The Development And Application Of Crispr For Genome...

The Development And Application Of Crispr For Genome...
Every year approximately 4 million babies are born, of those 4 million babies about 3 to 4% are born with a genetic disorder or a birth defect.
Imagine, if our doctors and scientist were able to develop a mechanism to that would allow alterations in the genome of these children and adults
alike. Dating back to 1987, such mechanism was first described by Dr. Yoshizumi Ishino while he was studying Escherichia coli or E.coli (ISHINO et
al., 1987). This newly discovered system is called CRISPR, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Currently, many
biotech companies are beginning in for the development and application of CRISPR for genome engineering. What is CRISPR? As mentioned above it
is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which are segments of DNA that have short repetitions of base sequences. Each
repetition is followed by short segment, which is referred to as spacer DNA. CRISPR is actually found in bacteria and archaea and occurs naturally.
Turns out CRISPR is part of the immune systems for bacteria, in those spacer DNAs are store genetic information of viruses that have attacked the
bacteria. CRISPR has the ability to capture and store genetic information from invading viruses and use it as template in order to fight off the virus.
Along with CRISPR, they have enzymes called CRISPR–associated (Cas) that aid CRISPR in destroying any recognizable virus. The mechanism for
CRISPR/Cas goes through this
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Essay on The Human Genome Project
A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it's genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms. These
proteins determine, among other things, how the organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.
DNA is made up of four similar chemicals (bases, adenine , Thymine , cytosine , and guanine ) that are repeated millions or billions of times
throughout a genome. The human genome has three billion base pairs. The order of these base pairs are extremely important and determine everything
in an organism.
The Human Genome Project started in the mid–1980's and was discussed widely throughout the scientific community and public press in the last years
of the decade. In the United States, DOE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The massive amount of data and related technologies generated by the HGP and other genomic research presents a wide array of commercial
opportunities. These opportunities range from medicine and food to energy and environmental resources.
Older companies are racing to retool and newer companies are seeking parts in the information revolution with DNA at it's core. IMB, Compaq,
DuPoint, and other big pharmaceutical companies are among those interested in the potential for targeting and applying genome data.
In HGP there are two types of sequences, the draft and the high quality. To get the draft sequence, scientist determine the order of base pairs in each
chromosomal area at least four to five times to ensure data accuracy and to help with reassembling DNA fragments in their original order. This
repeated sequencing is known as genome "depth of coverage." The draft sequence for the human genome was completed on June 26,
2000. To generate high quality sequencing , additional sequencing is needed to close gaps, reduce mistakes and allow only a single error in 10,000
bases. The finished version will provide an estimated eight to nine times the coverage of each chromosome. Thus far, high quality

Human Genome Lab Report
Abstract: As I read more about the theory of macroevolution, I wanted to investigate the similarities between genomes of different species. The blast
lab's program allowed me to compare specific human proteins' genome libraries in the Blast tool and figure out which species of animals were close to
humans on the chart. I used the human keratin, Pax1, and myosin proteins' genome and studied them using the Blast tool. As I compared the results
with the human proteins, all three genes were almost identical to those of primates. Only 1% of the genome library, more or less, was different between
the two species. These results coincided with the theory that humans and primates must have shared a common ancestor according to macroevolution.
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both species of chimpanzees and bonobos proved to be the closest to human with numbers as low as 1% difference between human and primate genes
such as myosin. Using the macroevolution based results from the BLAST tool, I was able to make theoretical inferences regarding the theory itself.
Due to the similarity in the respective proteins of both humans and primates, there are various views of the dynamics of macroevolution that could
argue for the theory of humans and primates sharing a common ancestor. This type of macroevolution, either through gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, could have resulted in the distinct genomes of both humans and primates, but also show the similarity of both sequences. As I analyzed
the BLAST lab and its results, I was able to understand more behind the theory of macroevolution and test for myself some of the evidence that is used
to back it up. I am still interested in comparing more genomes and have future questions on the similarity or difference between distinct species such as
fish and

Questions On Human Genome Project
Layan Kojan
BIOL 1010
Assignment #3 – Option 2 The Human Genome Project
Tuesday November 17, 2015
What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality? These three factors separate each individual from one
another and it is what makes them different. Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which are
known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicating material that is found throughout every living organism. It's a large
macromolecule that transforms characteristics into life. DNA is made up two strands that run in opposite directions therefore they are known to be
antiparallel. The lagging strand runs in the 5 '–3 ' direction while the leading strand run's in the 3 '–5 ' direction (International Baccalaureate
Organization, 2009). There's a phosphate group attached by a covalent bond to the carbon atom which is covalently attached to a nucleotide base. The
two DNA strands are attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds found between Thymine and Cytosine and three
hydrogen bonds found between Guanine and cytosine (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). Many studies have been done in order to
gather information about the human DNA. The sequence of base paring in DNA was determined by The Human Genome project (International
Baccalaureate Organization, 2009).
The whole idea of the

The Effects of the Human Genome Project on Society
What is the effect of the knowledge gained through the mapping of the human genome on society?
Human genetics has remained a mysterious and spotty subject throughout history. The farther the human race advances, the more it learns and the more
details it is able to clarify. Now, man has come to create a method of mapping out the complex and massive information stored within himself in order to
better understand and further the health and lives of those around him. In the following text is explained the Human Genome Project, what it is and
what it has accomplished; an objective view of the advantages to this research as well as the possible disadvantages that have arisen throughout the
process. What are the long term effects of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the specific disadvantages to all the knowledge gained from the HGP and the possibility of genetic profiling becoming easily accessible and
affordable is the potential for future genetic discrimination. Employers could decide not to hire a person based on their genetic makeup or health
insurance benefits could be denied to someone who has been found to have an inherited tendency toward a certain gene. One opinion from
collaborating writers Bartels, Caplan, Leroy and Gruyter is that "Almost inevitably, employers and insurance companies will seek to take advantage of
this new knowledge" (65).
Another of the popular debates the HGP has faced is that of the ethics behind cloning. Yes, the research could very well lead to the possibilities of
cloning but it is an argument that has very little to do with the research itself. As with many of the arguments attempting to deter the research, the
possible misuses of the information discovered are not the fault of the research itself. Some claim that attempts at human cloning have already crossed
the line and that with the completion of the Human Genome Project the studies will uncontrollably excel. (Wilson, 40) However, cloning and whether
or not it should be legal is an issue for the government to decide and restrict as

