Study of a transient plasma process in lightning using the BSM-SG models of atoms and elementary particles

International Conference on Nanotechnology and Materials Science, July 22-24, Rome
STOYAN SARG 2019 Selected articles: http://vixra.org/author/stoyan_sarg 1
Study of a transient plasma process in lightning using the
BSM-SG models of atoms and elementary particles
Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev,
World Institute for Scientific Exploration, USA
www.helical-structures.org
BSM-SG Theory (2001)

Lightnings on Earth - nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. The lightnings to ground releases
enormous energy. Super-powerful lightnings are observed in Venus, Jupiter and Saturn.
• Analysis of lightning in slow motion video:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9xzU0xjlhE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dukkO7c2eUE (short version)
- Lightning - a transient process of plasma – duration up to 0.8 s
- two distinguishable phases: a. before and b. after hitting the ground
(a. low energy, b. – high current (50 – 80 kA) and high energy)
a. – first (negative) and b. – second (positive) return stroke
current waveforms. Courtesy of J. Jerauld et al. [53].
• Lightning is successfully analyzed with BSM-SG theory and atomic models
• A laboratory experiment is suggested for a small scale artificial lightning with a
possibility for measurement of the physical parameters
RF from lightning in a few spectral windows.
Courtesy of David M. Le Vine [21].

Reinterpretation of scattering experiments: Deviation from Rutherford scattering by alpha particles with energy > 25 MeV
The problem first detected by E. S. Bieler (1924), then investigated by Farwell & Wegner (1954) and other researchers
Scattering by alpha particles
Scattering by
Li nuclei
Scattering by
neutrons

Experimental data from different fields used for revealing the material
structure of elementary particles and atomic nuclei
• Particle data experiments
• X-ray properties of the elements in a solid state.
• Laue back-reflection patterns
• Relation between the nuclear binding energy and X ray spectra of the
elements
• Oxidation numbers (valences) of elements. Principal and secondary ox.
numbers.
• Ionization potential dependence of Z number
• Orbital interactions and pairing between the electrons from different orbitals
• Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes
• Optical atomic spectra
• Photoelectron spectra of molecules
• Nuclear magnetic resonance of the elements
• Nuclear configuration and VSEPR model for chemical compounds
• Vibrational properties of the atoms in the molecules in a gas phase.

All elementary particles contain superdens helical substructure
This conclusion is based on analysis of particle data experiments and quantum mechanica
properties as interaction between the particle structure and the Cosmic Lattice
• Proton and neutron possess one and a same superdens substructure. The proton is twisted
torus, while the neutron is double folded. The charge of the neutron is locked in the near field
by the SG (nuclear ) forces and not detectable, but when in motion it creates a magnetic field.
Electron is a small 3-body oscillating
system exhibiting a screw-like motion
with preferred quantum velocities
(13.6 eV, 3,4 eV, 1.51 eV…) due to
interaction with the Cosmic Lattice.
S. Sarg, Physics Essays, Vol. 16, No 2,
180-195, (2003).

BSM-SG models of atomic nuclei as 3D fractal formations and boundary size of the atoms
Supergravitational law (at
sub-nanometric range):
01 02
3
m m
SG SG r
F G=
Material structure
Material structure and Coulomb field

Atomic nuclei of second and third rows of the Periodic Table
Note: The principal chemical valence increases with z-number until the deuterons (protons) from the
two poles are at different planes passing through the polar axis. In further z increase the deuterons
(protons) are bound at equatorial region and excluded from principal valence. At noble gases all
deuterons are bound at equatorial region by SG forces and excluded from any chemical valence.
Mock-up of Argon atom

a. TEAM microscope image of a single wall Carbon sheet
b. Processed image showing a signature of 2 parallel planes
BSM-SG atomic models in nanotechnology
Example of analysis of Single sheet graphene
Note:
The plane of P1 & P2 is perpendicular to the
plane of P3 &P4. This provides a slight
displacement of the locations of the electronic
orbits. This feature is detectable by the TEAM
microscope.
Nanotube, Courtesy of A.
Javey et al. Nano Lett., 4,
1319, (2004
The analysis of TEAM image shows that the single sheet of graphene is not planar

Rydberg state and ion-electron pairs in EM activated neutral plasma
• Clusters and
superclusters posses a
compound magnetic
field that opposes any
external magnetic field.
The electron trace of
ion-electron pairs is
helical. The anomalous
magnetic moment of
electron provides a
driving momentum.

Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism in EM activated neutral plasma
• Observed unusual effect: before plasma activation the capacitance between the electrodes
is negligible. After activation it raises thousand times – plasma capacitance. Conclusion:
electrons interact with the CL space (physical vacuum)
• Conclusion: make a resonance circuit that includes the plasma capacitance
• Predicted in BSM-SG theory (2001) and used in my antigravity research described in
my book “Field Propulsion by Control of Gravity – Theory and Experiments”
• Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism (HRM) involves interaction between the electron,
oscillating with Compton frequency, and the CL structure of the physical vacuum. The
term heterodyne means that it is activated by EM means in KHz range, while
electrons interacts with the super-high Compton frequency of the CL space
Glow discharge at normal pressure Glow discharge at partial vacuum

Experimental setup for study of HRM effect in neutral plasma glow discharge
Signature of electron spin flipping
(measured by Tektronics oscilloscope (2005))
HRM in glow discharge in partial vacuum

Selected spectra of HRM frequencies in RF MHz range recorded by HP 8590L
Complete record of spectra are available in viXra:1903.0523

Measurements by Rigol DS1102E oscilloscope (2018)
Time domain and frequencies by FFTTime domain waveforms measurements
Videoclip showing self-
sustainability of the glow
discharge by opposing
the external magnetic
field. It is due to the
complex magnetic field of
the superclusters.

