereliabilityandusabilityofPDsystems..................................................................37
5.2.1Partialindexingandexclusivelicensing................................................................................................37
5.2.2Invalidfileformats................................................................................................................................37
5.2.3Manipulatedrecords.............................................................................................................................38
5.2.4Poorqualityoflanguageversionsinuserinterfacesandinstructions..................................................38
5.2.5Operationaldifferencesbetweendirectuseandintegrateduse...........................................................39
5.2.6Timingoforiginalitycheckinfluencesthethesisverificationandpublishingprocess...........................40
5.2.6Summaryofthemanagementofproblemsunderminingreliabilityandusability................................41
6. COMMONBASICCONCEPTSINPLAGIARISMCONTROL..........................................................................43
6.1Backgroundandbasisfordefinition.............................................................................................................43
6.2Ethicalwritingandpermissiblecitation.......................................................................................................44
6.3Plagiarisminastudyattainmentandplagiarismasmisconduct..................................................................45
6.3.1Analysisofthestudyoftheconceptofplagiarism................................................................................45
6.3.2Definitionoftheconceptofplagiarisminastudyattainment..............................................................47
6.3.3Definitionoftheconceptofstudentcheating.......................................................................................49
6.3.4Definitionoftheconceptofplagiarismasmisconduct.........................................................................49
6.3.5Formsofplagiarismrelatedtostudyattainment..................................................................................51
6.4Recommendationfortheharmonisationofbasicconceptsrelatedtothemanagementofplagiarism......53
7. GUIDELINESFORPLAGIARISMCONTROLANDTHEIRUSAGEINHIGHEREDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSIN
FINLAND............................................................................................................................... ..............................54
7.1TheuseofPDsystemscreatestheneedforharmonisingproceduralguidelines........................................54
7.2TargetsofdevelopmentinthecontentandstructureofguidelinesrelatedtoPDactivities.......................56
7.3Contextofguidance............................................................................................................................... ......57
7.4 Recommendationsforhighereducationinstitutionsfortrainingstudentstoactethicallyandfor
instructionsfordealingwithcasesofacademicdeceit......................................................................................59
8. NEEDFORGUIDANCEANDASSESSMENTOFTHEGUIDANCESYSTEM....................................................61
8.1Whymustgoodscientificpracticebetaught?.............................................................................................61
8.2Preventingplagiarisminteaching................................................................................................................61
8.3Goodscientificpracticeinacurriculumandsyllabus...................................................................................62
8.4Recommendationfortrainingingoodscientificpracticesatthevariousstagesofstudypath...................64
8.5Protectingtheteacher'swork......................................................................................................................65
8.6Theuseofelectronicplagiarismdetectionsoftwareinteaching.................................................................66

10. 8.7 Introductionofelectronicdetectionofplagiarismandcommunicatingaboutitinhighereducation
institutions............................................................................................................................... ..........................66
8.8 Recommendationfortheassessmentofethicalguidelines,plagiarismdetectionguidelinesand
guidelinesforgoodscientificpracticebasedonquestionsfromseveralactorperspectives.............................67
9.SUMMARYOFOBSERVATIONSANDPROPOSEDMEASURES.........................................................................69
Recommendationfortrainingingoodscientificpracticesatthevariousstagesofthestudypath...................72
Protectingtheworkofteachers.........................................................................................................................72
APPENDICES............................................................................................................................... ........................73
APPENDIX1:ProblemsintextidentificationofPDFfilesandrecommendationsforhowtoproceed..............73
͸

11. Š‡”‡’‘”–‘–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡–‡…–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•‹Š‹‰Š‡”
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹ ‹Žƒ† ‡šƒ‹‡• –Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹• †‡Ǧ
–‡…–‹‘ ȋ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȍ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–• ‘ˆ —•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹’ƒ…–•
ƒ† ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’‘•‡† ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‹• –‡…ŠǦ
‘Ž‘‰› …‘—Ž† •—’’‘”– –Š‡ …‘”‡ ’”‘…‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ „‡––‡” –Šƒ ƒ– ’”‡•‡–ǡ
ƒ†™Š‹…Š•’‡…‹ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•–Š‡Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡••‡–•‘–Š‡
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† ’Žƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰—‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ ‘–Š –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
–‡ƒ…Š‡”• ‹ ‹‹•Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡…‡–
ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡‡†• ‹ •›•–‡•
ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹‰—‹†ƒ…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”—•‡Ǥͳ

12. –Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ™‡†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–‘……—”‹ˆ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•’Žƒ‡†‘ƒ‡š…‡••‹˜‡Ž›ƒ””‘™•…ƒŽ‡ǡ‹‰‘”‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰—‹†ƒ…‡ •–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡•
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ›ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡†‹•–‘”––Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡ǣ•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‰—‹†Ǧ
‡†–‘ƒ˜‘‹†’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹…‹••—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‡”•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…
—•‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‡–Š‘†•
–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ™”‹–‹‰ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹‰‘”‡†Ǥʹ