Genome Editing : The Modern Frankenstein
Victor Frankenstein may have created and abandoned a creature, but what happens when you start to design future generations? Any scientific
advancement that can have such a great effect on the lives of people has a possibility to be misused. Something as large as genome editing can be
extremely useful, life changing, and effect every future generation. Then again, with great power comes great responsibility. Willgenome editing be the
modern Frankenstein? Genome editing is still relatively new in the science world. It was only fairly recently that we gained the first ability to fix our
DNA (Rajan). Genome editing is changing the DNA, which gives us the ability to change it for the better – which is not an easy thing to do (What Is
Genome Editing?). In order to change the DNA, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are manipulated to improve
the DNA (Hornblower, Reis, Robb, and Tzertzinis). A fracture is made in the DNA to modify it, in order to adjust the DNA to try to rid it of
genetic diseases and abnormalities (What Is Genome Editing?). Then, a new sequence can be added into the existing DNA and be repaired (What Is
Genome Editing?). This is the basic idea of the difficult genome editing. While complicated, once more progress is made and it becomes more
successful, this process could work on a variety of diseases (What Is Genome Editing?). With such a big advancement forward into the future, what are
the pros and cons? The most obvious pro,

The Human Genome Project Paper
Science is an astonishing, intellectual field; it teaches humans about life and allows them to alter it in order to reap desirable results. The diligence and
intellect of scientists who are able to rework the human body has contributed to the sharing of many beautiful and tear–jerking stories about babies who
have been born and patients who have survived. As technology and knowledge about the body increases, people begin to question how much we
should use our intelligence to change the bodies that God has created. However, within the medical sphere, specifically with the process of modifying
genes, scientists should use their God given gift of intellect to control the evil, residing in the form of diseases, that would otherwise destroy all... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The superb story of one heart recipient from Texas, named Blake, showcases how beautiful it is to receive the gift of life. Blake was only four days
old when his parents found out that he had a heart defect, if he wasn't treated immediately then he would die. However, thanks to the process of organ
transplantation, a heart was found for Blake almost immediately. Today, he lives a wonderful life and participates in numerous sports ("We are
incredibly blessed"). To know that this child is able to live a full and happy life because of the astounding process of organ transplantation is just simply

Dangers Of Human Genome Editing
Scientists, for some time now, have been concerned about the dangers of altering the human germ line. Until now, the worries have been purely
theoretical. But a technique invented recently makes it possible to edit the genome precisely and with much greater ease. The technique holds the
power to repair or enhance any human gene. Genetic labs around the world are adapting this technique for they believe the benefits to be boundless.
However, considering the ethical complications of genome editing affecting future generations, scientists have called for a moratorium on human
genome editing, that would alter human DNA in a way that can be inherited until issues of safety and efficiency are addressed. I believe there should
be a more or less permanent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If genomes are being altered to suit parents' preferences, do children become more like commodities than precious gifts? (Collins– Gene Editing)
How will gene editing be used? To shape a child so she will have more advantages in life or will better fit the preferences of her parents? Is a ban on
child genome editing even likely? Doing so would restrict both parental rights and reproductive freedom. Parents will have to think about the
downsides of trying to control who their child will grow up to be. Parenting involves choices and responsibility but most important of all accepting
their child for who they are.
Banning gene editing isn't our best option for it would drive practices underground to black markets but at this stage, it would be irresponsible to
proceed. This may be one of the best medical research, it will be noted, and be looked back on as a turning point. It isn't crazy to think someday
this will be widely accepted and valued, many controversial types of research have. However, we've had various circumstances where blameless
technology was used badly, there is little reason to think gene drives would be an exception. There may come a time when gene drives are used not
only for curing diseases but also military purposes. We could be dealing with overpopulation, irreversible ecological damage, and intentional misuse of
gene drives.

Ethical Issues: The Alteration Of Human Genome
The alteration of human DNA or human genome is now a practical matter of science and inevitable, but is a question of ethical issues. Changing a
human's genome can change how they look, act, and can even minimize genetic problems. A genome can determine many things such as how someone
may age, how well they adapts to the environment, and even their personality and mental health. Scientists have found ways to alter these sequences of
DNA to make plants, animals, and even babies with those genetic traits seen as more desirable. For example, In the late 1980's a scientist at the
University of Japan found a repeated DNA gene sequence which later another scientist found that this sequences is part of a sophisticated immune
system that bacteria use to fight viruses. (A Powerful New Way to Edit DNA). This sequence could be modified to help humans fight... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
People would get blamed for how they look and would balm genetics because of it. Even though all of the death it someone makes us closer to
studying more about genetics. After studying more about this system many years later, scientist found out that the system could have to power to
rewrite the code of life. The meaning is that the genome can be edited (A Powerful New Way to Edit DNA). Recently there has been a
breakthrough to be able to scan every chromosome in a single embryonic cell to test if the genes are healthy without any life threating dieses. The
process of alteration of human DNA or genetic engineering is the process of manually adding DNA to an organism. The goal for this is to add one or
more traits to an organism that does not have those traits. Also if there are traits that are not wanted in an organism those traits could get removed. A
scientist would physically remove a gene from an organism and insert it into another, giving it the ability to use that trait to encode by a

Human Genome Modification Essay
The warrant in my position is the evidence and testimonies of the success in human genome modification. According to my sources in my annotated
bibliography, human genome modification has granted infants a second chance of life. Diseases that lie within an embryo from the parents can be
extracted and destroyed to prevent premature deaths. This procedure can prevent the embryo from spreading a mutation or disease to their offspring in
the future. Additionally, the different aspects of my sources covers questions regarding how the procedure is done, ethics, the benefits, and successful
testimonies. The procedures are conducted by scientists and doctors who follow the restrictions on human genome research of their respective counties.
Furthermore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since scientists and doctors nearly mastered the procedure, ethicists are concerned that curiosity may result in further customizations of physical
features of an embryo or, the new "liberal" eugenics. For example, some parents may be open to the option of changing their child's eye color, natural
physical skills, hair color, and number of fingers. However, this is nearly impossible to do since authors of scholarly journals, articles, and periodicals
that supported my claim proved otherwise since restrictions of human genome research is prominent by governments where this research is aloud.
Therefore, this warrant supports my claim the eugenics won't reemerge from human genome modification since the government has existing
regulations to prevent and punish any experiments leading to the horrifying acts of eugenics. As I mentioned above, since this life saving research was
conducted on embryos, researchers have found new ways eliminate existing mutations and diseases. For example, if an embryo developed a blood
disorder, the scientist would be able to prevent the soon–to–be infant from premature death or passing it on to its offsprings in the future. The sources
that were used in my annotated bibliography are all primary examples of the unlikely emergence

