Report at 31 Annual Meeting of SSE, 2012 Advances in the field of cold fusion or LENR need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The treatise “Basic Structures of Matter – Supergravitation Unified Theory”, based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum, suggests non spherical shapes of the protons and neutrons. Held by strong nuclear forces the non-spherical protons and neutrons form atomic nuclei as fractal three-dimensional structures. Such nuclear structures exhibit an excellent match to the pattern of Periodic Table, showing signatures of valences, and angular restrictions of the chemical bonds. The Coulomb barrier in these nuclear structures does not converge to a small size according to the Bohr nuclear model and it could be modified by some technical methods. The analysis of some cold fusion experiments, using BSM-SG model, resulted for practical and suggestions for other nuclear reactions. Video-record: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3gJp8rLHWg

1. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Theoretical Feasibility of Cold Fusion According
to the BSM - Supergravitation Unified Theory
Stoyan Sarg
York University, Toronto, Canada
sarg137@yahoo.com
1
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

2. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
• Why the current progress in LENR (cold fusion) was not predicted and
explained by the contemporary physics?
• Maxwell in “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” vol. II ".....whenever
energy is transmitted from one body to another in time, there must be a
medium or substance in which the energy exists after it leaves one body and
before it reaches the other”
• After development of General Relativity (GR) Einstein claimed that the GR
theory without Ether is unthinkable. His only argument against the material
structure of Ether is that no working model has been suggested so far. ( A.
Einstein, Sidelights on Relativity, 1921)
• Einstein was not in favor of material Ether because the Equation E=mc2 then
becomes not universally valid (the Ether could not be created or annihilated)
• In Physics based on existence of Ether the mass m is not equivalent to
matter. In BSM-SG theory the mass was derived as a parameter of the
structural volume of the elementary particle immersed in the physical vacuum.
• In nuclear reactions the mass m changes according to the Einstein equation
E=mc2. This is a GR effect in the microscale range as envisioned by BSM-SG
theory.
2
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

3. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Framework of the Basic Structures of Matter –
Super Gravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG):
- Empty Euclidian space without QM physical properties and restrictions
- Two super dens Fundamental Particles (FPs) with parameters associated to Planck’s scale
and distinguished by size and vibrational time constant (in order of tpl = 5.39x10-44 (s)).
- A Fundamental law of Super Gravitation (SG) - inverse cubic law in pure empty space.
m m
FSG = GO 01 3 02 , where: G0 – SG constant, m01 and m02 – SG masses, r –distance
r
In a primordial phase of the galactic evolution, the FPs congregate into geometrical
formations with hierarchical levels. Formations, below the level of elementary particles are
two sub-elementary particles called Twisted Prisms possessing an axial SG field
anisotropy and opposite handedness due to an internal twisted structure. They built both:
the underlying structure of the physical vacuum, called a Cosmic Lattice (CL) and the
structure of the elementary particles (in formations of helical structures).
G0 – its sign depends on the mutual distance between the FP formations in empty space
• Detectable signature of the CL space – by Modern Ether drift observations
• Detectable signature of SG forces: Casimir and Van der Waals forces
3
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

4. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Cosmic Lattice – underlying structure of the physical vacuum
• Right and left-handed flexible CL nodes – formed respectively by 4 right and 4
left-handed Internally Twisted Prisms held by SG forces. Node distance ~ 1.09E-20 (m)
• CL space – alternatively arranged right and left-handed CL nodes. The gaps
between the CL nodes permits 3D spatial oscillations – Zero Point Energy (Mockup)
• CL node geometry - 2 set of axes: - abcd (along prisms) and xyz (orthogonal)
• CL node return forces under SG law - symmetrical along xyz axes and
asymmetrical along abcd axes. Result: a complex spatial oscillation with two identified
frequencies : 1.09x1029 Hz – involved in light propagation and 1.236x1020 Hz Compton
frequency (SPM vector) – involved in light speed constancy and QM interactions.
• SG field propagation by abcd axis – Newtonian gravity
• Oscillations along xyz axes – involved in EM waves, electrical and magnetic fields
4
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

5. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Helical Structures crystallized from the two types of prisms (with internal twisting)
Second order LH structure
Right-Hand
Left-Hand
Combined
Second order Second order RH combined structure
All stable elementary particles: neutron, proton, electron and
positron are made of heliacal structures
5
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

6. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
The Mysterious Dark Energy estimated by the revealed structure of electron
• Electron - a three-body oscillating system with denser internal lattice. One
of its two oscillating frequencies, is the Compton frequency. This structure exhibits
all physical and QM parameters of the electron.
• The denser internal lattice modulates the CL space creating E-field lines.
• The strong CL Static pressure exercised on the impenetrable volume Ve of the
electron defines it mass according to the derived equation: m = P V c2
S e
• Hidden ZPE of CL static pressure. Using the revealed structure of electron and
Einstein equation E = mc2 we obtain: 3.8E13 KWH/cm3. This is the mysterious
Dark Energy – a primary source of the nuclear energy.
6
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

7. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
BSM-SG: Shape of protons and neutrons (built of helical structures) and
their spatial arrangement in the atomic nuclei
• The strong SG field of the helical structures (from which the elementary
particles are built) modulates the oscillating property of the CL nodes, which is
detected as electrical charge.
• At close distance the SG forces play the role of nuclear forces. They are
responsible for the stability of the nuclei and the shape of Coulomb field.
7
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

8. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Atomic nuclei in two rows of Periodic Table according to BSM-SG models
8
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

9. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
9
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

10. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Comparison between metal lattice images from a tunneling microscope and
synthetic images using BSM-SG models
10
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

11. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Total energy balance of H2 molecule based on the SG field, in which the
Coulomb energy is part of the SG field energy
• The comparison between the energy levels from the total energy balance
and the vibrational and photoelectron spectra of H2 leads to derivation of the
intrinsic SG parameter : CSG = G0m0 = hν c (2 + α 2 )( Lq (1) + 0.6455Lp )2 = 5.621 × 10−33
• Theoretical estimate of the binding energy between the proton and
neutron in Deuteron by using the derived CSG parameter and applying an
approximate classical 3 - step method: (a,b, c): (accuracy: 3.6%)
Calculated value: 2.145 x 106 (eV) ; Experimental value 2.22457 x 106 (eV)
11
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

12. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Analysis of the Lamb shift dependence on Z and mass number.
Signature of GR field curvature in microscale range
•
Lamb shift vs mass number Lamb shift in first few elements Lamb shift vs Z-number
a. b. c.
• The Lamb shift dependence on mass number (panels a., b.) indicates that neutrons are
bound to individual protons
• The strong Giant Resonance discovered by Baldwin and Klaiber in 1947 is also a
signature that the neutrons are bound to individual protons
• The steep dependence of Lamb shift on Z-number (panel c.) is an indication of GR field
curvature in a microscale range.
12
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

13. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
GR effect in microscale as responsible for the access to nuclear energy
• Hypothesis: The atomic nucleus causes a field curvature – a micro GR
effect. According to this effect, the atomic nuclei exhibit a feature of energy
conservation by modification of detectible mass according to derived equation
g 2ch (1 − α 2 ) pm p + nmn
m= − nuclear mass according to BSM − SG theory
πα 2λC
4
me
Where: mp, mn, and me – masses of proton, neutron and electron, p – number of protons, n - number of
neutrons
• The characteristic feature of the GR curvature is the wavelength redshift. The
analogous characteristic parameter in GR micro-curvature is a change of λc
(Compton wavelength).
•The change of atomic nucleus by nuclear reaction causes a change of the
micro GR field curvature, which means a change of the parameter λc This
happens in both cases: fission and fusion and the corresponding change of the
nuclear mass is known as a binding energy given by Einstein equation E = mc2.
• The source of nuclear energy in fusion and fission reactions is the Static
energy of CL space. Its estimate by the electron’s volume is 3.8E13 KWH/cm3.
13
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

14. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Proximity E-field of the proton and locked E-field of the neutron
Alpha decay in heavy elements as a result of the spatial
arrangement of deuterons (cold fusion D + D -> He)
14
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

15. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Considerations for Modification of the Coulomb Barrier Leading to LENR
1. LENR is more probable between heavy and light nuclei with a proper
neutron to proton ratio.
2. The knowledge of the nuclear 3D configuration helps to estimate the
possibility for deeper penetration of the smaller nucleus into the heavier one.
It also allows to find common structural features between elements that
exhibit affinity to LENR.
3. The heavier element must be in a solid state and in a form of powder.
These increases the active surface where LENR takes place.
4. A proper minimum temperature of the powder substance is required.
5. A proper pressure of the light element in a gas state is necessary. An
additional pressure pulsation may increase the effectiveness.
6. Optional use of acoustic cavitations in a liquid phase.
7. Optional use of plasma arc and resonance effects. This creates
longitudinal (Tesla) waves. They possess a stronger SG component that is
able to modify the shape of the Coulomb field.
15
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

16. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Cold fusion by strong shock pulse in sono-fusion or EM pulse in plasma
(Flyn and Taleyarkham methods explained by BSM-SG atomic models)
16
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

17. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Illustration of Pd+ D -> Ag reaction. The Coulomb barrier is shown by a gray color
17
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

18. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
The role of Palladium as a Piantelli and Focardi-Rossi methods
catalyst for D+D -> He implemented in Rossi E-cat reactor
(Ni + D -> Cu + energy) & (Ni + D -> Cu + energy)
He nuclei obtained from LENR of The test of 50 E-cat reactors on 28
Pa as a catalyst in a deuterium Oct 2011 provided 479 KW power for
atmosphere (first obtained by Dr. 5.5 hrs (in form of heat).
Case, New Hampshire)
(source: Sterling Allan and Hank Mills)
18
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

19. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
LENR reactions
Experimentally proved Predicted from BSM-SG models
LENR obtained by Piantelli, Focardi LENR predicted by BSM-SG theory:
and Rossi: Ni + D -> Cu
Cr + D -> Mn; Mn + D -> Fe
Ni + H -> Cu; Cu + H -> Zn
Cr + H -> Mn; Mn + H -> Fe
19
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

20. FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY
Conclusions:
• QM models of atoms, based on the Bohr planetary model, are not real
physical but mathematical models. The scattering experiments cannot serve
as a proof for the planetary model of the atoms, because they have only
angular resolution and in the data interpretation all particles are assumed
spherical. However, particles with shapes of twisted and folded torus will
provide the same angular distribution.
• According to the BSM-SG atomic models, the Coulomb barrier is spread in
much larger volume and it could be modified. The efficiency of LENR also
depends on the mutual positions of nuclei and their exited state (nuclear spin).
• LENR does not involve severe refurbishment of atomic nuclei, so the
radioactivity is missing or minimal.
• The radioactive waste provided by all nuclear plants on the Earth is about
12,000 metric tons per year. At year 2015 it will reach about 250,000 tons.
• A microgram of Plutonium penetrated in human body will lead to ill conditions
with a life expectancy of 10 years (Los Alamos National Laboratory) (26): 78–79, (2000))
• LENR is a safest alternative to the presently used nuclear energy
20
STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043