Italian Renaissance Religion

Italian Renaissance Religion
In 1774 Scottish historian Lord Kames identified that, "The Christian religion [...] is eminent for a
spirit of meekness, toleration, and brotherly love; and yet persecution never raged so furiously in
any other religion". This frames the question of why the Church persecuted heretics for centuries.
The later middle ages are considered to be the years of the 14th and 15th centuries and in the context
of investigating heresy refers to Catholic Europe. Johan Huizinga considered it a time of crisis and
failure, however focused his research on Northern Europe. Historians focusing research on Italy
have considered the period one of development and growth. Both of these views are too sweeping
and inaccurate to be taken seriously, the later Middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wider societal religiousness was expressed in many ways but one of the lasting legacies of
religiosity is art, nearly all the art of the period was religious in nature and the most prominent
characters in early renaissance artworks were Jesus, the Madonna and Francis of Assisi. Even in the
early Italian renaissance, a time of supposed secular and rational awakening the artwork of Botticelli
and Michelangelo depicted scenes from religion and was largely sponsored by the Church, this
points to a general artistic and wider fascination with religion. The prominence of religious
woodcuts in late 15th century peasant homes shows that religiosity was common among other levels
of society, not just rich patrons. Whilst art is capable of having a value other than the religious, the
expense and prevalence of religious art shows a widespread reverence and belief in Christianity.
This reverence and belief gives the claim of religious motivated persecution significant credibility.
The way the Church wielded religious power points to it being highly likely that heretics were
persecuted because religious orthodoxy was deeply respected. The religious power is made most
clear by the use of excommunication. In 1363 the Lord of Milan was excommunicated for capturing
castles against the Church's wishes, he gave back the territories and the excommunication was lifted.
The ability of a threat using no physical force to make powerful lords and kings cease their
militaristic and political activities indicates the level of power of religious threat. Peasant and gentry
fears over the power of excommunication were due to a fear of death without entry to heaven, this
same fear was exploited over the issue of persecution, a person would be incredibly likely to
persecute heresy if
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Heretics Of Death
Known for his social commentary, lyricist Yip Harburg once wrote, "All the heroes of tomorrow are
the heretics of today." This quote provokes a question that scholars have faced for centuries: what is
a heretic? As a basic, modern definition, a heretic is simply a person who has an opinion that is
different than what is commonly acknowledged. To the same point, heresy during Renaissance times
follows that definition; however, it is important to note that the commonly acknowledged opinion
during this time was an opinion in favor of the Catholic Church. Through this investigation two
things became abundantly clear. First, the concept of a "good" or "bad" death is much more
complicated than it originally seems, especially as it pertains ... Show more content on
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She immediately notes that there are "sietecientas y setenta species de muertes," or seven hundred
and seventy types of death. The chapter is specifically framed around explaining and understanding
the most common forms of death. To facilitate this understanding, Vivanco organizes the chapter in
a clear and logical way, beginning with an introduction, then moving to types of good deaths, types
of bad deaths, and ending with a conclusion. By using this organization method, Vivanco is able to
transition from one idea to the next without abandoning the reader or making the reader feel like the
content is too difficult to understand. For the sake of this paper, the most significant part of
Vivanco's work is the idea that they way the person dies is incredibly important in that it determines
what type of death he or she will have. Further, she notes several factors that play a role in
determining the type of death one will have. These factors include the "cause of death, where it took
place, the social status of the diseased, and their attitude in the hour of death." In order to understand
the ways one can achieve a "good" or "bad" death as a result of torture, this paper will focus on the
attitude in the hour of death and how this plays a role in the rhetoric that surrounds martyrs and

The New Heresies: Criticism Of The Catholic Church
The new heresies during the Renaissance involved criticism of the Catholic Church. John Wycliff
attacked many Christian beliefs and practices. He maintained that the popes should give up their
power and that only the Bible should be a Christian's authority. John Hus criticised the clergy's
corruption and worldliness and called for reforms within the Catholic Church. Old heresies had to
do with not following Christian doctrine, while the new heresies involve attacking the Church's
power. They were both punished harshly by the Church. The Church used the Inquisition to stamp
out both types of heresies, but it had attempted to reform in response to the new heresies.
The diet of the Renaissance man in question included wine, sweets, meat, cheese

