The document discusses different aspects of thinking. It defines thinking as a cognitive activity that is symbolic, problem-solving oriented, and directed towards achieving some goal. It notes that humans are capable of different types of thinking including perceptual, conceptual, creative, logical, and problem solving. Specific types of thinking like convergent and divergent thinking are also examined. The document also explores reasoning as a form of logical thinking aimed at combining past experiences to solve new problems.

1. THINKING

2. ⚫People think-that’s obvious.
⚫Human are rational beings &our rationality consists in our
abilityto think &reason.
⚫It is because of our capacity for better thinking that we are
superior to other animals in learning &in making
adjustment.
⚫During most of our waking hours, &even when we are
asleep &dreaming, we are thinking,What are you thinking
about right now
.
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3. ⚫Thinking is an activity concerning ideas,symbolic in character
initiated by a problemor taskwhichthe individual isfacing,
involving some trial &error but under the directing influence of that
problem &ultimatelyleading to aconclusion or solution of the
problem.
--------Warren
⚫Thinking is the organization &reorganization of current learning in
the present circumstances with the help of learning &past
experiences.
---------V
inacke (1968)
⚫Thinking is the perceptual relationship which provides for the
solution ofthe problem.
Maier
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4. ⚫It is essentially acognitive activity
.
⚫It is alwaysdirected to achieve some end or purpose.
⚫It is described asa problem-solving behavior.
⚫It is asymbolic activity
.
⚫It is mental exploration instead of motor
exploration.
⚫It can shift veryrapidly
.
⚫It is internal activity
.
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5. 1. Perceptual or concrete thinking
2. Conceptual or abstract thinking
3. Creative thinking
4. Logical thinking/ reasoning
5. Problem solving
6. ConvergentVs Divergent thinking
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6. ⚫Simplest form
⚫It is based on perception.
⚫Perception is the process of interpretation of sensation
accordingto one’sexperience.
⚫It isalsocalled concrete thinking
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7. ⚫It does not require the perception of actual objects or events.
⚫It is also called abstract thinkingas it makes the use of
concepts or abstract ideas.
⚫It is superior to perceptual thinking'sasit economizes efforts
in understanding&helps in discovery&invention.
⚫It is multidimensional thinking with ability to
use hypothesesappropriately
.
⚫Languageplaysan important part in
conceptual thinking.
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8. ⚫It refers to the abilityfor original thinking,
to create or discover somethingnew
.
⚫It is the abilityto integrate the variouselements of the
situationinto aharmoniouswhole to create somethingnovel.
⚫In other words, cognitiveactivity directed towardssome
creative work refers to creative thinking.
⚫Creativethinkers are great boons to the societyasthey enrich
the knowledgeofmankind.
⚫The creative thinker triesto achieve somethingnew
, to
producesomethingoriginal&somethingunique
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9. Stages/Process of creative thinking

10. ⚫It is the cognitiveprocess of looking for reasons for beliefs,
conclusion,actions or feelings.
⚫It is the process of drawingconclusions based on evidence.
⚫It is form ofcontrolled thinkingin which the thought process
is directed consciouslytowards the solutionsof aproblem.
⚫Reasoningis the highest form of thinkingto find out causes&
predict effects.
⚫Anindividual tries to solveaproblem by
incorporating two or more aspects ofhis past
experience.
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11. ⚫It is atool, skill &aprocess.
⚫It is atool because it can help you solve an immediate problem or
to achieve agoal.
⚫It isa skill becauseonceyou have learnt it you canuseit
repeatedly,like the ability to ride abicycle, add numbers or speak a
language.
⚫It is also aprocess because it involve taking anumber of steps.
⚫Y
oucan engage in problem solving if you want to reach agoal &
experience obstacles on the way
.
⚫At the point at which you come up against abarrier you can engage
in aproblem solving process to help you achieve your goal.
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12. Count…
⚫Every time you use aproblem solving process, you are increasing
your problem solving skill.
⚫Aseven-step problem solving cycles;
1. Identify the problem
2. Explore the problem
3. Set goals
4. Look at alternatives
5. Select apossible solution
6. Implement apossible solution
7. evaluation
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13. ⚫Convergentthinkingis cognitiveprocessing of information
around acommon point,an attempt to bring thoughts from
different directionsinto aunion for common conclusion
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14. ⚫Divergent thinking starts from acommon point &moves
outward into avariety of perspectives.Eg;teachers use the
content asavehicleto prompt diverseor unique thinking
amongstudents rather than acommon view.

