Anonymous Evaluation Form Andragogy

Main Elements Of Andragogy As An Anonymous Evaluation Form...
switch. The goal is not to formally assess and provide a grade, but to work through the skills
together, gain feedback and personally identify areas for growth. After everyone completed their
assessments and are back in one large group, ask participants how they feel about what they learned.
Ask them how we can use what was learned today in the future. Ask them what they feel worked
well or where they need more practice. Have participants complete an anonymous evaluation form
(found in the Appendix) of the in–service to help the facilitator develop future in–services.
Theory/Rationale
Andragogy
Knowles (1980) describes Andragogy as the "art and science of helping adults learn" (as cited in
Melrose et al., 2015). Three foundational elements of andragogy include self–direction, experiential
learning, and collaboration. Adult learners do not want to be told what to do. Participants want to
have input on their learning. By asking participants at the beginning of the session what areas of
tracheostomy care they were comfortable with and what they were unfamiliar with, participants
have an opportunity to have the learning. tailored to their needs and participate in self–directed
learning.
Experiential learning is learning through a hands–on approach (Melrose et al., 2015). When learners
learn through a hand on the approach they are directly submerged in the learning activity and can
integrate cognitive, emotional and physical functions. In this in–service learns will have an
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The Self Directed Learning Theory
Self–Directed Learning Theory
1. Self–directed learning can be defined as either the process of learning or the personal
characteristics of the learner. Either way, it is apparent that this is the goal of adult education
institutions and can be seen in both their courses and their missions to create life long learners.
Malcolm Knowles in his studies and writings on andragogy defined self–directed learning or SDL
learning as "the process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others, in
diagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, identifying human and material
resources for learning, choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies, and evaluating
those learning outcomes (Merriam ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SDL can also be thought of as a personal attribute in which the learner has a predisposition toward
this method of learning. Knowles wrote that efficacy and age were both important factors in SDL.
As a person ages, they become more responsible for their learning and the more confident they will
be in their ability to learn. The ultimate goal of all teaching, whether adult of child, is to enhance the
cognitive and emotional capacities to develop self–directed learning (Costa & Garmston, 2002).
These positive SDL characteristics are also tied to motivation and experience.
For adult learning to be effective, motivation must exist in the learner to participate in the learning
process. In SDL the motivation is always the catalyst that initiates the process. Learning
organizations are now coming on board and realizing that their expectations must change from the
traditional learning to requiring adults to be fully able to operate from complex cognitive structures.
Adult learners must be self–directed if not the adult education has failed (Arredondo & Rucinski,
1998).
2. In my own experiences I have witnessed that if the context and motivations are right then self–
directed learning will almost certainly occur. In my own experiences, I see SDL as an attribute that
is present in educators that have been effective over long careers. They

Andragogy vs Pedagogy
Adult Education is the extension of educational opportunities to those adults beyond the age of
general public education who feel a need for further education or training of any sort. Even though it
has been around for some time, it is still a growing field in the US that hasn't caught up to the
education of children and younger adults. There is a set of principles for Andragogy, how adults
learn and another for pedagogy, how children learn. This paper will look at one main theory of adult
education and how the ideas are portrayed. It will also compare the pedagogical and andragogical
approaches to highlight the differences between how children learn compared to adults and how
these differences affect learning needs, preferences and the ... Show more content on
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The teacher will have to make sure that the information or knowledge is relevant to adults as they
may choose to learn the material only if it is relevant meaning they will use the new information in
some capacity in their daily lives. One of the main theories of adult education comes from Malcolm
Knowles who is often credited for putting adult education and adult learning at the forefront because
of the researches he did on the topic and many papers and books he wrote about it. His idea of how
adults learn was based on five basic principles. These first is that the motivation for adults to learn is
more intrinsic as they may have greater self esteem or need to learn to achieve a better quality of
life. The second is that adults are more experienced and that experience can be useful in the learning
process as it is a form of resource. The third is "self–concept: As a person matures his self concept
moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self–directed human
being[5]" meaning adults are independent and will not rely on instructor for everything. The fourth
is that there is an increased readiness to learn information that may prove useful in their daily lives
and fifth, adult become more task or problem solving oriented instead of learning by subject matter.
The principles of how adults learn are presented in a way

Impact Of Andragogy On Educational Philosophy
Andragogy's Impact on Educational Philosophy and Instructional Strategies
Since its appearance on the U.S. education radar screen 40 years ago, andragogy has challenged the
design and execution of adult 24 educations. It emphasizes the need for the adaptation of long held
education theories to meet adult–specific learning needs (Knowles, 1990). Andragogy has prompted
scholars and practitioners alike to question the assumption that a pedagogical approach is
appropriate in every learning situation. It has also called into question how education is delivered to
students.
As Hadley (1975) stated, " a pedagogical approach to learning stresses systematic procedures
designed and implemented by a teacher who sees control as essential for effective learning" (p. 122–
123). Similarly Kerwin (1975) stated, "pedagogically–oriented learning is primarily concerned with
transmitting what is known, does not involve the learners in the design and operation of ... Show
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Their participation can begin with the needs assessment process where group members establish the
programme goals and objectives. It is a widely held belief that people will make firm commitments
to activities in which they feel they participated and contributed to the planning.
Training materials and lesson plan design should schedule time for student contribution to the
discussion at hand. Relevancy and grounding concepts into one=s own experience comes from
hearing others discuss similar experiences, providing your own experience, having the opportunity
to discuss the implications of some concept on the job that they currently perform, and in making
the conceptual link between the point being made and experience and application to the learners
needs. (Dirkx, J.M., and Prenger, S.M. (1997).
Diagnosis of Learning

Phedagogy: Pedagogy And Andragogy
OTD 7051 Assigment 2
Q1. The article described the 5 assumptions the adult learner have according Andragogy, and this
characteristics are important for those who are studying in an online education programs. The online
education programs need to collaborate in the process with the learner to achieve their educational
goals. The program needs to design and implement a program that directs the experiences of the
learner to engage in the educational process. Also the program could help the adult learner on the
way they can direct their own learning process with a respected and supported mutuality between
teachers and students.
Q2. The adult learner needs in order to be successful in an education program an independent self–
concept who can direct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There exist different areas for investigation to expand our understanding of adult learning through
self–directed learning. In the article the author mention the list of the areas of investigation that was
established by Merriam and Caffarella (1999):
–How some adults remain self–directed in their learning over long periods of time
–How the process changes as learners move from novice to expert in subject matter and learning
strategies
–How issues of power and control interact with the use of SDL in formal settings
–Whether being self–directed as a learner has an impact on one's instructional and planning
activities
–What the role is of public policy in SDL
–What the critical practice of SDL looks like in practice
–How contextual factors interact with the personal characteristics of self–directed learners
As student or future instructor I would like to explore how some adults remain self–directed in their
learning over long periods of time. As healthcare professional we maintain our continuing education
to keep our professionals licenses so we need to remain self directed learning, and it will be
interesting explore how self directed learning can help understand this kind of adult learning

