2. INTRODUCTION TO WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology
consisting of spatially scattered independent devices.
• WSN is a self- organize network with a large number of
small sensors nodes
• Sensor nodes are equipped with self-supported battery
power.
• It is used and organized to sense, observe and recognize the
physical entity
3. WSN MODEL
Major components of WSN model are sensor field, sensor
node, sink node or base station and Internet.
Sensor nodes are made up of four basic components - a
sensor, a processor, a radio transceiver and a power Supply.
4. OBJECTIVES
• To design, share resource allocation and channel bandwidth
• To calculate buffer length and rate control packets
• To avoid unnecessary traffic at input and output side
• To detect and avoid congestion in the network
• To Improve parameters like Throughput, Energy efficiency, Packet
Drop, Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio using various protocols
5. CONGESTION IN WSN
• Congestion occurs due to more sensors, packet drop, receiving more
packets than transmitting and buffer queue size.
• A congestion control technique relates the detection, notification and
avoidance at either node or link.
• Congestion takes place when several nodes can transmit packets to a single
channel.
• Traffic and Congestion are the main issues in designing the network.
6. CONGESTION CONTROL PROTOCOLS
• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
• Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)
• Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA)
• Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
• Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV)
• Prioritized Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP)
• Hop by hop Congestion Control Protocol (HCCP)
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. CONGESTION DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE (CODA)
(Wan, C-Y, Eisenman, SB & Campbell - ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks – 2011)
•CODA has accurate and efficient congestion over the wireless sensor
networks.
•The congestion should prefer the previous and the past channel for
transmission.
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED:
Buffer overflow and link failure is not identified in this research
work leads to failure of the network
8. LITERATURE REVIEW- Contd
2. QOS ADAPTIVE CONGESTION CONTROL
(K.Sindhuja & Reddy – IJIRT – 2015)
•QoS which provides better networking services over various
technologies and also provides guarantee for the delivery of packets.
•Some of the routing protocols are SAR, PCCP and SPEED.
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED:
Node deployment and resource allocation is not allocated based on
the priority to the nodes in the network
9. LITERATURE REVIEW- Contd
3. TADR TO ALLEVIATE CONGESTION
(Naik, G, Kulkarn, H, Gaikwad, P & Yadav , T - Int.J. Computer Technology &
Applications – 2014) (Das, SK & Lin, C - IEEE Transactions on Systems – 2011)
•(TADR) algorithm which is proposed to route packets around the
congestion areas and scatter the excessive packets along multiple paths
consisting of idle and under loaded nodes.
•TADR is designed for congestion control techniques to improve the
throughput of the network. It can be increased by sending excess
packets through multiple paths in the congestion area.
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED:
In multipath scheme, more number of packets are kept in idle state
leads to energy waste
10. CONGESTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
• Congestion takes place when several nodes can transmit packets to a
single channel.
• When nodes get closer to the sink, the traffic increases, leading to
congestion.
• Congestion control scheme which is necessary to improve the
Quality of Service (QoS) and System life time.
11. CONGESTION DETECTION
Some of the methods for congestion detection are packet loss, queue
length, channel load and transmission delay.
12. CONGESTION NOTIFICATION
• Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) allows end to end
notification from sender to receiver
• The goal is to reduce packet loss and delay by decreasing the
transmission rate without dropping packets.
13. CONGESTION AVOIDANCE
• When the Queue occupancy is less than the congestion threshold,
congestion is avoided in the buffer state.
• Congestion can be avoided by TCP over RTT technique in which the
congestion takes place in the slow start region.
• Congestion is mainly related to the window size of the network.
• If the window size exceeds the threshold value then congestion will
be avoided.
15. SIMULATION, RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The existing method with link failure has 53,272 successful
packets transmitted and 38,342 packets received in the sink,
whereas proposed method has 64,882 packets transmitted and
50,219 packets received at the receiver end.
16. CONCULSION
• This new technique TADR with geographical features
will improve the QoS and system performance.
• A TADR algorithm in MAC layer is implemented to
segment the packets
• With the new technique, the packet loss has been
minimized and throughput has been increased.
17. FUTURE SCOPE
• It can be implemented on cognitive radio networks
and wireless multimedia sensor networks for
commercial and industrial purposes.
• This research work can be extended in future using
mobile sensor nodes with security measures to
improve the performance of WSN.
18. REFERENCES
• Ahmad, MZ &Turgut, D 2008, 'Congestion Avoidance and Fairness in Wireless Sensor
Networks', IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications
Conference.
• Akyildiz, IF 2003, 'ESRT : Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor',
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• Antoniou, P, Pitsillides, A, Blackwell, T, Engelbrecht, A & Michael, L 2013, 'Congestion
control in wireless sensor networks based on bird flocking behavior', Computer
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19. REFERENCES – Contd.
• Bhuyan, B 2010, 'Quality of Service (QoS) Provisions in Wireless Sensor Networks
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20. REFERENCES – Contd.
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