What Is The Human Genome Project?
What Is The Human Genome Project?
Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help people with them. Where there is no longer a
regular doctors check up and now they would now take a look at what's inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find
the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a
treatment. Due to the Human Genome Project, dreams like these can actually become reality. It can help scientists or anyone get to know how the
human body works and how humans have evolved throughout time. Even scientists just wanting to know more about the world of genes by what they
are and what they do. Through this new technological project things like diseases and cancers wouldn't be a problem and people can focus on more
scientific projects that can benefit the world. Through this one project many other projects have benefitted and many have been created. Even though
many people may not know about the Human Genome Project, it could be one of the best technological project advancement that has shook and
impacted the scientific community greatly. The Human Genome Project was created in 1990. This project was an international research effort from
scientists all around the globe that wanted to identify and sequence the human genome and the genes that are inside the genome (" The Human
Genome"). This project

Essay On Whole Genome Sequencing
2.0 Materials and Methods
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is one of the current methods used to obtain the entire genetic composition of a particular patient. Once the
sequence of DNA has been obtained the information within the patient's genome is compared to a reference genome so that potentially pathogenic
mutations can be identified. Regions of DNA that are of interest are validated following the procedure outlined below.
Primer design
Specific DNA loci were obtained from analysts in the form of Excel spreadsheets. These coordinates were visualized using thegenome browser build
19 on the UCSC website. The DNA sequence that was taken was approximately 900 bp on either end of the region which was to be amplified. The
DNA sequence which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This extension period was set for 7 minutes. 35 cycles were run when amplifying particular regions of DNA obtained from probands and their
respective families. Note primers were tested with controls using the hotstart PCR conditions before primers were run with the patient's DNA.
Visualizing PCR product
Agarose gels were run to determine whether amplification of the targeted region of DNA was successful. 1% gels were made using 50mL of 1X TAE
buffer and 0.5g of agarose. 2.5mL of Ecosafe dye was added to the gel before mixing and then cooling in a gel rig. 1.0mL of loading dye was mixed
with 4.0mL of DNA from PCR tubes. DNA samples were then loaded in their respective wells along with 5mL of 1kb ladder to approximate band sizes
during visualization of the gel. Gels were visualized using UV light set at a wavelength of 302nm. Each gel was exposed to UV light for 10 seconds
before the image was captured with an Azure gel imaging system.
Purification
PCR tubes were ready for purification when a single DNA band was present per lane on the agarose gel. If multiple bands were obtained in a single
lane the PCR process and gel visualization process was repeated however, the denaturation temperature was run at a higher temperature to prevent
non–specific binding of the primers to the DNA template. The purification process used an Invitrogen PCR clean–up kit. 5mL of charge switch beads

The Development Of Human Genome Development
Cellular process that are crucial for health or disease are orchestrated by the expression of multiple genes in a network of differential complex signaling
pathways, consisting of many physical and functional interactions.
Unlike the stable genome structure, the highly dynamic interactome represents a major challenge for quantitative mapping of protein–protein
interactions . In this article, I will discuss the latest systems science advances by using breakthrough technologies to gain an understanding of the whole
picture of the spatiotemporal signaling network as a response to dynamic individual genome–lifestyle interactions and translating it to the clinic.
The intracellular signal transduction network involves the two complex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Current and emerging sequencing– and arrays–based methods are changing life sciences. Understanding how genome structural variation influences
gene–expression regulatory networks and organ homeostasis, leading to disease, will change medical implementations, improving healthcare by
achieving personalized clinical practice, particularly in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics . Combining next–generation sequencing with advancing
mass spectrometry–based proteomics and phosphoproteomics , living cells imaging technologies and 3D genome mapping now provide powerful
strategies for understanding input–output circuits at the protein, gene, chromosome and whole–genome level. Collectively, these genome–mapping
novel technologies and systems and synthetic biology advances, along with mathematical and computational strategies , allow us to shift from amazing
cell lines and network modeling research to the initial steps of clinical genome and clinical cell signaling transduction circuits , which build the
foundation for medical practice.
Signaling transduction pathways
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active transport. Passive transport does not require
energy whereas active transport requires energy to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

Altering Human Genome Essay
Altering Human Genome
"The gene pool could use a little chlorine."
–Bumper Sticker
"Consider God's handiwork; who can straighten what He hath made crooked?"
–Ecclesiastes 7:13, from Gattaca
"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to."
–Willard Gaylin, from Gattaca
With the scientific breakthroughs of the recent decades the humans have become more powerful than ever in their mastery of Nature. The genetic
engineering that allows extracting and modifying the genetic makeup of the future person or animal is in a sense the power of Creation. According to
the Genesis, we are created in God's image. The power to modify our chromosomes not only presents to us the vast possibilities, but ... Show more
The same goes for myopia, or more serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
It is unethical to deny the "disadvantaged" persons their autonomy, and the right to a happy existence. Therefore, we must not prevent the persons from
living a happy and reproducing. However, from the utilitarian point of view, we need to do something to keep up the well–being of the human society.
The benefits of the society (humanity) outweigh those of individual, but at the same time by undermining the rights of the individual we betray the
society's trust into the ethical constructs that govern the society. A compromise has to be made.
With eugenics, this "exponential increase of micro–genetic illness" could be eliminated completely or reduced to negligible numbers within a few
generations. Both parties win: the society will not be burdened by the deteriorating pool, and at the same time the person will have the ability to enjoy
the equal freedom of actions. That sounds dandy; however, not all stakeholders have been considered. The most important stakeholder in the situation
is the future baby that will have to live with the altered generic makeup. Unfortunately we cannot ask the baby whether it wants to have its genes
altered in one way or another. The genetic alterations are done at a preliminary stage of development, when the