Mary Warren Accused Of Heresy In Court
Today, Mary Warren, my servant, was being accused of heresy in court when she was calling
Abigail and her followers out on lying to the community. The girls tried to convict Mary Warren as a
witch after the girls were "possessed" in the courtroom, supposedly by Mary, as she was blaming
them for lying. As Mary was telling the judges that she had never done anything to harm Abigail and
tried to them that she was not a witch, the girls suddenly looked toward the courtroom and church
ceiling as if possessed. The group began to scream in terror as if they saw something terrible. The
judges became frightened and began asking the girls what they had seen. They said they had seen
Mary Warren as a witch. Mary Warren began to cry frantically and

Trinitarian Heresies Lead To The Doctrine Of The Trinity
What lead to the Church's understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity? The Trinity says that there
are three persons in our one God that is one simple definition of the Trinity but it caused confusion
among many Christian believers, the confusion lead to three Trinitarian heresies. These heresies
offered many Christian believers an explanation that would help them comprehend the Trinity.
When these heresies gained popularity, the church was forced reject or accepted the Trinitarian
explanations that did or did not go against the Christian Tradition. The three heresies that arouse
were Adoptionism, Modalism, and Arianism according to (Jones, Beth Felker. Practicing Christian
Doctrine: An Introduction to Thinking and Living Theologically pg. ... Show more content on
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Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine, Bishops from all over came to talk about and challenge the Arian view
that Jesus and God are alike but not of the same essence or one. "Nicaea proclaimed with boldness
that Jesus shares the divinity of the Father. God the Son is homoousios with God the Father, the
same in essence or substance" (Jones, Beth Felker. Practicing Christian Doctrine: An Introduction to
Thinking and Living Theologically pg. 64). The Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine is the one that the
Church actually adopted because it meant that The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit are one.
Then in 381 the Council of Constantinople affirmed the oneness of God, the Father, and the Holy
Spirit. There was no trace of ideology in this doctrine and it went along with the Christian Tradition.
(John 14:11– 14) "Believe me when I say that I am in the Father and the Father is in me. Or believe
because of the miracles I have done. (v.13) and if you ask for anything in my name, I will do it for
you. Then the Father's glory will be shown through the Son. (v.14) if you ask me for anything in my
name, I will do it. The Promise of the Holy Spirit (The Holy Bible). The Bible has always lead us to
believe that all three persons are in the oneness of God, but it is harder to make sense of it, or try to
understand the Trinity. The Church began to understand the doctrine of the Trinity by analyzing all

Cathar Heresy
The ideological impetus behind this mechanism, specifically the push to centralize and regiment the
prosecutorial process, derived from the reformist popes fighting to establish papal supremacy. To be
clear, the papal reform movement did not start the process of persecuting heresy; some of
Christianity's first leaders, such as the second–century bishop Irenaeus of Lyons, wrote about heresy
and how to combat it. Furthermore, prosecutorial episodes occurred before the election of the first
reformist pope, Leo IX, in 1049. One of the most famous examples occurred in the French city of
Orléans in 1022 when a number of high–ranking members of the clergy and nobility were accused
of harboring dualist beliefs and venerating the Devil. In turn, the ... Show more content on
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At the Third Lateran Council in 1179, Alexander III condemned the growing heretical movements of
the era, and, in the twenty–seventh canon, explicitly threatened the Cathars with force. Following
Alexander III, Pope Lucius III began to officially coordinate prosecutorial procedures by outlining
the responsibilities of bishops and secular authorities in his papal pull, Ad abolendam. Pope
Innocent III continued to search for ways to suppress Catharism after his election in 1198. He
redoubled conversion efforts by commissioning a Cistercian mission to the region. Additionally, he
further developed the legal mechanisms to prosecute heresy after issuing the Vergentis in senium in
1199. The papal decree listed out the consequences of following heretical beliefs: confiscation of
property and revocation of titles, to name a few. Nevertheless, like his predecessors, Innocent III
failed to dismantle the Cathar Church through nonviolent means. In 1207, channeling the rhetorical
powers first used by Urban II, Innocent III announced the Albigensian Crusade by promising "an
indulgence of the remission of sins" to those who went on crusade against the