The upper coordinates are in the frequency domain,
while bottom coordinates +B and –B are shown as
a function of r, but r for +B and –B are shown in
opposite direction in order to match the frequency
domain. (B – shown by gray color).
Analysis of observed spectra.
The magnetic field of a
solenoid decreases with
the radial distance
• The obtained spectra are not predicted by quantum mechanics. They show features indicating they are
not atomic or molecular spectra
• The symmetrically missing frequencies in some spectra are result of combined magnetic fields in a
loop from some symmetrically positioned clusters, so they do not emit RF lines.
Assuming that the observed spectra are result of
spin flip of the electrons we have
𝜇 𝑒𝑠 = ±
𝑒ℎ
4𝜋𝑚 𝑒
- spin magnetic moment of electron
𝑊 = 𝜇 𝑒𝑠 𝐵 = Δ𝐸 - work from spin flipping
where: W – is the work – energy difference
between up and down electron spin
Then according to 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 we have the frequency
shift proportional to E
f ~ E
Graphical illustration of physical
parameters behind the observed spectra

Explanation of missing frequency lines in some spectra
Conclusion: The missing spectral lines are
result of closed magnetic lines between
some clusters of ion-electron pairs

Conclusions and prediction
a. The HRM effect takes place after some delay from activation electrical pulse (in
order of 20 uS for air at 13 mbars). This time is necessary for ionization and
formation of ion-electron pair.
b. The magnetic moment of electron force the ion-electron pairs to form clusters
and superclusters.
c. During HRM mechanism electron tends to move with one of optimal quantum
velocity, while the common magnetic field forces a synchronization that affects
the internal energies of the electron, so they could replenish their energy by spin
flipping.
d. The spin flipping of a huge number of electrons involved in ion-electron pairs is
synchronized due to the common magnetic field.
e. The electron interacts with the superhigh Compton frequency of the Cosmic
Lattice (physical vacuum) as a result of spin flipping and takes a fraction of
zeropoint energy.
f. The fraction of zeropoint energy in synchronized spin flips of a large number of
electrons is much greater than at the case of not synchronised spin-flips
Prediction: If the superclusters of ion-electron pairs is destroyed by a strong
magnetic field the accumulated energy will be released.

Conclusions:
• The lightning energy released in the second phase does not come from chemical
reactions. Probably it is associated with an avalanche process involving
destruction and creation of ion-electron pairs. In this process the strong magnetic
field from the super-strong DC current place an important role.
• The avalanche process begins after the DC current reaches some threshold
level.
• Simulating of a small-scale lightning: a lab experiment with a purpose to study
the phenomenon (association with the controversial Papp’s engine experiments).
Lightnings in other planets of solar system
• Venus atmosphere – no water but sulfur acid clouds in relatively high pressure
• Jupiter atmosphere: 90% hydrogen, 10% helium. High lightning activity
• Saturn atmosphere: 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium – very high
activity. Lightnings are roughly one million times stronger than lightnings on
Earth. (NASA’s Cassini spacecraft observations).
Theoretical considerations for suitable gases for ion-electron pairs:
Noble gases are the most suitable.
• Compact atomic size, mixture of gases, no chemical reactions
• Large difference between first and second ionization potential

Technical considerations for a small scale lightning Lab experiment
1. HV source of pulse type for creation of ion-
electron pairs (DC preferable)
2. DC source of low voltage but high current
(from a capacitor bank)
3. Plasma switch combined with electrodes
with a proper configuration
4. Adjustable delay between HV and low
voltage discharge
5. A possibility to work in closed volume with
different gases.
6. A possibility for applying of an external
magnetic field.
7. A test bed for measuring the effect of the gas
expansion in a closed volume.
8. Using a battery supply in order to avoid
transients in the electrical power line.
9. Avoiding directly connected digital
equipment. (They could be damaged by
transients).

Functional electrical diagram of test bed for lightning simulation

Small-scale lightning demo with my experimental collaborator Velin Asenov

General considerations:
• Lab experiment is suggested for study of the lightning phenomenon
• The proposed experiment permits:
- Estimation of input and output power and energy
- Derivation of physical parameters and technical requirements
- Optimization of the effect by adjustment of critical physical and technical
parameters
• Conclusions from the initial test results and similar experiments
- The magnetic field plays an important role – a signature of a non-
thermodynamical process
- A mixture of noble gases facilitates the creation of ion-electron pairs
- The output energy depends on the initial pressure of the noble gas mixture
• Further study is necessary

Potential applications of the
BSM-SG atomic models.
• BSM-SG theory provides atomic models
with 3D geometry and dimensions.
• BSM-SG models permits classical
explanations of the boundary size of excited
states, nuclear spin, angular restriction of
chemical bonds and mutual magnetic
interactions between quantum orbits.
• The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
(ANS) provides BSM-SG models for the
elements in the range 1<Z<103, using
symbolic shapes for protons and neutrons.
The derived models match perfectly to the
rows and columns of the Periodic table.
• BSM-SG models could be used in
chemistry, nanotechnology, LENR,
lighting study and as a 3D graphical
modeling with a sub-angstrom
resolution.
www.helical-structures.org
BSM-SG Periodic Table online

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