15. ⚫There are sixlevels of thinking / learning within cognitive
hierarchyof behaviors;
1. Level1:Knowledge
2. Level 2: Comprehension
3. Level 3:Application
4. Level 4:Analysis
5. Level 5: Synthesis
6. Level 6: Evaluation
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16. ⚫It involve recall of facts, principles &terms in the
forms in which theyare learned.
⚫Keywords:who,what,when, omit, where, which,
choose, find, how,define, label, show,spell, list,
match, name, relate, tell, recall, select.
⚫Eg;When did --------------------------happen?
Which one ?
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17. ⚫It represent the lowest form of understanding.
⚫The student knowswhat is being communicated without relating it
to other material or seeing it in itsfullest meaning.
⚫It demonstrates understanding of facts &ideas byorganizing,
comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions &stating
main ideas.
⚫Keywords:Compare, contrast, demonstrate, interpret, explain,
extend, illustrate, infer, outline, relate, rephrase, translate,
summarize, show
, classify
.
⚫ Eg;What facts or ideasshow-------------?
Whichis the best answer---------- ?
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18. ⚫It involve the use of abstractions in concrete situation such as
nursing or other specific situations.
⚫It is solving problems byapplying acquired knowledge, facts,
techniques &rules in adifferent way
.
⚫Keywords: apply,build, choose,construct develop,interview,
make use of, organize, experiment with plan, select,solve,
utilize, model, identify
.
⚫Eg;What would result if--------------?
Can you make use of the facts to--------?
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19. ⚫It is examining &breaking information into parts byidentifying
motivesor causes; makinginferences&findingevidenceto
support generalization.
⚫Keywords:analyze,categorize, compare, contrast, discover,
dissect, divide, examine, inspect, simplify,survey,takepart in,
test for, distinguish, list, distinction, theme, relationships,
function, motive, inferences, assumption, conclusion.
⚫ Eg;What are keyparts or features of-------------?
What motive is there-----------------?
What evidence can you find---------------?
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20. ⚫It is compiling information together in adifferent wayby
combining element in anew pattern or proposing alternative
solution.
⚫Keywords:build, choose,combine,compile, compose, construct,
create, design, develop,estimate, formulate, imagine, invent,
makeup,originate, plan, predict, propose, solve solution etc.
⚫ Eg; Can you propose an alternative-----------?
Can you formulate atheoryfor-----------?
What facts can you compile-----------?
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21. ⚫It is presenting &defending opinion bymaking judgment about
information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on aset of
criteria.
⚫Keywords: award,choose, conclude, criticize, decide, defend,
determine, evaluate, judge, justify
, measure, compare, mark,
rate, recommend, prioritize, prove, disprove etc.
⚫ Eg;What is your opinion of--------------?
Would it be better if---------------?
How would you rate the-----------------?
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22. REASONING
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23. DEFINATION OF REASONING
⚫Reasoningis step-wise thinking with apurpose or
goal in mind.
-(Garrett - 1968)
⚫Reasoningis combining past experience in order to
solveaproblem whichcannot be solvedbymere
reproduction of earlier solutions.
-(Mann - 1967)
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24. NATURE OF REASONING
⚫It is aform of logical thinking
⚫It is characterized by rigid control that keeps it in
close contact with reality
.
⚫It is alwaysdirected towards the achievement of a
specific goal.
⚫Reasoningdoes not occur unless a question has
arisen for which there is no readyanswer.
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26. Than
k
you
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