Joan Of Arc
Spreading heresy was never something that the Catholic Church took lightly. In fact, it is known to
have executed many people over time for not accepting their doctrine and beliefs. People were
actually burned to the stake because they didn't agree with what the Church preached. Heresy would
receive extreme punishments by the church during the fifteenth century. In George Bernard Shaw's
Play, Saint Joan, it was no different. Joan of Arc, a young French women, is on trial in a church
court for spreading heresy. In the passage, the Inquisitor tries to convince the church to punish Joan,
using a variety of different strategies to appeal to the court. He tries to make members of the court
feel guilt, and explain that it would be a great failure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, to make his accusation more effective, he begins by complimenting the court, referring to
them as "tender–hearted" (29) and "merciful men" (42–43). This significance is not in the
compliments themselves, but the strategy the Inquisitor is incorporating into his speech. He wants
them to think of himself as a kind and intelligent person, not somebody who wants to see a woman
burned to the stake simply out of pure hatred. By complimenting the court, not only is he portraying
himself as a pleasant person, but he is grabbing their attention, and pulling them even farther into his
grasp. The Inquisitor continues by describing Joan. He begins by referring to her as "pious and
chaste" (45). This would almost make it seem like she shouldn't be punished but this is all part of the
Inquisitor's plan. He portrays her as a good person visually but then follows with "the devilish pride
that has led her into her present peril has left no mark on her countenance" (53–55). He wants the
court to not be fooled by her looks, and what others have said of her. Instead, he wants the court to
focus on what she has done: spread heresy. He warns the court of her "diabolical pride" (58),
insisting that regardless of what she may seem to be, she is against the church, and has a certain
unholiness to her that she must be punished for. The Inquisitor then makes one of the

The Storm Eagles During The Horus Heresy
The Storm Wardens and the Storm Eagles are one and the same. During the Horus Heresy,
Thorondor, Primarch of the Storm Eagles would not choose between brother or father, therefore
acting more or less as a neutral party. After the Horus Heresy, the Emperor was much displeased
with Thorondor and his decision not to side with him during the war. So the Emperor, Thorondors
father, condemned the Second Legion to an Edict of Obliteration, all but wiping out the Storm
Eagles. The legions physical demise would be brought by Thorondors own brother, Leman Russ,
Primarch of the Space Wolves. Russ and his Space Wolves meticulously slaughtered all of the
Astartes of the Storm Eagles Legion, fleeting from planet to planet, going ... Show more content on
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With only three–hundred or so Astartes remaining, Leman Russ, for the one time in his life found
pity in his heart. He ordered a meeting between him and Thorondor aboard their vessel The Eternal
Storm. Thorondor pleaded for his precious Astartes, for it was not their choice in defying the
Emperor. They were simply following orders. Russ decided that he would let the remaining Astartes
live, though at a cost. Knowing that unless he brought back Thorondors head, the Allfather would
not be satisfied. Leman Russ told Thorondor that if he sacrificed himself, he would re–locate the
Storm Eagles elsewhere and not speak a word of it to the Emperor. Thorondor, knowing that his
brother was not one to lie or decieve, took the Primarchs offer gladly. Asking only to have one more
chance to see his beloved Astartes. Gladdened by his brothers pity, his last orders to the Storm
Eagles were to never go back on ones word, to always push oneself to a challenge and finally to
guard oneself in all things. To be a warden of the storms. Thorondor prouldy walked back onto the
ship from whence he came to meet his demise. He was never seen