13. –Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ
™‡’”‘’‘•‡†”ƒˆ–•ˆ‘”‰‘‘†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‹…‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‡›’”‘„Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†
‹–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ

14. Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹…›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘”
‹‰Š‡” †—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‹‡…‡ ‘Ž‹…›ǡ –Š‹• ”‡’‘”– ™ƒ• ’”‡’ƒ”‡† „› ™‘”‹‰
‰”‘—’•ƒ†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡

15. ȋ

16. ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•ƒ–”—…–—”ƒŽ
—’’‘”–Ȍ ’”‘Œ‡…– ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•̵ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ†Ǧ
‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•—’’‘”–‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
™‘—Ž† •‡‡ –‘ ”‡“—‹”‡ ™‡”‡ Œ‘‹–Ž› †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡†Ǥ

17.  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ƒ† ”—Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ •—”˜‡› ’”‘…‡•• Šƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† †‡–‡”‹‡†
‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• –Š‘•‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ǡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† ƒ†‹Ǧ
‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•›•–‡•Šƒ˜‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡‡–™‘”‡†‡…‘•›•–‡‘ˆ

18. ƒ…Ǧ
–‘”•Ǥ

19. ˆƒ…–ǡ‘—””‡’‘”–‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ™‘”‹‰‡‘ˆ‘”‡š’‡”–‡–™‘”•”‡Ǧ
•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ǡƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ
Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•„‡–™‡‡Š‹‰Š‡”‡†—…ƒǦ
–‹‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡Œ‘‹–Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†‘Ǥ…‘Ǧ
’‡–‡–‘™‡”™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ˆ‘”•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡– –ƒ”‰‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ …Šƒ’–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡’‘”– ‹…Ž—†‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‘Ǧ
’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘””‡•‘Ž˜‹‰‘™‡”•Š‹’‹••—‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘””‡•‘Ž˜‹‰
–Š‡Ǥ
ͳImpactofPoliciesforplagiarisminHigherEducationAcrossEuropeȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ‹’’Š‡ƒ‡Ǥ‡—ȀȌǤ
ʹ”‹ƒÚˆ•–”ڏƬƒ—Ž‹‹ƒ—’‹ŽƒȋʹͲͳͳȌǣŽƒ‰‹ƒƒ–‹–—‹•–—•Œ¡”Œ‡•–‡Ž¡‘’’‹‹•‡‘ŠŒƒƒ‹Ǧ
•‡˜¡Ž‹‡‡¡ǤPedaǦFormumʹȀͳͳǡͳ͹ǢǤǤ„ƒ•‹ƬǤ
”ƒ˜‡•ȋʹͲͲͺȌǣ…ƒ†‡‹…Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›ƒ†
’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•ǣ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ† †‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ǥ
JournalofEnglishforAcademicPurposesǡʹʹͳȂʹ͵͵Ǥ
͹
FOREWORD

20. Š‹•”‡’‘”–™ƒ•…‘’Ž‡–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒ„ƒ…‰”‘—†’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–‹Ǧ
˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ›’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ

21. •’”‹‰ʹͲͳʹǡ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—”—’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ†—…ƒǦ
–‹‘ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ •Š‘—Ž† ’ƒ› ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‹••—‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ†
‡‡”‰‡††—‡–‘–Š‡„‘‘‹ƒ…“—‹”‹‰•›•–‡•ǣŠ‘™–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•‡–Š‡‡š–‡Ǧ
•‹˜‡•‘—”…‹‰‘ˆ ‹‹•Š”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŠ‘™–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–—‹Ǧ
ˆ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡• …‘…‡”‹‰ •—•’‡…–‡† …ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•ǡ
Š‘™ –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ …‘…‡’– ƒ† ’”‘…‡†—”‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ‡™
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘…”‹–‡”‹ƒ
ˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫ
Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—Ž–—”‡̵•‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘”‹‰Š‡”†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
…‹‡…‡‘Ž‹…›–‘‘…Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ƒ††‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‡’ƒ”ƒǦ
–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ––‡” –‘ –Š‡ •–‡‡”‹‰ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ

22. ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ Š‡ •–‡‡”‹‰
‰”‘—’”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ––‘‡•—”‡–Š‡…”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”‡†—…ƒǦ
–‹‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘•‡…—”‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‹…•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ •‘Ž‡ ‘™‡” ˆ‘” –Š‹• “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ•’‡…– ‡š‹•–• ‹ ‹Ǧ
Žƒ†Ǥ
•ƒˆ—”–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ‡‹‘”Žƒ‹‰ˆˆ‹…‡”‘––‹—Šƒ‡™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ––‡”—–‹Ž–Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲͳ͵Ǥ‹•†—–‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡
‘ˆ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ‡–™‘”–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‡”Ǧ
˜‹…‡—•‡”•ƒ†‹•–”—…–‘”•Ǥ
Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ™ƒ• ‹…‡† ‘ˆˆ ƒ– –Š‡ •‡‹ƒ” –‹–Ž‡†Control of plaǦ
giarism and electronic detection of plagiarism in higher education institutions
‘ͳͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳ͵ƒ–ƒ‡…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ…‘‘‹…•‹‡Ž•‹‹Ǥ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡•—”Ǧ
˜‡›‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›Ǧ’”‹ŽʹͲͳ͵‘†‡–‡…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡’”‡…‡†‡†–Š‡•‡‹ƒ”Ǥ
Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘•ƒ†’ƒ‡Ž…‘‡–•ǡ†‡•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡‡†•
‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ †—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡
‹‹•Š†˜‹•‘”›‘ƒ”†‘‡•‡ƒ”…Š