The CRISPR/CAS9: Genome Engineering Technique
The CRISPR/CAS9 is a genome engineer technique that allows one to make somewhat precise cuts of DNA within three base pairs that then allows
either the insertion or deletion of DNA. CRISPR stands for "Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats", CAS9 is but one variation of
the CAS proteins, and Cas9 stands for "CRISPR associated protein 9". Cas9 is a protein that induces site–directed double strand breaks in DNA. The
CRISPR/CAS9 uses a guide RNA to recognize complementary 20 nucleotide base pairs to the spacer region of the guide RNA. If the DNA is
complementary to the guide–RNA, the Cas9 cleaves the DNA, allowing a portion of the genome to be deleted hence it can create a knock out gene.
CRISPR/CAS 3, 9 and 10 were discovered in archaea and bacteria and they were felt to be the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea against
bacterial phages and F–plasmids and viruses. It is considered an adaptive immune system since they discovered that bacteria with resistance to multiple
phages had multiple inserts that offered immunity and in particular it was this Cas 3,9 and 10 protein that offered immunity by cleaving out the
invading DNA. The technique is much more complicated than Jennifer Doundna explained in her TedTalk. However, it much less complicated than say
using Zinc fingers or TALENS for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, most scientists are somewhat comfortable with somatic mutations; these are mutations that do not affect sperm and egg cells, but not
germline mutations which do affect sperm and egg cells. Germline mutations affect the germline, which means that those types of mutations would
affect the offspring of the human race. It is the concept of making germline mutations that have scientist in a huge ethical debate since if we were to
make germline mutations we could alter the humans as a species. It would change us forever and would be passed down from generations to

The Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. Genome
science will have a real impact on all our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
of most, if not all, human diseases."
– Bill Clinton, June 2002.
The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 's as scientist from around the world aimed to map where every human gene is
found on our chromosomes. The Project was a great success as scientists were successful, but now in order to extend the project, scientists are trying
to work out what each gene codes for. This information would be vital as it could help ascertain how a particular gene might be damaged or how
mutations on some genes can lead to illness or disorders. Using such information, faulty genes could be easily replaced.
The idea of undertaking a coordinated study of the human genome arose from a series of scientific conferences held between 1985 and 1987.
The project got underway in 1990 in the United States and one of the first directors of the project was American scientist, James Watson– who was also
in 1962 – along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins– awarded the Nobel Prize Award for the discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The DNA that is

Human Genome Project Ethics
The human race, a species consumed by curiosity and discovery. With the rapid growth of scientific knowledge, a new mystery has unraveled. This
endeavor is known as The Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is an organization designed to physically map all of the genes in the
human body. Once these scientists uncover all of the genes, it becomes possible to isolate them for uses such as possible prevention, treatments and
cures. This organization promotes the progression of science to new heights. "There have been a number of technological advances since 1990 that
have accelerated the progress of the project to a completion date sometime during the year 2003," (Melaas). The project raises uproar in the argument
of ethics. Ethics can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to eliminate this, implementing policies on genetic research must be upheld containing the extent to which society is willing to allow the
change in the population. Scientific experimentation will forever grow. The possibility to completely diminish science and research is slim. A
solution to this would be enacting rules and regulations. These regulations will limit to only testing on humans for necessary causes such as disability
or disease. If a life remains at risk, the genetic screens should proceed. However, if for cosmetic reasons, the Human Genome Project needs to draw the
line. Extra funding allow this solution to take off. "[T]he Human Genome Project will likely pay for itself many times over on an economic basis,"
("Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions."). If in startling economic standing, why not put more of an effort towards ethical
considerations and regulations? With this solution, insurance companies can now back patients regardless of potential risks. Children and adults will
also experience diversity. Exposure to varying personalities and handicapped individuals can increase. This solution inevitably benefits everyone. It will
teach society to embrace one's self and flaws. Flaws can transform into more respectful attributes. A solution that benefits everyone does the greatest
amount of

Cichlids Genome Paper
As Elmer introduced in one of his articles cichlids are one of the most species–rich vertebrates families which is reflected in the morphological
adaptations. By analyzing transcriptome researchers can tell when and where each gene is turned on or turned off in the cells. It can also illustrate the
gene expression by counting the number of transcripts. Researching about transcriptome is important toward health and the causes of many disease
cause by different type of cells. Also gene duplication occurs when there is two copies of genes. One copy would adapt to a new function, turn off, or
"spare" if the original gene is damaged. Researchers has sequence cichlid fish in order to give a better understanding on the evolution, development,
neurology , ecology, physiology, and agriculture of the fish around the world.As Salsburger, W. mention for this reason they are an excellent model
system to study basic dynamics. In the analysis of the cichlids genome it has demonstrate that the gene duplication there is a high rate across all
species. With an expansion of animals studies to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis is that there will probably been some unknown genes within the tissues. An possible error or misunderstanding could be with the
pituitary.Since the tissue is a small gland on the bottom of the brain when taking it out or separating it there is a possible outcome that there might be
brain tissue in it. For this cause the RNA sequencing could be more different compare to other pituitary tissues. Everything goes successfully good
results. There would be penalty of amount of ISP density, reads and enrichments within is tissue that was sequence. Making an estimated of the
outcome of almost 40,000 reads in total will give a good amount of data in order rest file for the program galaxy database. This database will provide
the number of sequence and more information within the tissue that was

The Human Genome Project
The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international
multidisciplinary scientific research project which was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life' talks about personalizing medicine by
understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the
importance of DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all implicate the importance of personalized
medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of sequencing DNA beforehand so that a
personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain which when understood can help us to make significant
contributions to the field of medicine. The topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the future'. As
the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is

The Human Genome Project A Go Or No?
Is the Human Genome Project a Go or No? Rapid growth in the health field over the past several decades has brought with it many advancements even
in the prenatal stages of life, one may think this is all positive, but is it really? With all new technology and advancements in the health field the lives of
humans can be heavily impacted by these advancements in the study of human genes.
The study of the human genome began in the early 1990s and involved into a global project. The purpose was to gain more information about human
genes. Which was very difficult to do, with this project in place a better understanding of the human genome was possible. Today women who are
expecting go threw an array of tests and screenings to see if their child will have certain genetic diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will
impair the child's life. This is possible due to the testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests
can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population, reduces disease, creates new medications and gives
a better understanding of humans. The other side argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacy, and discrimination to the life of a
person who has a high risk to certain aliments. In order to remedy this dispute between both sides there needs to be some boundaries, the testing of
genes cannot simply be aborted, and also the direction