Critique The Heresies Of Arianism Summary
(Ch. 31) In 750 words summarize insights into the deity of Christ based on John, Hebrews, and
Paul. Critique the heresies of Arianism and Ebionism and explain how they fall short of true
doctrine.
In the scripture, Jesus also claims an unusual relationship with the heavenly Father, particularly in
the sayings stated in the Gospel John. For example, Jesus claims to be one with the Heavenly Father
(John 10: 30), and that to seeing and knowing Jesus is like seeing and knowing the Heavenly Father
(John 14: 7– 9). The Apostle John's claim in the Gospel John 1:2 that Jesus' preexisted before the
world (p. 626). Another interesting statement is found in the Gospel John 8: 58, when Jesus
identifies Himself as the "I am." Erickson notes that Jesus could have said, "I was," but He says, "I
am." It is also possible that Jesus was giving a direct connection to the "I AM formula" by which
God identified himself in Exodus 3: 14– 15. Morris notes in Jesus case (John 8:58), as in Exodus 3:
14– 15, the "I am" is a way of denoting existence. 1138
Although some of Jesus's declarations may seem rather ambiguous to us, there is no uncertainty as
to how the scribes interpreted them. The Jews' instantaneous reaction to Jesus's statement that He
existed before Abraham was to pick up stones to throw at Jesus (John 8: 59) (pp. 626–627). Not only
did Jesus not dispute the charge that he claimed to be God, but he also recognized his disciples'
ascribing of deity to Him. The strongest case of this is

Heresies And Heretics Of The Middle Ages
Heresies and Heretics Notes
Any group or individual who differs from another group can technically be called heretical. In Acts
24:14, Christians are called heretics by the Jews. The "heretics" of the Middle Ages were only
heretical in that they disagreed with the Catholic Church, not because they held unbiblical doctrines.
The Spanish Inquisition executed over 14,000 people, many of them for simply possessing a Bible.
Thus, biblically speaking, it was the established church itself that was heretical during the Middle
Ages. divisive or maintained in defiance of clear biblical teaching, it becomes heretical.
Second Peter 2:1 says, "There will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in
destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift
destruction." From this verse, we see that heresy is anything that denies the teaching of Jesus. ...
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These verses touch on both aspects of what constitutes heresy in the church: denying the doctrines
God has given, and dividing the body He has created. Both of these are dangerous, destructive
actions that are soundly rebuked by Scripture. See also 1 John 4:1–6; 1 Timothy 1:3–6; 2 Timothy
1:13–14; and Jude 1.
How does the Bible deal with heresy? Titus 3:10 says, "A man that is an heretic after the first and
second admonition reject" (KJV). ExcommunicationThe truth of Christ will unify believers (John
17:22–23), but heresy, by its very nature, cannot peacefully co–exist with the

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Inquisitor
In this monologue, the Inquisitor is presenting his case against heresy to the church court. He
believes that Joan is guilty of heresy and should be executed for her crimes. The inquisitor
emphasizes throughout his argument that heresy is the most dangerous threat to society that exists,
and that it needs to be "ruthlessly stamped out" (Line 12), to maintain silence and order in the
community. His argument is strung together with the use of rhetorical devices such as ethos, diction,
and deceit, to strengthen his case. A large part of what makes the Inquisitor's monologue so off–
putting is his commanding tone and a strong appeal to ethos. The Inquisitor's diction is dark, violent,
and unforgiving towards heresy, and he takes every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A gentle and pious girl, or a young man who has obeyed the command of our Lord. . . may be the
founder of heresy that will wreck both church and Empire. . ." (Lines 5–12). By claiming this is true,
he is directing his argument more so towards heresy, and away from Joan. This makes it easier for
the court to justify murdering Joan, because the notion of eliminating heresy from the empire is
easier on the conscience of Christian authority than the notion of torturing a young girl. The
inquisitor also states that these heretics are not liars or hypocrites, and that they truly believe what
they preach. He elaborates by explaining how the road to heresy is a slippery slope, and a
simpleton's failure to conform to blind belief, is always dangerous and can only end in diabolical
wickedness. This is, at last, what reveals the Inquisitor's true enemy: free thought. Free thought is
dangerous to the church and empire of this period because the entire belief system of the community
is based upon church elites deciphering ancient texts, of which they are to retell to the common
people. This way, the clergymen have the right to alter or omit pieces they don't want shared with
the public. This also establishes a higher status above the common people, who are told they could
never dream of understanding the texts on their own; " The records of the holy inquisition are full of
histories we dare not give to the world, because they are beyond the belief of

