have a good times

1. CHILD ABUSE, CHILD
PROSTITUTION, CHILD
TRAFFICKING, STREET
CHILDREN, CHILD LABOUR,
CHILD PROTECTION AND
CHILD RIGHT AND CHILD
LAWS.
By: Sudip Adhikari &
Kamal Kalakheti
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2. CHILD ABUSE
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3. CHILD ABUSE
 Child abuse is physical, sexual,
and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a
child or children, especially by a parent or other
caregiver.
 Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by
a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or
potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's
home, or in the organizations, schools or
communities the child interacts with.
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4. TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE:
 The World Health Organization distinguishes four types of
child maltreatment or child abuse:
1. Physical abuse : This includes hitting, beating, kicking,
biting, strangling, scalding, burning, poisoning and
suffocating.
2. Sexual abuse : Sexual abuse includes activities by a
parents or caregiver such as fondling a child’s genitals,
penetration, incest, rape, indecent exposure, exploitation
through prostitution or the production of pornographic
materials.
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5. 3. Emotional or psychological abuse: Emotional abuse or
psychological abuse is a pattern of behavior that impairs a
child emotional development or sense of self-worth.
4. Neglect : neglect is the failure of a parents, guardian, or
other caregiver to provide for a child’s basic needs.
Neglect may be :
 Physical: failure to provide necessary food or shelters or
lack of appropriate supervision.
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6. CONT….
 Medical : failure to provide necessary medical or mental
health treatment.
 Educational : failure to educate a child or attend to
special educational needs.
 Emotional : failure to provide psychological care, or
premitting the chid to use alcohol or other drugs.
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8. CHILD PROSTITUTION
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9. DEFINITION:
 The United Nation defines it as “ the act of engaging or
offering the services of a child to perform sexual acts
for money or other consideration with that person or
any other person”
 Child prostitution is prostitution involving a child, and it
is a form of commercial sexual exploitation of children
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10. CONT…
 Prostitution of children usually manifest in the form of sex
trafficking, in which a child is kidnapped or duped into
becoming involved in the sex trade, or “survive sex”, in
which the child engages in sexual activities to produce
basic essentials such as food and shelters.
 Prostitution in Nepal is illegal. The Human Trafficking and
Transportation (Control) Act, 2064, Act Number 5 of the
Year 2064 (2008), criminalises prostitution and living of the
earnings of prostitution by including it in the definition
of human trafficking. UNAIDS estimate there to be 67,300
prostitutes in the country
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11. PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS:
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 The practice causes injuries such as “vaginal tearing,
physical after-effects of torture, pain, infection, or
unwanted pregnancy”.
 Psychological trauma, including depression and post-
traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)
 Other psychological effects includes anger, insomnia,
sexual and personality confusion, inability to trust adults,
and loss of confidents

12. GOVERNMENT POLICIES:
 Although there are no laws in Nepal criminalizing
sex work specifically, there are some laws that were
enacted throughout the 1980s that criminalize
trafficking within and outside of Nepal that are used
towards sex work.
 In 1986, the Traffic in Humans (Control) Act was
passed in Nepal and was aimed at stopping
trafficking in the form of prostitution. However, this
act, like many others, proved to be ineffective,
mainly due to the fact that the act was “largely
aimed at criminalizing prostitution rather than
curbing(control) trafficking activities”.
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13. CONT…
 In 2008, the Human Trafficking and Transportation
(Control) Act, criminalised prostitution and living of
the earnings of prostitution by including it in the
definition of human trafficking
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14. CHILD TRAFFICKING
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15.  Child trafficking is child abuse. Children are recruited,
moved or transport and the exploited, forced to work
or sold.
 They are often subject to multiple forms of exploitation.
 Children are trafficked for:
1. child sexual exploitation
2. Benefits fraud
3. Forced marriage
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16. CONT….
4. Domestic servitued such as cleaning, childcare,
cooking
5. Forced labour in factories or agriculture
6. Criminal activity such pick pocketing, begging,
transporting drugs, working on cannabis farms,
selling pirated DVDs, bag theft.
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18.  Apr 26, 2016
 Around 16,500 Nepali citizens, mostly unmarried women and
children, were trafficked in the past two years, according to a
national report released by the National Human Rights
Commission.
 The report has also claimed an increase in vulnerability of
trafficking especially of women and children, at least by 20 percent
after the April earthquake. The report, which is based on primary
and secondary data, has incorporated the figures of only three
months after the quake. Nepal Police has record of total 1,233
women and children missing in three months of the earthquake.
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19.  The report claimed that the numbers of attempted
trafficking victims in each of past two fiscal years (2013-
14 and 2014-15) lie between 9,000 and 9,500. The
NHRC in its study has concluded that majority of victims
are recruited by giving false promises. Of the survivors,
a whopping(large) 85 percent had never been to school,
few of them literates.
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20. STREET CHILDREN
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21.  The term street children refers to children for whom the
street,more than their family has become their real home.
 UNICEF has sub-categoried and defined street children
into three types:
1. Street-living
2. Street- working, and
3. Street-family
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22. CONT..
1. Street-living: Street living children are those who
are living in the street on their own. They are
abandoned or have lost their families.
2. Street-working: Street working children spend most
of their time working on the streets but return
home on a regular basis
3. Street-family: street family children are those who
are in this situation on with their families.
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23. PROBLEMS:
 Street children are facing many problems on the
street.
 Some problems faced by the street children are
physical, psychological and sexual exploitation by
adults and other street children.
 Street children are most vulnerable to malnutrition,
substance abuse and severe health problems,
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24. CONT…
 Street children are engaged in begging on the
street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking,
working in bars, restaurants and tempo buses even
some children are engaged in prostitution
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25. ACCORDING TO CHILD PROTECTION CENTERS
AND SERVICES (CPCS) REPORT:
 15% of the children in a street situation are from the
eastern Terai district of Sunsari.
 There are around 5000 street children all over
Nepal. In Kathmandu only, it is estimated that the
number of street children is approximately 1200-
1500.
 Children as young as 9 are smoking ganja: 35% of
13 year old and 60% of street youth regularly
smoke ganja.
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26. NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN IN KATHMANDU
VALLEY
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