Genome Mapping Pros And Cons
A genome map allows scientist to navigate around the genome and this helps to find genes or trace an inheritance of a gene. (genomenewsnetwork)
This is a major breakthrough in technology as scientists can now find sequences that are tyed to a particular disease and they can identify whay drugs
are needed to treat it. The mapping process illuminate the structure of the genes and it allows the viewers to examine the important parts of the genome
like the regulatory genes which help control when genes are on or off. Not only can mapping do that but it can also give likelihoods of getting
possible diseases in the future. It also gives chances of passing on diseases or can also guide scientist to the certain genes that cause cnacer, diabetes and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genome mapping can go as gfar as actually saving someones life. For example, in the PBS series "Cracking Your GEntic Code" biblings Alexis and
Noah were diagnosed with severe cerebral paisley however it was found that they had a similar disease that resembles cerebral paisley. Their
symptoms and healths problems worsened so they got their genome mapped and it was found that there was a yet another mutation cuasing terrible
symptoms. By mapping their genomes, scientist and docters gave them another drug which perfectly treated the siblings and there heath problems
almost vanished. (PBS "Cracking Your Genetic Code') This is an example of how genome mapping is extremely useful and this is a major pro in
using and putting time into it. The pros is tgat this can reveal genotypes and find casues of illnesses and treatments. Another pro in genome mapping is
in forensics. Forensic scientist scan 13 DNA regions that vary from person to person and they can put together a DNA profile to identify the individual.
This mapping in DNA identification makes an important addition to the detection of crime and these dna identification can create viable info on a
suspect. As always, genome mapping benfits in the area of medical research and treatment as maping your genome can let the individual know what
diseases they are susceptible in the future. That being sad, there are also downsides to having your genome

Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the sequence of human DNA and determining the location
of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete in 13
years. This project was started to find the 80,000 – 100,000 human genes and to determine the sequence of the 3 – billion chemical bases that make up
human DNA. The information generated by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those such as
developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ... Show more
In the spring of 1987, a report on the human genome initiative was prepared by the Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC)
of the Department of Energy (DOE). In early 1988, further discussion culminated in the publication of two additional, widely circulated, influential
reports. The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report presented a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the scientific
developments that had led to the promise of "mapping and sequencing" the human genome and presented an outline for a multi–phase research plan for
accomplishing the goal of sequencing human DNA over the course of the following two decades. In fiscal year 1988, the Congress of the United
States launched the human genome project by appropriating funds to both the DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) specifically for support
of research efforts to determine the structure of complex genomes. The NIH was delegated $17.2 million and the DOE received $10.7 million in 1988
by the human genome research institute.
It is generally agreed that the overall goal of the Human Genome Initiative is to acquire fundamental information needed to further our basic scientific
understanding of human genetics and of the role of various genes in health and disease. As refined through the discussions over the last half of the
1980's and defined in the NRC report, the Human Genome Initiative has several interrelated goals:
Construction of a

Human Genome Patents Essay
Genome Patents
The debate over patenting sections of the human genome arrived shortly after the completion of the mapping of the human genome. These patents give
rights of a specific section of the human genome to certain companies to develop gene products and tests after. Although patents on sections of the
human genome can encourage pioneering and further advancements in genome products and genetic tests, patenting on the human genome can lead to
the monopolization of gene tests that can delay patient treatment and diagnosis, restrict more than one developer to make genetic products and tests,
and allow one developer to increase prices on a specific test to outrageous prices.
Gregor Mendel the "Father of Modern Genetics" was an Austrian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since they held the patent on the gene, they could just sit on it and do nothing..." (Apecs.) This can significantly hinder human advancement and
potential patient care. If a gene sequence is not used to its fullest potential to be studied and researched, then any possible medical uses will not be
discovered until the expiration of the patent. The genetic company Myriad was under fire when one of their cancer screening tests came back as a false
negative, other genetic companies asked permission to look further into it, hoping to improve the test, but since myriad had sole rights to the gene ,
they declined permission for further speculation from other companies

CRISPR-Cas9 ) : What Is The Complex Code Of The Genomes?
The world of genomes is more similar to the art of coding, than many may believe. For starters, they both share the ability of creating information that
does an overwhelmingly important role in fabricating and supporting the final project – which in a genetical case is all living organisms. The complex
code of genetics has been a pivoting factor in countless research done by scientists, as it is the literal makeup of each and every living organism, each
unique in their own way. Research in genetics has been around for more than 150 years, and although the study is something relatively old and a
seemingly immaculate process, there are cases where the result is not always as one would hope. Unfortunately, if a mutation occurs in the ... Show
Granted there have been other gene editing techniques used before, but by far CRISPR has been reported to have the most potential to revolutionize
different areas where the method is applicable. The fields that researchers believe these modification resources will be the most beneficial, include but
are not limited to medicine for curing and preventing diseases, creating socially ideal children, and perhaps aiding in the decrease of world hunger.
While these goals do seem quite optimistical, scientists have high hopes for what CRISPR will be able to accomplish with time. Currently the system
is just now being tested out on living organisms, with the ambition of figuring ways to genetically terminate diseases (2).
Researchers affiliated with the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, decided to test this up–and–coming editing tool on mice with the dominant
blurred vision or cataract–causing mutation in their CRYGC gene, hoping to correct it. The results of their experimentation showed that after the mice
with the fixed mutation mated with mice without the mutated genes, their offspring received the correct mutant–free allele from the priorly disease
carrying parent. This information provides proof that the CRISPR–Cas9 can be used to correct genetic diseases before they are passed down from one
generation to the next (3).
After experimenting on rodents and finding triumphant results, scientists transferred over to testing the success of CRISPR–Cas9 on embryos, with

The Human Of Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project has been introduced to us more than twenty–five years from now. It was Initiated and sponsored by the National Human
Genome Research Institute, the project was introduced aiming at researching more human genes in order to understand, read genes and find cure for
diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project
isn't wrong or questionable but some believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the
instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on
how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carlos Cruchaga and his team searched for dementia–related genetic variations in some of these families and Their results were published in 2014 in
the journals Nature and Nature Medicine. The team identified variations in genes called phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and UNC5C that appear to promote
the risk of late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The results of what they found inspired them to keep looking for more. Dr. Cruchaga received his
Association grant in 2011 for a study entitled "Exome Sequencing of Late–Onset Alzheimer 's Disease Families. Dr. Cruchaga selected 14 families to
observe who have inherited Late–Onset Alzheimer. His team and him later analyzed the exomes from certain members of these families, searching for
gene variations linked to Alzheimer's.
This process initially identified a variation in PLD3 that was shown to double the risk of Alzheimer's disease in some cases. Previous research has
found that people with Alzheimer's tend to have lower than normal levels of the PLD3 protein in their brains. This finding indicates that PLD3 may
protect the brain against Alzheimer's–like changes.
In 2005 there were various report on gene therapy trials delayed disease progression. It wasn 't a successful cure, but the results were promising enough
which triggered further research in that area. Scientists took skin cells from patients and modified them to secrete the protein nerve growth factor
(NGF) form brains. These NGF producing