Applying Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Model to Isd Essay
Applying Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Model to ISD
Abstract The way that an instructional designer defines learning and what is believed about the way
learning occurs plays an important role in situations where the facilitator wants to make a change in
how people do a job or they need to learn something new on the job. This paper focuses on Malcolm
Knowles adult learning assumptions and how to apply them in instructional strategies and
techniques for facilitating learning. It also explores some of the critics concerning his assumptions.
Knowles assumptions concerning adult learning are each addressed and an example provided on
how to apply these assumptions to ISD using technology. The information presented here provides
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowles laid the groundwork that trainers needed to take into consideration before revising,
developing, or presenting any training program targeted at adults.
Knowles begins his assessments by asking several crucial questions about his learners and using a
holistic approach in developing training in chapter 13 ASTD. He begins by addressing the climate
and condition of the environment that he will be teaching in. His goal is to focus on collaboration
between the facilitator, the trainee, and their peers. He wants a comfortable atmosphere with the
proper tools and accommodations that will help his students learn in comfort. His methods are
geared towards building a friendly, fun, and approachable learning atmosphere.
Diagnosing the audience needs can be done in many different ways, such as in Rothwell's learning
assessment. Knowles on the other hand includes his participants in diagnosing their own learning
needs. Knowles proposes that learning is not a need unless the trainee perceives it to be and by
allowing them to participate in the planning of their own learning, he helps them want to learn what
they need to learn. Knowles suggests an emphasis on self–diagnostic procedures such as simulation
exercises, assessments; competency based testing, and feedback. Once the learner has diagnosed

Personal Narrative : The Adult Learning Theory
Andragogy: The Adult Learning Theory
Amanda Burrell
Tyler Junior College
Andragogy: The Adult Learning Theory
Learning is a universal language, spoken by all and mastered by many. However, just as world
languages vary in complexity, elements and uniqueness, learning theories are vastly diverse. The
adult learning theory, also known as androgogy, demonstrates the unique and complex way that
adults learn. The theory "reaches a worldwide audience" (Henschke, 2011), as the growing presence
of adults on college campuses indicates these learners are no longer viewed as "non–traditional"
(Ross–Gordon, 2011), but rather are becoming more of the norm in the undergraduate student body.
Recent social and economic forces have greatly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let's elaborate on these attributes.
First, adult learners, see education as leading to a deeper understanding of oneself and therefore as
intrinsically valuable (Weathersby, 1981). They have a great desire to be treated equally and
respected as students. Their expressionism of independence is translated as the adult learner makes
choices in the design, functionality and progression of their college career.
Next, the knowledge and experience an adult has already obtained can greatly impact their learning
capability and capacity. The ability to draw from, add to, filter and modify what information is
relevant from this resource, contributes to the adult learners power at overcome mistakes and
progress at a steadier pace, benefiting the learner in their college career and beyond.
Additionally, the adult learner is inclined to prioritize their acquisition of knowledge. The liklihood
that they are juggling other life roles while attending school is a key characteristic disqinguishing
adults from other college students. (Ross–Gordon, 2011). Knowles stated that "as a person matures
his readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles"
(Lumadue, 2013). This will be indicative for adult

Adult Students Learn Differently Than Children
Adult students learn differently than children. While children have to ability to absorb information,
adults have so many responsibilities going on that may distract and slow down the learning process.
Children are open–minded and less encumbered by life's daily activities such as; family, friends,
social obligations, and past experiences. Past experiences may impact the way an adult thinks, acts,
and processes information. As adults grow older the aging process may slow down learning
(elearningindustry.com). The positive thing with the adult learner is their maturity, desire and
commitment to learn something new. Many people may not have had the opportunity for technology
advancement as today's children have. The adult learner may be reliant on pencil and paper while
today's society uses electronic technology. They also may be more practical, motivated, and able to
prioritize the needs in their lives. We (me included) have to determine where we are, where we want
to be, and how to get there. Unfortunately, we may have become creatures of habit, so learning
something new may take a little longer for us to grasp. Traditional methods may not work for us so
we have to find other means of comprehension. Several notable people have studied human
behavior and developed several theories about the adult learner that may help instructors as well as
the adult learner. An American educator, Michael Knowles, developed the Andragogy and Adult
Learning Theory. Andragogy is

The Web Based Professional Development Session
Welcome to the web–based professional development session, "First Day Reflections."
Before we proceed, print the Quality Teaching Faculty Implementation Form for use at the end.
During this session, you will be asked to reflect on questions. When a question is posed, click the
pause button below the arrow icon on the slide to reflect, then click play to resume the session.
At the end of this session, click on the Quiz link below the video to take a short quiz to check for
understanding. Please take the quiz so your completion of this session will be recorded.
The objectives for this session are to explore characteristics of adult learners and how to support
your students in the classroom; discover how to navigate your first day of class; understand how to
maintain momentum and motivation of your students and learn the how and why of being a
reflective practitioner.
In "The Basics: Computer Resources and Syllabus Creation at Baker College" we discussed some of
the demographics of our students, the fact that we are a "Right–to–Try" institution, and some of the
day–to–day challenges many of our students face. Because they have been away from a formal
classroom for an extended time or it is their first collegiate experience, adult learners may
experience anxiety as they pursue a certificate or degree in higher education. Since the average adult
learner at Baker College is 30 years old, it is understandable. It is important to remember that the
learner's adult sophistication

Learning Patterns, Shift From Andragogy
A study of learning patterns, shift from andragogy to heutagogy
Abstract
In something of a historic point for instruction Knowles (1970) recommended an essential change in
the route in which instructive encounters for grown–ups ought to be planned. The approach, known
as andragogy, stands out forcefully from instructional method which is the educating of kids. This
paper recommends there is advantage in moving from andragogy towards really self–decided
learning. The idea of really self–decided learning, called heutagogy, expands on humanistic
hypothesis and ways to deal with learning depicted in the 1950s. It is proposed that heutagogy is
fitting to the requirements of learners in the twenty–first century, especially in the improvement of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A world in which: data is promptly and effectively available; where change is rapid to the point that
conventional techniques for preparing and training are absolutely insufficient; teach based
information is wrong to get ready for living in current groups and work environments; learning is
progressively adjusted to what we do; present day authoritative structures require adaptable learning
hones; and there is a requirement for promptness of learning. In light of this condition there have
risen some imaginative methodologies that address the insufficiencies of the educational and
andragogical