Aaeus Influence On Christianity
On June 325, at least 220 bishops were present at the council of Nicaea condemning Arius
interpretation of Jesus Christ and the divine trinity. As a result, it "produced an anti–Arian creed, the
Creed of Nicea." Arius was a presbyter teaching a radical view of Jesus Christ and the trinity. Arius
believed that the Son was a creature with a beginning, therefore, it was not "possible to have a
hierarchy of divine beings." His viewpoints, believes, faith, and passion is "found today in the
Jehovah's Witnesses." This council divided the church in "two half–truths confronting one another –
the full deity of Jesus Christ (Nicea) and his eternal distinctness from the Father (Origen)." In fact,
the identity of Christ and the trinity completely changes the way that we live as Christians. Without
a clear view, one cannot have a clear understanding of Christianity. This is a unique time in
Christian history. However, it continues to compromise the absolute truth of Jesus Christ. In fact,
due to this misunderstanding as early as the second century there were monks "who lived an
especially ascetic life" Trying to earn God's favor of salvation by keeping certain rituals and
ceremonies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, three heresies were condemned at the council of Constantinople (381); then, the council of
Ephesus (431) which meet to resolve the controversy between Cyril and Nestorius; then, the council
of Chalcedon (451), which condemned four ancient heresies: "In Jesus Christ, true deity (against
Arius) and full humanity (against Apollinaris) are indivisibly united in the one person (against
Nesorius), without being confused (against Eutyches)." This led to the creation of the basic creed for
Christianity. True Christianity is knowing who Jesus Christ is in relationship to God, the Holy Spirit
and

The Colossian Heresy Essay example
The city of Colossae
Located on the South bank of the Lycus River in the province of Phrygia stood Colossae. Before the
Christian era, Colossae was a principle city in the Lycus Valley . Part of a major trade route in Asia
minor from Ephesus to Miletus, the city was most known for its production of textiles, especially its
purple wool . With other large cities such as Laodicea and Hierapolis, this was a well–populated and
high business area in the Lycus Valley. Yet, with changes in the road system, Laodicea became a
more important trade city than Colossae. And though once a city of great prominence, by A.D. 61,
Colossae had suffered a great deal. An earthquake shook the city that year, Eusebius writes, and had
disappeared from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
" In fact, Baird goes on to question whether there was a heresy to even be considered at all ! While
this might seem a reluctant view of the situation in Colossae, J.B Lightfoot offers an interesting
proposal to the situation. While he does recognize the Judaizing and early Gnostic influences (which
will soon be discussed), he believes there to be a single group or culprit responsible for the religious
heresy that is taking place . Lightfoot goes on to defend his theory with the ideas that the epistle
shows no traces of multiple opponents being faced, and that in historical criticism the multiplication
of persons is needless and should be downplayed . While this theory would also seem to be solid, it
would still seem that there is more than a single movement taking place in Colossae.
Inside the heresy
In an interesting synopsis, William Barclay gives a descriptive list of what the false teaching was
like. He states that some of the traits were :
– A beguiling seduction
– To be considered philosophy rather than religion
– Based on human tradition
– Turned religion into human regulations
– Having a legalistic spirit
– Issued observances of holidays and festivals
And while this may not be an all inclusive list, it does lead into the next