Human Genome Project Essay examples
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is an international project basically sponsored by the U.S Government. It started in October 1990 with an aim to sequence
the entire human genome. The complete set of information present in the form of the genes in an organism forms its genome. Each human being has
23 pairs of chromosomes having DNA double helix in each. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the
structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort, the DNA of a set of model
organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for understanding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An important feature of this project is the federal government's long–standing dedication to transfer the technology to private sector by licensing them,
awarding grants for innovative research and earning multi–billion U. S dollars that could later be used for medical researchers. To help achieve these
goals, researchers also are studying the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms. These include the common human gut bacterium Escherichia
coli, the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse.
The process for the sequencing of the Human Genome is long and complicated. At first a collection of blood and sperm samples from anonymous
donors which are then combined into a mixture. The mixture is subjected for DNA extraction using chloroform, phenol and water. Pure DNA is
dissolved in water. It is subjected to an enzyme, restriction that cuts the DNA fragments. The short DNA fragments are treated with alkali to make
sticky ends. The sticky end DNA fragments are subject to fluorescent probes, having separate colours for a single base. The labeled DNA fragments are
fed into an automatic sequencing machine that reads the base sequence according to the colours of the bases. A computer then uses this piece of
information to read the sequence into a continuous DNA sequence by finding overlaps and matching

True Power Of CRISPR : The Human Genome System
Even though it was discovered in 1987 by a research team at Osaka University, the true power of CRISPR, which functions as an adaptive bacteria
immune defense, was not realized until the completion of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000's (Carroll and Zhou 63–64). There are only two
components of CRISPR, a guide RNA sequence (gRNA) and a Cas9 endonuclease protein. When the gRNA binds to its matching template DNA
sequence, the Cas9 protein cuts the template DNA sequence resulting in the inactivation of that specific gene (Hille and Charpentier 3). In addition, a
mutant gene can be replaced by adding another piece of DNA with the desired sequence, which will bind to the cut DNA template strand and become
incorporated into the host ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, 50,000 patients are added to the organ transplant list annually, however, only 23,000 organ transplants are performed (Salomon
1089). This organ – donor shortage has become a major problem. Researchers have been using CRISPR to modify induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
to provide personalized therapeutic transplants (Cai et al 247). This can be done by turning specific genes on and off using CRISPR to force the iPS to
differentiate into the desired cell type. As the number of these differentiated cells increases, they will eventually create a fully functioning organ. This
eliminates the need to find an organ donor altogether. In addition, this eliminates the possibility of transplant rejection since the organ would be made
from the patient's very own iPS (Cai et al 247). Another form of an organ transplant can also be achieved through the use of CRISPR known as
xenotransplantation which involved developing animal organs for transplantation into humans. The main concern surrounding this transplantation is
the transmission of infectious disease such as porcine endogenous retrovirus or PERV for short. However, researchers have significantly decreased the
infectious risk by using CRISPR to perform a one–step inactivation of more than 60 copies of PERV (Salomon 1089). This scientific breakthrough
makes the concept of xenotransplantation more feasible than ever thought possible. Altogether, the

The Pros And Cons Of Genome Editing
Genome Editing; The practical Applications The very first human genetic ailment, according to research, was identified in the year 1901 and named
'alkaptonuria.' Today, however, we recognize well over 8,000 named human anomalies which result from mutations in the genes, and the number of
these diseases increases by the day. Separately, all of these diseases are regarded as rare in the United States because they individually affect a small
proportion of the population in comparison to the total. Even in the small proportion of these patients, some may be cured through the use of a
relatively new technology known as 'stem cell transplantation' and for some, 'organ transplant.' (Porteus, 2015). The remaining patients, however, are
left without a cure to these 'rare diseases' and the best option for treating them is through the management of the symptoms. In our quest to find a way...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These drawbacks however and highlighting the same is not meant to sway us from our research into genome editing rather it is merely meant to make
us more careful concerning this research into gene alteration. When we go beyond these drawbacks, we can be hopeful of a future where we can use
this practice not just for the purpose of disease modeling but also to facilitate the discovery into human therapeutics (Musunuru, 2013). Genome editing
may now have us confused regarding the future of diseases caused by mutation, but further discoveries and breakthroughs in the technology are likely
to lead us to a time when this genome editing would become common practice, and we would be able to cure at least the most common genetic
anomalies. Until then, though, we work with the hopes of that

Does The Genome Dictate Life
The Genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all the information needed to allow that organism to build and
grow. There are instructions in our genome are made of DNA. All living things have a unique genome.
I believe that the genome does dictate life. The genome has so many parts within it. Each and every part dictate a lot of things. It is in your DNA so it
controls things like your unique personality. And others that guide your growth and development.
The genome have some chemical coding that guides your development so without the aid of the genome things for humans might be a lot different. Each
cell has their own complete set of instructions that are made to help us grow kinda like a recipe for

The Genome Project Of Any Species
The genome sequencing project of any species would not be possible without modern sequencing technologies and the methods described in this thesis,
transcriptome and genome resources for whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in this thesis
are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that contain bacterial endosymbiont. This concluding chapter
summarizes the previous chapters and also outlines the possible future directions for improvements and describes the exciting research studies possible.
8.0.1 What can we do with the transcriptome
Chapter 1 began by addressing the research problem and describing the whiteflies that have been studied so far and why the genome of this species is
needed. Although, four transcriptomes of different whitefly species have already been published and the data are available to public. These four
transcriptomes were compared in Chapter 2 to identify sequence and functional differences across them. The main aim of the Chapter 2 was to obtain a
comprehensive transcriptome data set for Asia I species which could effectively used for further analysis in this thesis.
In order to capture the complete transcriptome of Asia I species, two different libraries (Normalized and Unnormalized) were generated and sequenced.
These combined data sets from two libraries not only led to complete transcriptome resource but also to identifying the abundance and least

Essay On Genome Editing
There still needs much to be done such as researching the appropriate risks and benefits for the clinical trials (Sciences Engineering medicine (20––). It
is rapidly growing and increasing by making heritable genome editing of the embryo, egg, and sperm in the hopeful future (Sciences Engineering
medicine (20––) It is very likely to be many years before CRISPR–cas9 is used in human beings. The main attention is drawn towards animal models
or isolated human cells (CRIPSR 20––). The purpose of this for the goal to treat diseases in humans. Another plan for the future is to focus on
eliminating "off–target" effects, where the CRISPR–cas9 entity cuts different gene to one the one intended to be edited (CRIPSR 20––). In our world
today, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CRIPSR 20––). Another way to ensure that CRISPR–cas9 cuts accurately is through the use of the cas9 enzyme. This enzyme will only cut a single
strand of target DNA compared to two strands of DNA. This demonstrates the two Cas9 enzymes and two guide RNAs will have to be in the same
location to be cut. Therefore, this will reduce the probability of the cut being in the wrong place. (CRIPSR 20––). There is a growing debate about
modifying human DNA because it could be beneficial and be passed for future generations but one has to consider if it is ethically okay to be used.
It does open the door for many opportunities in biotechnology and medicine but it has a lot of opposing sides to it. After performing relatively
extensive on the research on the top of genetic editing human embryos, I feel as though it is very so much appropriate to use CRISPR–cas9 to prevent
a baby from inheriting a serious genetic disease. But it is very unsuitable, poor, and misused to be used to enhance one's genes to strengthen one's
physical traits. For quite some time now, parents have used vitro fertilization followed by an implantation screening to see which embryos to plant. A
family has an option to select healthy embryos for in vitro fertilization and aborting a fetus with the diseased (Science 2017). One could meet the
expectations for the family if both parents have the same disease such as Huntington's disease.