Andragogy: The Cornerstone of Adult Education Essay
In the essay following I will be concentrating on the subject of Andragogy and how it has always
been a cornerstone of adult education. Andragogy in a sense leads you down the path promoting
individualism in learning and in turn allows the availability for each adult to find their own specific
learning style. As we all know, each individual will not learn the exact same as another. In the
following essay we will explore all there is to know of Andragogy.
The long standing debate of Andragogy is if adults and children learn differently and also if they
should or should not be taught differently. To fully understand andragogy one must research into the
different perspectives as I have done. For centuries it has been a well–known fact that ... Show more
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Knowles had five basic assumptions for andragogy, (1) an adult having motivation to learn with
internal factors, (2) learning needs based on social roles, (3) independent self–concepts, (4) interest
in application of knowledge, and (5) being a vast resource for learning.
Like all theories the one Knowles propositioned of Andragogy was debated and critiqued with much
discussion over the years. Debates on whether or not Andragogy could even be considered a theory
for adult learning ensued throughout the 1980s. The main contention of this debate being that
Andragogy may not even be considered a theory, rather a basic principle following of good learning
practices. Another critique that continues to present day is the assumption that all adults share the
same characteristics in learning. Knowles eventually pitted Andragogy vs. Pedagogy and admitted
that both were perfectly applicable to both adults and children depending on the situation.
The situation as mentioned above comes to be known more in the aspects of teacher–directed
learning or student–directed learning. Examples being that in the teacher–directed learning are when
the person does not know much about a certain subject and in that case will seek out the help of the
teacher. At the very extreme opposite of the teacher–directed learning is the example of student–
directed learning. An example of this

Learning Contracts Essay
Table of Contents Section Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Definition of Learning Contract 2 Purpose
of the Learning Contract 3 Uses of Learning Contracts 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Learning
Contracts 4 Advantages 4 Disadvantages 5 Designing Learning Contracts 5 Conclusions and
Recommendations 6 Conclusion 6 Recommendations..... ............................................................6
References 8 Abstract Learning contracts are being used in post–secondary education. Adults
approach learning as problem solving and in theory by implementing learning contracts, the student
becomes more involved in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an online environment, instructors are not physically meeting with the students to discuss
learning goals, objectives and expectations. Learning contracts can help negotiate and define the
learning goals and outcomes. Sample learning contracts can be placed on a web page and the
student can determine which contract best suits their learning goals. Students can also engage in
online discussions about the different options with their peers and gain a broader perspective
through shared knowledge. Learning contracts can also be highly effective in the corporate world.
Training employees is costly and can require large investments from organizations. Learning
contracts allow the employee to take responsibility and increases motivation in the learning process
when they are able to relate the training directly to their job responsibilities. Contracts can also
clearly define the company's expectations of the outcomes. When the expectations are defined, both
instructor and trainee can track progress and stay focused on the company's business goals and
strategies. Learning contracts are useful in research. Research learning contracts provide form and
structure to an unstructured environment such as the research laboratory, while ensuring maximal
flexibility ("Contracts," n.d., para. 2). It allows the student to control their own learning. Contracts
allow students to define learning objectives,

Briefing Report on Andragogy
Assessment 1: Authentic Tasks – Briefing Report on Andragogy
What is meant by andragogy?
The current business environment is continuously changing and it is vital that Google provides their
workforce with effective training and development to ensure that the corporation retains the market
position and stay ahead of competitors. However, to propose a suitable training method within an
adult workplace, it is important to understand the variety of training models that can be applied,
which sets of hypothesis and theories that form the foundation of adult learning and the key
principles (Delahaye 2011). The adult learning process is complicated and extremely subjective,
there is no single theory that can explain how adults learn. Therefore it is important for educators to
understand the fundamental surrounding the process of adult learning, to ensure that the delivery of
their training is effective and can respond to the needs of the adult learners (Delahaye 2011).
It is common for adults to continue learning after completing secondary education. Whether it is
work related, self–improvement, or newfound interest in a particular area, continuation of learning
and education are common experience for most adults. There are courses and training facilities
widely available for adults, however is not immediately apparent how the educational experience
can best be organized and delivered to the adult learner. Adult learning has been described as a
separate entity to the tradition

Annotated Bibliography
Critical Review of adult education scholarship
Introduction
Malcolm shepherd Knowles, an American educator, was a key person in the practice and growth of
the adult education. For the critical review, I have selected four readings of Knowles and focussed
the following aspects: Themes/ideas that emerges in the chosen articles; Traditions of adult
education; the educational practices that they want promote or encourage; Highlighting Knowles
biography which shaped the his own ideas; Finally, in the critical thinking section, I analysed,
evaluated the Knowles context and related with my current practice of facilitating adult learning in
Australia.
Knowles' Themes – Ideas and Arguments
Emerging Adult theory: Andragogy from the assumptions of pedagogy
Andragogy is a concept of adult ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S. et al (1984) Andragogy in Action. Applying modern principles of adult education, San Francisco:
Jossey Bass. A collection of chapters examining different aspects of Knowles' formulation
Knowles, M. S. (1977). Adult learning processes: Pedagogy and andragogy. Religious Education,
72(2), 202. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1296891711?accountid=12528
Knowles, M. S. (1978). Andragogy: Adult learning theory in perspective Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/63887896?accountid=12528
Jarvis, P., Alfred, D., Cross–Durrant, A., Elsey, B., Smith, W. A., Brookfield, S., Parker, S., Griffith,
W. S., Thomoas, A. M., Kaswworm, C. E., Watkins, K. E., Cervero, R., Crane, J. M., Peters, J. M.,
Griffin, C., & Leixester, M. (2001). 'Malcolm Knowles' in Twentieth century thinkers in adult and
continuing education (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.
Smith, M. K. (2002) 'Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self–direction and andragogy',
the encyclopedia of informal education, www.infed.org/thinkers/et–knowl.htm.S 'Malcolm
Knowles, informal adult education, self–direction and andragogy', the encyclopedia of informal
education,

Pedagogy Vs Andragogy
Pedagogy is how kids learn and andragogy is how adults learn. In today world not so much. With
me taking online classes that is andragogy, but I have gone to other schools and I was learning in the
pedagogy format. Also kids to have started home schooling online by themselves so that would be
andragogy. So both of them are very different but the same. So to me pedagogy is learning around
teacher based. This means the teacher is the center of attention and then the children or adults, the
learners, come second. The teacher decides how, what, and when something will be learned.
Andragogy to me is learning around the learner based. This means I am the center of attention, or
who ever is learning. With andragogy learning you learn when you want to learn. So to me they are
so similar but so different. The only way I see they are similar is they are both a way of teaching and
they can go towards adults and kids either way. I think the difference though is as adults we can
learn better with andragogy, because we have the experinces and the ... Show more content on
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We all learn differently through out life. People learn different things in life then other. Sometimes
we learn the same things just different ways. We learn though school. We learn from work. We learn
by just reading things. We learn by the elders in our families. We all learn every day weather we
know it or not. Some of us just learn by doing things, while others are self–directed learners. We are
actively participating in the life we live and learning. As an adult you become more of a life long
learner when you decide to go back to school. The government uses the word "holistic" approach to
describe skill we need to learn in each of our own working life. Well to me its just a normal
everyday thing to learn. We never stop learning no matter what we do. We always learn things by
just being alive. So we will always be life long learners in this world till the day we