Heresy Of Macedonianism Research Paper
The heresy of Macedonianism, also known as the Pneumatomachian heresy, is a 4th century heresy
of the Christian faith that rejected the divinity of the Holy Spirit, believing it to be created by the
Son, therefore being subordinate to the Son and the Father. This specific heresy challenged the
Church to redefine its original definition of the Holy Spirit and add this part into the Nicene Creed:
"And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father, Who with the
Father and the Son is equally worshipped and glorified," In the end, this heresy was ultimately good
for the Church as it helped the Church clarify its position and ruling on this topic. The leader of this
heresy, Macedonius, was the bishop of Constantinople ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may have been good in the short and long run by allowing the Church to clarify itself, but there
was no major impact. Sure, it had enough power and size to go up against Arianism, its leader killed
quite a bit of people who disagreed with his beliefs, and it clearly challenged the Catholic faith, but
it was a small blip on the radar of Catholicism. Merely a distraction from the real goal which is to
glorify and worship The Trinity and bring justice to it and its people. The council which condemned
it and basically put it out of its misery was the Second Ecumenical Council and this council was
probably the most unimportant one due to what its topic was and the amount of bishops presiding
over it, that number being a mere 150. All the other Ecumenical Councils had at least 200 or more
bishops presiding over them. This topic was pretty much already brushed under a carpet because of
the Arianism heresy years prior to it. It was merely the final fight of a dying man who most likely
had nothing better to do with his remaining years. The Catholic faith as a whole, not just as the
church, but the whole of it has put up with and persevered through far, far worse things than a
simple heresy, such as the slaughtering and persecution of millions of its own people the outlawing
of it as religion. Now I will admit the Catholic Church has done some stupid, greedy, and
superfluous things such as the Crusades, specifically the Second Crusade, and other such things
involving the slaughter of millions of people or the greedy act of taking money from the poor. If
you're going to lead a religious conquest over the Holy Lands, why not move the whole Church over
there to occupy them if it means so much. They probably would not have lost the Holy Lands again
if they had done that, and there would also not have been as many people dead, which is against the
fifth commandment by the way.

The Chruch's Treatment Of Heretics During The Medieval Ages
During the medieval period, the Catholic faith was one of the largest practiced religions, if not the
largest. When one can encompass the wide range of power and influence, as the Church had done, it
can eventually become difficult to maintain absolute control. That was the case for the Catholic
Church as it dealt with heresy and heretics, as is evident in the readings from Michael Goodich, and
Robert Ian Moore. In this essay, I will discuss how the Chruch's treatment of heresy, and treatment
towards the heretics, was a means for them maintain control and power within the Church. The
Church attained a large amount of power and wide range of influence during the medieval period.
To the Church, heresy was a threat to the power and control they had obtained. In order for the
Church to have maintained that control, a plethora of actions were taken to ensure that heretics
could be rooted out. In the reading from Goodich, various steps had been taken to ensure that the
heretics were dealt with. For example, the reading states, "We have decided that all property of those
who are heretics or will be in the future is to be confiscated and occupied." Forcibly extracting the
heretics from their property, the Church could effectively displace them, since without having any
land they could not attain much power. Furthermore, the Church would then occupy the property it
confiscated from the heretics. By doing this, it allowed the Church to obtain even more land, which
in turn would