Analyzing The Genome Of Living Cells ( 1 )
Biology, in all of its glory, is quite amazing. It has always existed and always will; it merely just waits for a human to attempt to understand it. This
understanding has taken centuries, however it seems to increase with the years. A very popular topic amongst biologists today is the genome,
understanding it, mapping it, comparing one organism's to another and so on. With the understanding of this genome though, we as humans want to
delve into it, tweak it, and manipulate it until it is perfection to our standards. A development has arisen that will one day provide ways to make
precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells (1). CRISPR– Cas9 is the development that many scientists believe will eventually change the
face of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tool was first tested with bacteria and found to be successful, but at what point will it break moral and ethical standards? Scientists in Guangdong
found this out after attempting to use CRISPR–Cas9 on tripronuclear zygotes. The scientists studied the past results of tests similar to this and found
that the CRISPR–Cas9 was not very accurate. To attempt to prevent this from occurring once more, specific PCR primers were designed to attempt to
amplify the desired region of the hemoglobin strand so that the CRISPR–Cas9 might be more accurate and yield better results. (5) This study however,
did not successfully eradicate the gene causing the zygote to be tripronuclear, instead it caused off–target mutations that would result in greater harm to
the zygote than the tripronuclear would in the first place (6). When these scientists attempted to publish their paper at first, they were rejected due to
the outcome of their research and ethical concerns. This, afterall, was the first test of its kind performed on human embryos. It was a worry that the
zygotes that they had used were viable and violated moral standards, however these worries were proven false. This worry though, is common with
many, in terms of attempting to use CRISPR–Cas9 on humans. Some scientists were so worried by this test, that they called for a moratorium on this
type of experiment indefinitely. Their main point was that altering the genome of one embryo does not

Genome And Genetic Variation: Summary
Weekly Summary on Genome and Genetic Variation
The concept of the genome: DNA is the code that categorizes us, however the other thing that shapes our features are genes. Genes can be defined
as a unit of heredity that is transported from parent to offspring that is rooted in our DNA. The biggest chromosome of the 23 is labeled as
chromosome 1. This chromosome, beside the rest, has arms and on the long arm of chromosome 1, is found a code. This code contains 120 letters of
the 4 genomes A, C, G, and T written in a section from a singlegene. What makes this gene so important is that it is continually being copied into the
RNA while RNA goes out and translatesDNA into Proteins. What is then seen is an amazing system within human bodies ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene
Mutation rate is the amount of the rate at which different types of mutations happen over time. The rate of replacements can be additional sectioned
into a mutation spectrum which describes the effect of genetic context on the mutation rate. The mutation rate of an organism is a progressed
characteristic and is strongly affected by the genetics of each organism, also including strong influence from the environment.
Why mutation is important: Mutation is what causes variety, and that is what leads to evolution over time. Evolution completely depends on mutations
because it is the only way that new alleles and new regulatory regions are made.
Small–scale mutations, like affecting a small gene is one or a few nucleotides, including point mutations which is malfunction of DNA replication,
exchange a single nucleotide for another, Adding one or more extra nucleotides into DNA, and removing one or more nucleotides from Dante 3 types
of codes are depending on what the erroneous codon code is for:
1.Silent mutation codes for a different amino

Amborella Genome Analysis
According to the Penn State University, the newly sequenced genome of the Amborellaplant addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery". The genome
sequence shed a new light to fully understand where flowers came from. Amborella is unique as the sole survivor of an ancient evolutionary lineage
that traces back to the last ancestor of flowering plants. The plant is small understory tree found only on the main island of New Caledonia in the South
Pacific. An effort to decipher the Amborellagenome which is led by the scientist of this university, is uncovering evidence for the evolutionary
processes that paved the way for the amazing diversity of more than 300,000 flowering plant species can found in our planet. Scientists who sequenced
the amborella genome say that it provides conclusive evidence that the ancestor of all flowering plantsevolved following a "genome doubling event"
that occurred about 200 million years ago. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Claude dePamphilis of Penn State University, stated that genome doubling may offer an explanation to Darwin's "abominable mystery". Comparative
analyses of the amborella genome are already providing scientist with a new perspective on the genetic origins of important traits in all flowering
plants. "Resequencing of individual Amborella plants across the species, range reveals geographic structure with conservation implications plus
evidence of a recent, major genetic bottleneck" stated by Pam Soltis of the University of Florida. A similar narrowing of genetic variation occurred
when humans migrated from Africa to found modern–day Eurasians

Genome Editing Essay
Genome editing of germ line cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system
Recent studies suggest that genome editing of germ line cells is an effective strategy for mutated gene correction in sperms and oocytes for the
inhibition of onset of inherited disorder. The first time, germ line genome editing in human by CRISPR/Cas9 system , was carried out to correct
mutation of HBB (Beta globin) gene in zygote of ОІ–thalassemia patients by homologous DNA recombination (HDR) [80, 81]. Embryonic genome
editing utilized in the treatment of such monogenic diseases prior to birth is a rational use of embryonic genome editing in germ line cells.
Homologous DNA recombination by traditional gene editing techniques in mammalian eggs has a low rate (<10%) in term of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of
inherited genetic mutation to their children and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/cas9 to create healthy
children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high
risk of inheritance mutation transmition.
Unresolved ethical problems still exist and are the main reason for delay onset of clinical trials in this field. Large animal models can be utilized for
a variety of monogenic diseases, particularly monogenic neurological disorders like HD and Duchene muscular dystrophy) DMD (. Specificity,
efficacy, and side effects of germ line genome editing technology should be assessed by animal models before entering clinical trials.
Generating mammalian models of neurodegenerative diseases using CRISPR/Cas9
Cas9 has been well studied. It belongs to the class II CRISPR/Cas system which is the main protein involved in small interfering CRISPR RNA
(crRNA). CRISPR RNA often leads to the silencing of invader viruses and plasmids [72, 85]. Several in vitro surveys have shown that Cas9 is guided
by gRNA composed of chimeric RNA. Chimeric RNA is composed of crRNA and tracrRNA. They are sufficient to