Andragogy In The Field Of Educating Students With Pedagogy
Pedagogy is in the field of educating children and Andragogy is in the field of helping adults learn
that is just one of the similarities. Andragogy is in the field of teaching or educating people of all
ages and Pedagogy is in the field of educating children and thats quite a similarity there. The
differences are that with Pedagogy teachers are responsible for the learning and with Andragogy the
adults learn on their own, they have their own motivation to learn. They learn on their own with
Andragogy and with Pedagogy they have to be taught. It's all tied together with lifelong learning,
just wanting and having the ability to learn. That's why I'm taking online classes so i can have the
ability to learn. Everyday is a learning experience but at least in college you get a degree and more
knowledge then if you didn't go to college. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which web–site to go to so that you can find the information for the paper you are going to do. If
there is going to be enough information on that certain subject you are researching. Always make
sure you use a well known web–site and not just any web–site. Always make sure you know how to
use the web–site. To overcome the challenges make sure you pick a subject that is well known like
say you are doing your paper on a computer company, make sure that it is a well known computer
company. Always use a well known web–site to look up the information for your paper. You can
also use books at the library to do your paper but the web–site is better and much easier especially
for online bethel

Adult Learning Theory Essay
ADULT LEARNING THEORY 2 Adult Learning Theory Malcolm Knowles Malcolm Knowles
(1913–1997) was a key figure in America's adult education in the second half of the twentieth
century (Smith, 2002). Early Life "Born in 1913 and initially raised in Montana," Knowles seems to
have had "a reasonably happy childhood. His father was a veterinarian and from around the age of
four Knowles often accompanied him on his visits to farms and ranches" (Smith, 2002, para. 2). His
mother also played a critical role in his character building. During his campaign for the scouting
prize, he developed a technique that would help him compete successfully (Smith, 2002), which he
always thanked his mother for. In 1930, He entered Harvard University with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
5). It was during his work here that he met one of the most
ADULT LEARNING THEORY 3 significant mentors in his life–Eduard Lindeman. By reading
Lindeman's Meaning of Adult Education, he obtained a profound understanding of adult education,
which later became his source of inspiration and concepts. Major Works In 1943, Knowles was
recruited into the Navy, and began to read extensively in the field of adult education, which
contributed to his final decision to undertake a master's program at the University of Chicago
(Smith, 2002). His adviser at the University of Chicago was Cyril O. Houle, who had been a role
model in rigorous learning for Knowles. Carl Rogers, "the founder of 'client–centered' or 'non–
directive' therapy" (Smith, 2004, para. 1), and Arthur Shedlin, an associate of Rogers, had also
exerted a great influence on Knowles–he began to consider learning as an exciting incident. In 1949,
Knowles gained his Master's degree and published his first book Informal Adult Education, which
was also his master thesis (Smith, 2002). In 1951, he became "executive director of the newly
formed Adult Education Association. " and also "attended a couple of summer sessions of the
National Training Laboratories in 1952 and 1954" (Smith, 2002, para. 7). The founders of the labs–
Kenneth Benne, Leland Bradford, Ronald Lippett and Kurt Lewin–consequently impacted Malcolm
and his wife, Hulda, who co–authored books on leadership (1955) and

Malcolm Knowles Adult Learning Theory
The chosen learner is Jake's mother, Jennifer. Her cognitive developmental level, according to
Piaget, is formal operations (Hemmelgarn, 2011). Accordingly, she has most likely advanced from
using logical reasoning with concrete examples (concrete operations) to abstract thinking. The
impact this might have on her learning is that she should be encouraged to be self–directed and
autonomous as she educates herself about her son's diabetes. A review of the information obtained
can e reviewed and expanded upon with the educator. At this developmental stage, she is internally
motivated and may rely on previous experiences (Bastable, 2014). In conversations, the educator
should inquire as to her thoughts and feelings and offer guidance as needed. It will be important for
the educator to give Jennifer direction and support as she begins this process of learning about her
son's disease.
An appropriate theory for organizing Jennifer's learning would be Malcolm Knowles Adult Learning
Theory. The rationale that Malcolm Knowles Adult Learning Theory would be appropriate for
Jennifer is that the four principles of adult learning identified by Knowles are congruent with the life
situation she is now faced (Pappas, 2013). As an adult and a mother of a child diagnosed with
diabetes, she needs to be involved in the planning of her learning to make it pertinent and meaning
to her; her previous life and learning experiences need to be recognized; she will be most interested
in

Androgogy Reflection: Understanding Adult Learning Essays
Androgogy Reflection Many people think that andragogy is a theory of adult learning, Merriam,
Caffarella, and Baumgartner in 2007 indicated that it is actually more of "an enduring model for
understanding certain aspects of adult learning." (p. 92). This "enduring model" is important to the
study of adult learning, nevertheless, because it is one of the most well known, and was instrumental
in a profound way in changing and improving the way people approach adult learning. Malcolm
Knowles first introduced Andragogy in 1968 (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). The authors
of the text also lay out six different "assumptions" or ways of the model, and those area as follows:
1. As a person matures, his or her self–concept moves from that ... Show more content on
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When it came to projects, they were to all be done in a group setting. The instructor gave brief
instructions to divide into groups, and to create a marketing plan together using either an already
developed product, or a made up product. The groups were not monitored, and therefore, they were
unfair. Some people were strong in the group, others were not. At the end of the class, grades were
not explained, or justified. Being able to work in a group setting can be a very rewarding, and
beneficial concept. However, it is important that groups are monitored. It would have been helpful if
the professor had meetings with each group once or twice per week to check on progress, and also
organized the group to where each individual student had a specific job. Otherwise, students
sometimes don't know how to delegate duties, and/or an butt heads about it.
As a current online student, having to conduct research on a given topic is always excited. It is a
strong, and sufficient way to be an active participant in the learning community, and a great way to
get involved in one's own studies. Being an online student is a very different situation from being a
face–to–face student. Andragogy Reflection
As one can see, the above traditional learning experience provided an unsatisfactory and ineffective
learning situation for the adults in the course. The environment did not meet adult students' needs,
and at the end of the course,