23. –‡‰”‹–›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ ‹Žƒ†ǡ
•…‹‡…‡’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Š‘—•‡•ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡‡›’”‘„Ǧ
Ž‡• ƒ† ƒ…—–‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡‡†• ‹ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•Ǥ ‘—” ™‘”‹‰
‰”‘—’• –‘ …‘–‹—‡ –Š‡ ™‘” ™‡”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡† ‹ …‘‡…–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹…Ǧ‘ˆˆ
•‡‹ƒ”ǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹•”‡Ǧ
’‘”–™‡”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‘—”™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’•Šƒ˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘•ǡ•—’’‘”–Ǧ
‡† „› –Š‡ •–—†‡– ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘̵• ‡–™‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹Ǧ
„”ƒ”›̵• ‹‹„ ƒ…–‘”•Ǥ

24. ••—‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‡› …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‰‹ƒǦ
”‹•†‡–‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ•›•–‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ••‡••‡–…”‹–‡”‹ƒǡ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒǦ
–‹‘’”‘…‡••‘†‡Ž•ǡ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰‹‰‘‘†•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ†
…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ’Žƒ‰‹ƒ”‹•™‡”‡Šƒ†Ž‡†ƒ–ͳͶ™‘”•Š‘’‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡ
Š‹‰Š‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‡™ ’”‘…‡†—”ƒŽ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ƒ† ”‡˜‹•‡† ˆ‘”‡” ‹•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”‹‰
ͺ

25. ‰”‘—’•̵„‡…Šƒ”‹‰ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡š…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”—Šƒ••‘—‰Š––‘•—’’‘”–
–Š‡•‡’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ”‘Œ‡…–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†‹̵•

26. ™‹‹Ǥ
Š‡”‡’‘”–ƒ††”‡••‡•’”‘„Ž‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘”—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
•›•–‡• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ† †‡ˆ‹‡†ǡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ’ƒ–Š• ˆ‘”
Š‘™–‘’”‘…‡‡†‹”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘†‡Ž•
‘”’‹Ž‘–‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‘†‡Ž•ƒ†ǡ‹ˆ‡…‡••ƒ”›ǡ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––ƒ”Ǧ
‰‡–‘™‡”•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡’—”’‘•‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’‘”–ˆ‘…—•‡•
‘‹••—‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ†‡–‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡…‘†’ƒ”–’”‡•‡–•‹••—‡•‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‡…‘†‹–‹‘•
‘ˆ‡†—•‡”•Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡’‘”– ‹…Ž—†‡• •‡…–‹‘• ’”‡’ƒ”‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘” ƒ† ™‘”‹‰
‰”‘—’ …Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘•ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ…‡† ƒ• •—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
‹̵••‡”˜‹…‡’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’•Šƒ˜‡”‡ˆ‹‡†ƒŽŽ…‘–‡–•ǡ
–Š‡”‡’‘”–‹••‹‰‡†„›ƒŽŽ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’•Ǥ
—”˜‡›”‡’‘”–”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡ƒ••‡••‡†„›–Š‡

27. ›‡”‰›‰”‘—’‘ˆ–Š‡

28. ’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ

29. •–‡‡”‹‰ ‰”‘—’ ƒ†

30. •–‡‡”‹‰ ‰”‘—’ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ”‡…‘Ǧ
‡†ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•
’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
ʹ͸ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶ
†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”
TottiTuhkanen,UniversityofTurku
”‘—’…Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘•
AnnaJohansson,AaltoUniversity
MarkkuIhonen,UniversityofTampere
KariSilpiö,HaagaǦHeliaUniversityofAppliedSciences
MinnaVänskä,AaltoUniversity
š’‡”–•
ͻ
DanHolm,ÅboAkademi
OleKarlsson,ÅboAkademi
PauliinaKupila,UniversityofHelsinki
IrmaMänty,LaureaUniversityofAppliedSciences
AnneNevgi,UniversityofHelsinki
ElizabethSanMiguel,HaagaǦHeliaUniversityofAppliedSciences
SannaSuoranta,AaltoUniversity
SariTervonen,UniversityofEasternFinland
ArjaTuuliniemi,FinELib
KaieVeiler,HankenSchoolofEconomics
Thewholepublicationcanberead(inFinnish)intheaddress:http://51.fi/EDP2013