Review Of Genome-Wide Analysis Of Trx Family In Cotton...
Discussion
This work provides the first report on genome–wide analysis and characterization of TRX family in cotton genomes. We found that there are 150 genes
in Gossypium hirsutum, 92 genes in Gossypium arboreum and 81 genes in Gossypium Ramondii. According to domain number, GhTRX genes divided
into five subfamilies (TRX–A, TRX–B, TRX–O, TRX–ERp29 and TRX–TPR_1_2).This result is in agreement with previous study in other species
such as rice, Arabidopsis and sorghum(Choi, Jeong, & Kende, 2004). In addition, the majority of TRX genes in upland cotton belonging to subfamily
TRX–A and TRX–B agreeing with previous studies in rice, maize, soybean and poplar (ref) this finding suggested that these two subfamilies may be
involved in diverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on events, evolutionary origin of the GhTRX genes might undertake 2 evolutionary stages; last 0.31 and 1.08 mya. Evolutionary in G.
hirsutum happened after rice and Arabidopsis. There were10 duplicated pairs in rice Thioredoxingene family, its Evolutionary origin might undertake 3
evolutionary stages; events were ranged from 9 to 70 MYA (Ref) whereas thegenome of the ancestor of Arabidopsis underwent a duplication event
about 24–40 MYA, shortly after the divergence from the cotton ancestor. Approximately 14% of paralogous pairs remain up to date (Meyer et al.,
2005). In general duplication of GhTRX happened after OsTRX and ATTRX and the number of genes duplicated was lower than in rice and
Arabidopsis; this May be due to loss of most paralogues (Ref). GhTRX–A subfamily was largest amongst GhTRXs subfamilies; agreeing with previous
study in rice, Arabidopsis and sorghum (Chibani, Wingsle, Jacquot, Gelhaye, & Rouhier, 2009). High number of TRX–A members may be due to
duplication (Nuruzzaman et al., 2012), this explains multiple members of TRX–A family in G.hirsutum. GhTRX genes roles under different stresses
Six GhTRX genes were selected randomly to analyze their function in specific tissue, leaf development stages, phytohormones and abiotic stress. In
specific tissue, all genes were highly expressed in various tissues suggesting that these genes may have crucial functions in cotton growth and
development. These results agree with previous study in

Human Genome Project Paper
The Human Genome Project is a very well–known scientific research project made to determine the sequencing of chemical base pairs which make up
human DNA. The Human Genome Project is also made to identify and map all of the human genes from both physical and functional parts. But how
does this really affect us?
The Human Genome Project has aimed to provide us with detailed information about the Human Genome. This will be extremely effective towards
studying people with specific diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The DNA sequences of any two people
are actually very alike. The little difference is those that cause a high risk of an individual developing a certain disease. During the course of ... Show
Privacy issues have also been rising throughout the project. Having this information being shared across governments or companies and the
availability of this information for anyone's interest is a great risk (NLCATP 2015). However, there are many scientists who don't believe in the HGP
simply because no one knows how a single gene change can affect humans. Clearly, if used correctly The Human Genome Project can become a
beneficial factor in curing life–threatening diseases. The information from genetic tests, provided by the scientific community, will be shared with the
public and medical communities. By sharing the information, it helps doctors save lives of patients. However, sometimes scientists still remain unsure
on how to interpret the results of tests. Many agreements were made during the project, resulting in the publication of scientists' findings. By having
the information visible to all, it allows advance understandings and the making of medical advances

Essay On The Sequencing Of The Human Genome
The sequencing of the human genome involves the vision of an advanced medical science and academic research. Nowadays, genetic databases are
making a loud noise to easily determine the relationships between lifestyle, environmental exposures, and genetic diseases. These databases large lean
on collective data in contribution to genetic information and research materials that deal with the genetic cases of diseases. For the reason that genetic
databank has a great potential of massive profit and technologic advancements that could improve our understanding of a range of diseases, private
companies seek to get access to these genetic databanks of patients. However, this research can only proceed with consideration of the ethical, legal and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethical principles for the prospective use of human genetic material and data have been introduced in several European countries. The British Clinical
Genetics Society and the Danish Council of Ethics said that the quality assurance of these tissues in the biobanks are assured in the governing rules of
the regional bodies but solely depend on the boards of each institution. One of the examples in the Data Surveillance Authority in Denmark which has
the sovereignty over its genetic banks which was created in 1996. The Health Council of the Netherlands publicly announced the recommendation that
human material cannot be stored 'without a good reason' (1994). In 1996, France authorized that no institution nor any person could get samples with
the motivation that has a collection of human genome or use and in a way, the samples taken if they have not informed the legal authority in
concerned thereof . On the other note, the very arising issue in the economic factor of the storage and collection of there biobanks has been opened up
with only a few talks and did not receive much of an importance in general . Recently, numbers of recent "charitable trusts" turns the focus on the
economic and political aspects that should be considered in connection to issues that are mainly associated to this like ethical, legal and social factors.
According to several researchers, there is no objective

Genome Editing Essay
Introduction
Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in technology, the study of genes and induced 'point'
mutations have led to the discovery and advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9 protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as
this is a tool that could potentially be used for the research into and hopefully the treatment of a range of medical conditions that are genetically
related. Cystic fibrosis (Schwank, G. et al, 2013), haemophilia and sickle cell disease are an example of some of the conditions that have the ... Show
Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial
genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising statistics, so it is
no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually
human cells.
With the rate and volume that new experiments and experimental procedures are being tried and tested, it can be expected that a Nobel Prize will soon
be won for the discovery and advancement of this potential life–saving 'tool'. The category of Nobel Prize and who it potentially should be awarded to
are discussed later in this essay.
The Role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Genome Editing Tool
There are three types of CRISPR systems. The Type II CRISPR system (where the interface is mediated by a single large protein in conjunction with
crRNA) is the simplest of the three and it is this one that has been the basis for genome editing.
The Cas9 protein is an enzyme that effectively acts as a pair of molecular 'scissors', cutting

The Development And Application Of Crispr For Genome...

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