Andragogy: Adult Learning Theory
First Subtopic: The History and Conceptualization of Andragogy
Edward Lindeman is thought by many to be the founder of contemporary adult education. His work
in the area of adult education included the writing of articles, books, public presentations, assistance
in the collegiate system as a lecturer of social work and as an associate pastor in the church
(Brookfield 1986). Lindeman and Martha Anderson traveled to observe and analyze the German
Folk High School system and the worker's movement. Consequently, Lindeman and Anderson's
comparative research lead to the breakthrough of the German perception of andragogy. Their studies
define andragogy as the "true method of adult learning" (1986). In 1968 at Boston University, the
initial use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Questions remain as to whether self–directed learning is a characteristic of adult learners, and
whether it should be a goal of adult educators to help all adult learners become self–directed"
(Knowles, Holton, Swanson, 2011). While SDL has a laid basis of understanding, including learning
efforts, the "iceberg" model became distinct during the late 1970s and early 1980s when researchers
started to seek new ways to improve knowledge of the self–direction experiences. This examination
resulted in two supplementary courses of investigation: the quantitative measurement of self–
direction through written means and the practice of qualitative procedures like observation and
interviewing (Brockett & Hiemstra 1991).
After quite a few years of widespread duplication of the Hadley approach, it became evident that
there was a necessity for more in–depth research on learning projects studies (Hadley 1975). In
1977, Lucy M. Guglielmino developed the innovative Self–Directed Learning Readiness Scale
(SDLRS) for a doctoral dissertation at the University of Georgia (Hiemstra & Sisco 1990). The
SDLRS was intended to evaluate the degree to which individuals identify themselves to own
abilities and outlooks commonly related to SDL. The SDLRS includes a factor investigation by
Guglielmino (1990) acknowledging the following eight factors:
Love of learning;
Self–concept as an effective, independent learner;
Tolerance of risk, ambiguity, and complexity in learning;
Creativity;

Pedagogy Vs Andragogy Paper
Pedagogy is defined as the art and science of educating children (Bethel University, 2013).
Andragogy is defined as the art and science of helping adults learn (Bethel University, 2013). There
are similarities of both Pedagogy and Andragogy. Both are ways of teaching and educating people.
A difference between the two is Pedagogy is a teacher focused education system where the teacher
tells the student what, how and when materials will be learned, whereas Andragogy is a learner
based system where the student has more control over when and how materials are learned(Bethel
University, 2013). Pedagogy is geared more toward the teaching of children, and Andragogy is a
method of learning used by adults. In my opinion the pedagogical style of learning is a traditional
classroom setting where students are taught by a teacher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, Researching online can be challenging due to all the information on the web(Bethel
University, 2013). One way of simplifying online research is to develop a strong research strategy. A
good strategy to use is answering the the general research topic question with the paper you
write(Bethel University, 2013). In order to answer your general topic question you can use
keywords and concepts to do your research and gather information for the paper. It is always best to
use scholarly articles while researching a topic. Scholarly articles are written by experts and are fact
based writings.(Bethel University, 2013) By using scholarly articles a student will never have to
worry about the information being false or inaccurate. Using online reference books is also a good
way to research online. Online reference books give a student a quick look at authors and
information related to the topic they are researching(Bethel University, 2013). The online library is
full of valuable information, and has plenty of ways for a student to get help with their research if a
problem

Andragogy By Malcolm Knowles
Andragogy is a term used by Malcolm Knowles to describe the process in which adults are prone to
learning. Malcolm Knowles' theory is that the adult learning process consists of these four phases. 1.
Changes in Self Concept. 2. The role of experience. 3. Readiness to learn. 4. Orientation to learning.
(Tiedeman, D. V., & Knowles, M). (1979).
In the Psychosocial Rehabilitation world, individuals can participate as a student, in a classroom
setting to work on daily living skills. These include topics such as Anger Management, Relapse
Prevention (for substance abuse), Relationship skills and many more. The facilitators and classroom
instructors must work in conjunction with one another to develop thought provoking lesson plans
and content that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adults need to conceptualize their situation and identify what their strengths and weaknesses may
be. Knowing how to self–advocate for themselves and identifying what areas of their life may need
improvement. Doing this will help individuals change their Self Concept and personal beliefs about
themselves and their lives. 2. These individuals need to recognize how their choices and personal
experiences have lead them to this place in their lives. Experiential Learning is described as "...a
particular form of learning from life experience; often contrasted it with lecture and classroom
learning". (Kolb, 2015).
3. Students must have a willingness to learn and not be closed off to new information. Like the old
Turkish passage goes... "You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink". You can try and
help someone by providing information, education and support, but if that person is not willing to
incorporate those things into their life they will have a very difficult time learning. Many people
tend to choose their attitude about things or situations before they experience them, and build their
own conclusion on how useful something will be beforehand. Basically, a preconceived notion that
something is going to be awful or awesome before the event is

Andragogy And Experiential Learning Paper
Introduction There are different theories that have been applied to understand and help adults learn
more effectively. Andragogy and experiential learning are being discussed individually in this paper
to capture the essence of each theory in being practiced and applied. Once an understanding is
obtained, I will then evaluate and try to apply these theories to my own life to help get the most out
of the time I have and college and the rest of my life.
Andragogy
Malcom Knowles theory, andragogy, as cited by Chan, (2010), has six components: "self–concept;
role of experience; readiness to learn; orientation to learning; internal motivation; and need to
know," (Chan, 2010, pp 27–28). These six components are applied when an adult seeks education.
There are many places and fields that this theory has been applied to help individuals beyond their
adolescent years succeed in their training and learning experience, (Chan, 2010). It has been
suggested that adults learn more effectively when they are given concise direction and still have the
freedom to apply ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper has motivated me to be more willing to take part in internships and job shadowing.
Oddly enough the thought has crossed my mind and the following thought was "well, it is not
required." I do think that no amount of money can be placed on an experience that one can apply to
their life. I believe opportunities like this can mold one into who God intends them to be. As I had a
chance to be interviewed recently, though I did not obtain the position, I was grateful to have
learned more about me by participating in the interview. I trust that God has my best interest in
mind. He will always prepare me for what He has in store by placing the opportunity in my journey.
It is only by being willing, honest, and open to these experiences that will make God's grace to work
in my

Apply Andragogy And Benner's Novice
Apply Andragogy (Adult Learning theory) and Benner's Novice to Expert framework to clinical
instruction in nursing. Describe two ways you could facilitate learning in the clinical setting through
application of these theories.
Adult learners might know what is essential and useful during learning, but they do not know
everything about nursing. They might have nursing information or background, but they still need to
focus for their practical learning to acquire new nursing knowledge, skills, and experience. Adult
learners might need extrinsic and intrinsic motivations during learning and work.
According to Andrea B., "the clinical setting provides an excellent opportunity to use an
andragogical approach to teaching and learning. By applying

Malcolm Knowles's Theory Of Andragogy
A
Knowles Theory of Andragogy
"Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn" – Benjamin Franklin
Malcolm Knowles was an American educationist who firmly believed that adults learn differently
compared with children, which led him to later propose the adult learning theory (Smith 2002). He
introduced the term "andragogy" as the art and science of helping adults learn (Kaufman 2003;
Kaufman & Mann, 2010). Founded on the key principle of humanism (Kaufman & Mann, 2010;
Smith, 2002), andragogy is centred around the idea that the teacher does not possess all knowledge
and students are encouraged to participate in the classroom by utilising their own experiences
(McGrath 2009). A pioneer in the field of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This complex and continually changing environment makes reflective practice imperative.
(Hendricks, Mooney, & Berry, 1996)
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning by Richard Mayer
"Blaming PowerPoint for bad E–learning is like blaming Word for poor instructional design" –
David Anderson Richard Meyer, an American educational psychologist has presented the cognitive
theory of multimedia learning. As the name suggests, this theory is based on cognitivist principles
("Learning–Theories.com: Knowledge base and webilograpphy", n.d., para 4), and has the following
three assumptions:
1. There are two separate channels (visual and auditory) for processing information (sometimes
referred to as dual coding).
2. There is limited channel capacity (cognitive overload).
3. Learning happens actively by filtering, selecting, organising and integrating information with
prior

Malcolm Knowles's Andragogy Theory
Introduction
Adult learning is the complete range of formal, non–formal and informal learning activities majorly
undertaken by adult learners. Mainly, the process is often done to adults who have taken a break for
a while after initially completing early education and training. The end process is the acquisition of
knowledge and skills. The method may take place even beyond schooling from the tertiary level.
The process is often diverse, and it makes a lifelong learning process, and the whole experience is
heterogeneous and complex. The adult learner setting takes place within a variety of ranging
settings, including a partnership between local authorities, training and community education. In the
private sector, informal courses may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the developmental tasks of adult roles in the society, the adult matures, and he/she becomes
prepared to learn.
Orientation to learning: Learning here is problem–centered, meaning adults want to apply new
learning immediately in response to the social needs and challenges.
Motivation: Adults learn because of the internal, rather than external factors. As learners mature, the
motivation to learn is intrinsic (Kearsley, 2010).
History of the Development of Andragogy Theory.
"Malcolm Knowles (1913–1997) Andragogy Theory."
Henry states that the term andragogy was first introduced by Malcolm Knowles, who was an
authorized American educator of Adult education. The term referred to "man led" rooting from the
word "ped" meaning child. The term, therefore, was an antonym of the word pedagogy. According
to Knowles, andragogy is the art and science of the adult education process. Thus the term fits any
form of adult learning (2011). Malcolm Knowles, there were suggestions that he set about adult
learners which include:
Setting a cooperative environment for adult learning in the classroom
Assessing the adult learner's major needs and interests
Developing adult learning objectives based on the learner's interests, needs, and skills
How the Ideas and concepts of Andragogy can be applied in the curriculum development
Educators concerned with the adult unit ought to be equipped with the concepts of the adult learning
theory that

Learning Curriculum : Towards Student Driven Pedagogy
Ananyeva, M. (2013). A learning curriculum: Toward student–driven pedagogy in the context of
adult English for academic purposes, English for specific purposes, and workplace English
programs. TESOL Journal, 5(1), 8–31.
This article introduces the concept of a learning curriculum that centralizes adult ESL learners'
needs and encourages their engagement in curriculum development. By summarizing key
components of a learning curriculum including needs assessment and content–based curriculum, the
study points out that curriculum negotiation in an adult ESL class can aid in increasing learner
autonomy and motivating them to be in charge of their own learning. I refer to this article to
highlight the importance of having ongoing needs assessments and supporting curriculum
negotiation in order to motivate my students' participation in classroom L2 learning. (L2 Pedagogy)
Biryukova, N. A., Yakoleva, S., Kolesova, T. V., Lezhnina, L. V., & Kuragina, A. A. (2015).
Understanding adult learners as a core principle of effective ESL educators. Review of European
Studies, 7(8), 147–155.
Based on comparative analysis of teaching English to adult learners, this article shows that
successful learning experiences can be supported by andragogical principles that take learners'
individual difficulties and educational experience into consideration. With an emphasis on adult
learners' social identities, this article suggests that a learner should actively take part in the learning
process as he

Andragogy Vs Pedagogy Research Paper
Andragogy and pedagogy share similarities,but they both have different learning methods.
Pedagogy is basically teaching children from a face to face perspective, with this method children
are usually taught what to learn. On the other hand, adults have more self–direction on what and
how to learn with the andragogy method. Adult learners will inquire about why they have to learn
something, while children are taught what to learn. I believe motivation has a huge influence on the
way an adolescence learns, things such as, incentives, good grades, making their parents proud.
Those are all factors that will have an affect on children wanting to learn. Adults are more goal
oriented, they are more like a self–motivator. While learning they feed off self–esteem, confidence,
self–development and being recognized. The desire for success will motivate most adult learners to
learn more. So I feel that andragogy learning method is more effective and that most children will
transition to that method ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Bethel University pg.1) That statement sums up my perspective on lifelong learners. There is never
a time when learning is not involved in one's daily duties in life whether if it is school, work or life
related, one learns on a daily basis, However, as individuals we have to be willing to learn and not
being afraid to face adversity. I believe that some individuals do not like to learn new things because
they are afraid to adjust their thought process, which hinders he or she from being a lifelong learner.
Being a lifelong learner is being able to learn even through adversity, For example, a regular officer
for 5 years gets promoted to a sergeant, the officer knows he will have a bigger responsibility as a
sergeant. However, the officer does not let having to learn a new role prevent him from being
promoted. Lifelong learners never stop learning even when they face

What Is Andragogy And Pedagogy?
There is a difference in how adults and how children learn, according to Taylor and Kroth (2009):
The concept that children learn differently than adults have been well documented by authors:
Andragogy and pedagogy are the two models that appear in educational research (Taylor and Kroth
2009). Malcolm Knowles theorised adult education and brought the terminology called andragogy
into use. Kearsley, 2010 citing the teachings of Malcolm Knowles, wrote that andragogy is the art
and science of adult learning (Kearsley, 2010). Because children and adults learn differently, the
fundamental theory of andragogy is that the learning processes are different between the two
(Birzer, 2004). According to Knowles (1970), many people believe that, even ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Heller (2004) wrote that "andragogy faces a "Catch–22" like situation. For example, Rachal (2002)
discussing Knowles' theory of andragogy wrote that the achievement of the learner is often
measured by scores, testing, and grades, to see if the educational program has been effective;
however, Knowles believes that and grading goes against the ideas of andragogy (Rachal, 2002).
This places researchers in a predicament because the only way to produce evidence of andragogy's
validity is to measure it (Taylor and Kroth (2009). Knowles (1970) wrote that Adults learners do not
respond well to external endorsements for learning such grading, but they do however respond
better to internal motivation (Knowles

Adult Learning Theory: Andragogy Essay
Adult Learning Theory: Andragogy
The dispute of how adults learn is an ever developing subject matter since the 1920's when adult
learning became a professional field of practice (Merriam, S., 2001). Questions such as, do adults
learn differently from children? Are adults able to learn quicker, independently, or in the same
environment? These are just some examples of a multitude of questions that have been raised since
scientists began investigating Adult Learning. I intend to clarify some of the misconceptions of adult
learning through proven scientific research and writings of experts in the field. First, we will
summarize the evolution of the concept of Adult Learning. Second, we will examine several
recognized Adult Learning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies conducted indicated that adults up to their 70's did just as good as young people when not
placed on a time limit. Several more studies through the years contributed to the adult learning arena
then in 1968, Dr. Malcolm Knowles coined the term Andragogy– adult learning theory. Dr. Knowles
believed that adults were independent learners; had life experiences that enhance learning, had
learning needs related to social needs, were interested in immediate application of knowledge, and is
internally motivated (Merriam, S., 2001). There are several other theories on adult learning that are
along the same lines as Dr. Knowles and others not parallel in thought.
According to Conlan, J., Grabowski, S., & Smith, K. (2003) there are many theories on adult
learning but the following were the most prominent theories: action learning, experimental learning,
project based learning, and self–directed learning. Action learning's foundation is utilizing real
world projects as a means of learning usually in a group setting. Experimental Learning operates on
the premise that people learn better by doing the action and reflect on their experience. Project
Based Learning focuses on the group dynamics and solving complex problems. The group learns
through research, contemplation and reflection are the building blocks of this particular theory.
Self–Directed Learning is probably the most publicized theory and

Malcolm Knowles Andragogy
Executive Summary:
This paper is a research on Malcolm Knowles topic "andragogy". Knowles describes andragogy as
the art and science of adult learning. Andragogy focuses on special needs od adults learners, he
classifies these need into six different categories: (1) need to know, (2) self– concept, (3) prior
experience, (4) readiness to learn, (5) learning orientation, and (6) motivation to learn.
Adults have special needs as learners and these needs should be taken into consideration when
planning training for adults. When adults participate in a positive learning experience that follows
the six assumptions of andragogy presented in this paper, they are more likely to retain what they
have learned and apply it in their work environment.
Qantas
Introduction:
As a HR graduate, through research and examination it was found that Knowles "Andragogy" is the
best way for adults to learn. Every group contains a configuration of idiosyncratic personalities,
differing past experiences, current orientations, levels of readiness for learning, and individual
learning styles. Thus trainers should be wary of prescribing any standardized approach to facilitating
learning (Brookfield 1986). Understanding the six assumptions in andragogy prepares facilitators to
create successful training. Qantas What is Andragogy?
Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (1913– 1997) was an American educator well known for the use of the
term Andragogy as synonymous to the adult education.

Adult Learning Theory
Adult Learning Theory Are people too stubborn and independent to learn once they become adults?
The Adult Learning Theory focuses on the difference between how adults learn and how children
learn. There are three main central ideas that support the Adult Learning Theory. These ideas or
theories are known as andragogy, self–directed learning, and transformational learning. Andragogy
is the teaching of adults, self–directed learning is the individual controlling their learning, and
transformational learning is the individual learning from life experiences. The term andragogy was
first used in 1833 by Alexander Kapp, but Malcolm Knowles was the first person to theorize it.
Andragogy focuses more on the learner instead of the teacher. For ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The next principle deals with the steps that adults need to take in order to learn and focus on how it
will effect their lives. Lastly, adults must have some type of incentives that make them want to
learn, such as being able to support their family, having a career they enjoy, and just being
successful overall. The six principles of andragogy should be applied to how the curriculum for
adult learning is created. Providing lessons that adults enjoy and can relate to is what will draw in
students to the class. Also, it will be very beneficial to not only the adults, but the school as well. A
study by a private liberal arts college was held and using a pre test–post test–control–group design,
andragogy was tested against traditional instruction type teaching. After conducting the research it
was concluded that there was no significant differences between the two different types of teaching.
The self–directed learning theory is when adults make their own decisions about learning. They
have full control over their learning and how it will define their future. Self–directed learning lets
adults have their independence in the learning process. For example, students are to do a project on
any subject as long as it deals with business. This lets the adults decide what topic they want to do,
how they want to put the project together, and allows

Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Essay
Malcolm S. Knowles:
Adult learning had no distinction from pedagogy in the United States until Malcolm S. Knowles
introduced his controversial theory of andragogy. Knowles was an American educator at North
Carolina State University (Knowles, Holten III, & Swanson, 2015). Andragogy is defined as a set of
principles of adult learning that in turn enables those designing and conducting adult learning to
build more effective learning process. Knowles determined there are 4 assumptions about
characteristics of adult learners in 1980 and added a 5th assumption in 1984. His assumptions
resulted into the 4 principles of andragogy.
My thoughts on how humans learn:
I believe learning is a natural skill that can be enhanced once a person recognizes their ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For myself, I can remember things I say aloud better than just reading it. I can also write the
material and have better recall than just reading the material. I have also retained more information
by associating it with personal, real events that have happened in my life. I have found that many
times if I doubt myself, I talk myself into failure; therefore, it greatly benefits me to reassure myself
that I can do it.
Andragogy in Practice as a holistic learning model:
Based on the 4 principles of andragogy, there is a need to explain the reasons that specific things are
being taught, instruction should be task oriented instead of promoting memorization, instructions
should take into account the wide variety of different backgrounds of learners, and since adult
learners are self–directed, instruction should allow learner to discover knowledge for themselves
without depending on others (Pappas, 2013). A recently developed holistic theory provides an
integrative framework to examine some of the contemporary adult learning theories (Yang, 2004).
Bibliography
Knowles, M. S., Holten III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2015). The Adult Learner: the definitive
classic in adult education and human resource development. New York:

Gedagogy: Pedagogy And Andragogy
Life Long Learning, Pedagogy and Andragogy
"What kind of education is needed for what kind of society tomorrow?"
A group of 15 persons from all over the world called the "International Commission on Education
for the 21st Century", chaired by Jacques Delors, attempted to answer precisely this question. The
group, also known as the Delors Commission, after numerous consultations and research, published
the book "Learning:The Treasure Within". The concept of life long learning was central to Delor's
report –
The concept of learning throughout life is the key that gives access to the 21st century. It goes
beyond the traditional distinction between initial and continuing education. It links up with another
concept often put forward, that of the learning society, in which everything affords an opportunity of
learning and fulfilling one's potential. (DELORS, Learning:The Treasure Within, p. 111).
Delors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active – the learning process should be active, and replicate as closely as possible the environment
within which the skill or knowledge will be applied
Learner–centered – Centered on the needs and skills of the learner.
For instance, in andragogical style of teaching, when a material is delivered, the teacher may give a
brief introduction on the subject and then ask for input from the adult learners, based on their
experience. The tasks given maybe more self directed, like researching on a topic or asking the
students to present on a topic themselves, giving them names of books for futher reading, more role
playing and asking students to draw inferences themselves etc. Also, often times, the teacher may
ask the students to decide what they would like to learn and set their own learning goals.
Similarities and Differences between Andragogy and

My Philosophy Of Adult Education
How My Philosophy of Adult Education Changed
Before taking adult education classes, I was under the impression that learning for adults and
children were the same. The difference being that correct context was being taught to children and
different content for adults.
My impression of adult education has changed immensely. First and foremost, the first lesson
learned that teaching adults are a separate, intensive, and long debated process. Portions of certain
theories learned illustrated below. I have extended knowledge about Meizrow (Transformational
Learning) and Knowles (Andragogy). The six key features of Adult Learners are: (1) Self/directed
learning, (2) Utilizes knowledge and life experiences, (3) Goal oriented, (4) Relevant–oriented, (5)
Highlights practicality, and (6) Encourage collaboration.
To teach nontraditional students on a collegiate level education is imperative to earn a Master's
Degree, specifically in Adult Learning and Development. The benefits are astronomical;
nonetheless, not monetary. I am a firm believer that if one does what one loves, the dollar
component will follow within time. As an African–American woman, I have experienced a great
deal over the past 60+ years. Furthermore, as a Christian, my identity aligns with my race, culture
and ethnic background concerning spirituality, and no it has not always been easy. However, I am
most thankful for, George T. Doran, the originator of the S.M.A.R.T. Goals. The adult population in
the United

The Researcher Intends To Collect Information Related To
The researcher intends to collect information related to the participants' use of andragogy in middle
and high school instruction. Study participants identified are current and past middle and high
school level classroom teachers; a classroom teacher is defined as an educator who actively works
with students. A previously validated and published survey has been chosen; teachers will be sent a
survey link with a brief description of the survey and asked to complete and submit anonymously.
Initially, several school districts are chosen and letters to the superintendents will ask permission for
the survey to be sent via district email. Ultimately, teachers will also be allowed to forward the
survey to others. Geographical or other identifying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will separate the responses into PBL/IB and non–PBL/IB for comparative purposes.
Measures of Study
The researcher intends to distribute Gary J. Conti's Principles of Adult Learning Scale (PALS), a
published instrument available for public use (Conti, 1982). The Principles of Adult Learning Scale
was developed and designed to survey educators to see how instruction matched the factors
identified. The survey is 44 items and is "valid and reliable as testing by juries, observations and
statistical analysis" (Conti, 1982, p. 135). Initially, Dr. Conti validated the survey through work with
three adult education professors. Items were analyzed and edits were suggested. He then worked
with ten "well–known adult education professors" (Conti, 1982) in various locations throughout the
country, and chose professors he thought had a variety of philosophical ideals. Content validity was
secured using field tests in public education, while criterion validity was tested by comparison of
scores to another validated survey. Reliability was based on the test–retest comparison, using
Pearson correlation. The table below reflects the values of each piece of the survey. Questions were
clustered into "Factors" as indicated below.
Factor Mean SD
Learner–centered activities 38 8.3
Personalizing instruction 31 6.8
Relating to experience 21 4.9
Assessing student needs 14 3.6
Climate building 16 3.0
Participation in the learning process 13 3.5

Notes On Training And Staff Development
Andragogy and Pedagogy Comparison
Peter K. Ferland
HRM 455: Training and Staff Development
Colorado State University– Global Campus
Instructor: Dr. Al Infande
12 May 2016
Societies within the United States are facing a shortage in the number of skilled workers, and many
organizations are now spending millions of dollars to secure a competitive advantage through
training and development. Companies are creating a learning culture that is imperative to today's
economy. There are organizations though that are continuously struggling with achieving such a
learning and development style. As organizational structures become bigger and function more
smoothly, employees must become more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1980, Malcom Knowles made four assumptions about the different characteristics of adult
learners that are different from the assumptions about child learners. In 1984, Malcom Knowles had
added a 5th assumption, motivation to learn.
1. Self–concept As each person matures themselves, self–concept moves from one of being a
dependent personality, toward one of being a self–sufficient human being 2. Adult Learner
Experience As people mature, people accumulate a vast knowledge of experience that becomes an
increasing resource for learning. 3. Readiness to Learn People's readiness to learn becomes
increasingly better to the developmental tasks of an individual's direct roles within society. 4.
Orientation to Learning Within time, peoples perspective changes from one type of knowledge to
vast of application, and accordingly to peoples orientation toward learning shifts from one of
subject– centeredness to one of problem centeredness. (Knowles & Swanson 2005). 5. Motivation to
Learn, The motivation to learn is an internal factor (Christopher Pappas 2013).
The basic premises of Pedagogy is that, these types of learners only need to know what is being
taught to them from the instructor. The basic purpose for

Andragogy In The Military Essay
Andragogy in the Military Andragogy is the study of the art and science of how adults learn
(Reischmann, 2000). The military is comprised of adults that must be constantly trained to the
highest of proficiencies in combat and non–combat supporting roles. In the military, the personnel
responsible for conducting training are noncommissioned officers, which are soldiers between the
ranks of corporal and sergeant major. Noncommissioned officers must know their soldiers and be
able to train them to the high levels of efficiency required to successfully conduct their missions.
Noncommissioned officers must practice and use andragogy regularly to continue training junior
soldiers. There are four definitions of the term adult: biological, legal, social, and psychological.
The biological definition of an adult is the age in which people can reproduce. The legal definition
of an adult is when a person is able to vote, get a driver's license, marry without consent, etc. The
social definition of an adult is the age at which people start performing adult roles in society, such as
a full time worker, spouse, parent, or voting citizen. The psychological definition, the most obscure
definition, is when a person arrives at a self–concept and become responsible for their life
(Knowles, Holton & Swanson, 2012). The ages in which one could be considered an adult is very
broad with these definitions; however, every soldier meets at least three of the four definitions. The
first

Cons Of Andragogy
There are both pros and cons with both andragogy and online learning. One of the pros of
andragogy is that it is best used to guide adult learners, especially when they are learning online
(technology). A con of sorts, the evidence behind the theory. Critics of the theory state that there is
no evidence proving its worthiness (Knowles 2011). Michael Orey (2016) states that andragogy has
advantages for the adult learner such as, it is a self–directed approach to learning allowing the
learner to be in control, the theory can be used in many different learning environments. Orey goes
on to explain the cons of this theory as being, it is not best suited for adult learning because of the
implementation of it, and the theory is hard to classify (Orey ... Show more content on
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3) Describe what the needs are for learning.
4) Come up with a program that will satisfy those needs.
5) Decide on a pattern for learning experiences.
6) Use suitable techniques for those learning experiences.
7) Evaluate the learning outcome, adjust as needed.
Later Knowles (1995) added an eight element to his plan, make sure learners are prepared for online
learning (Susan Isenberg 2007). Smith (1982) later added four elements to Knowles plan (Isenberg
2007):
1) The learning experience must be tailored to the online learning environment.
2) The learners stage they are at in their life should be taken into consideration.
3) How well the learner can govern their self.
4) Find what the learners past learning Experience is.
Online adult learners usually are one that have an internal locus of control. The learner must be
ready for an environment that is guided but left to the learner to teach themselves. One of the
biggest Andragogical principles in my opinion is, self–direction (Isenburg, 2007). If the adult
learner utilizes an online learning environment they must be prepared to self–direct themselves,
instructors are there to guide bit the learner must take it upon themselves to find a way to get the
information (research), and guide themselves in preparing and completing the assignment. In my
opinion if the learner is not able to self–direct they will surely

Anonymous Evaluation Form Andragogy

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