Summary Of Joan Of Heresy
Heresy is defined as a behavior or action contrary to a religious belief. Joan of Arc is, to the English
people, the greatest heretic of all time. In a passage from George Bernard Shaw's play, "Saint Joan",
an inquisitor builds his argument against Joan in many ways; all beginning before any dialogue
takes place. The very first line helps the actor portraying the inquisitor know how to use his voice
effectively; "[dropping his blandness and speaking very gravely]"(line 1) This stage cue conveys a
tone that creates a style throughout the entire passage that is almost melancholy and depressing in
ways. This style makes a reader almost feel angry at Joan for making the inquisitor and probably
others feel so awful. In a way, the Inquisitor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these words are being used to characterize Joan and set her up as a horrible person, therefore
he is attempting to persuade the readers that Joan was a horrible woman worthy of being burnt at the
stake. Also, the strong diction connotes a deep connection and passion that the inquisitor has for this
case. He believes very strongly against Joan which conveys that he isn't just half heartedly into the
argument which makes him more convincing. This builds up his credibility as someone who has
poured their heart into the case and therefore appeals to the ethos of his case. Even though the
diction was powerful throughout the entire passage, most of the strong words sit in the first few
paragraphs. This really grabs the reader and takes them further into the Inquisitors mind which
makes the argument more effective overall. His use of intense vocabulary also helps re–emphasize
his point later in the excerpt. By repeating words that were used earlier in the passage like
"diabolical," (lines 34 and 40) the reader/listener can create connections between two points that go
together to stress their importance. Along with diction, the entire passage is littered with hyperboles
as well. As The Inquisitor begins to explain how heresy works. "They are followed...by bands of
wild men and women that refuse to wear clothes...they begin with polygamy and end by incest."
(line 20–27) These statements may have been true but not

St. Athanasius Against Arian Heresy
St. Athanasius Against the Arian Heresy
The St. Athanasius greatly impacted the Arian heresy. The Arian heresy was very well rooted, and
St. Athanasius is recognized as the main Church Father to fight it. The heresy of Arianism started in
the early 300s. It was starting to gain followers, so the Church called for the Council of Nicea. The
Nicene Creed was made during this Council, and it rebuked the teachings of Arianism, which made
it an heresy. Arianism soon rose back from the ashes, and many Church members were turning to it
out of fear or corruption. St. Athanasius stayed strong throughout all of this, continuing to preach
and write of the heresies of Arianism. He survived five exiles and died peacefully in his bed in the
Alexandrian See. Arianism didn't just appear out of thin air, it had a start just like all other heresies.
The founder of Arianism was Arius. Arius was a priest in Alexandria, who had studied in Antioch.
Some of the subjects of his studies were the works of Origen, Neoplatonism, and Gnosticism. He
then started to preach that Jesus was sent by the Father, however not equal to the Father. He said that
Jesus was only called the 'Son of God' because of his heroics. Athanasius was the main opponent of
this heresy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Circular Letter was in response to Gregory of Cappadocia's intrusion into the Alexandrian See.
He wrote about Gregory sending Jews and barbarians into the churches of Alexandria to attack the
people, how the Jews were making sacrifices of birds on the altar, and how monks were beaten and
killed. He also wrote that Gregory allowed these men to plunder the church, in order to win them
over fully. Athanasius then shows in his writing how Gregory was supported by the Arians, and that
the Arians are doing this to keep him out. Athanasius ends the letter with an appeal to the other
members of the Church to get Gregory out of

Heresies: New Interpretations Of The Bible
After the formation of the Christian Church, many people disagreed on the interpretation of the
Bible, which ended in the branching out of different Christian beliefs. The Orthodox Christians
hated these changes and called these new views on the Bible "heresies". Heresies are any opinion
that went against the original or normal way of thinking. Arianism, Bogomil, and Tri Theists are
three of those challenged beliefs.
Arianism was started by Arius in 336 B.C. and was practiced by the Eastern and Western Goths. The
Orthodox Church believed this to be one of, if not the most serious heresy because they believed
Jesus Christ was a special creation by God for man's salvation. Meaning that Jesus was a lesser
being than God because Christ suffered

Ben Quash And Michael Ward
In the book Heresies and How to Avoid Them, authors Ben Quash and Michael Ward present eleven
Christian heresies, their origins, and ways to avoid them, and ending the book by arguing for
orthodoxy through an explanation of Biblical Trinitarianism, why it is important, and why Christians
should defend it. The majority of the heresies discussed deal with the nature of Christ and his
personhood, including Arianism and Docetism. The rest of the discussed heresies deal with issues of
the Christian life and the church, such as Marcionism and Pelagianism. The goal of this book is to
explain a number of basic heresies in order to show why it matters what Christians believe. The
authors of this book presented an argument for Christian orthodoxy by presenting eleven heresies,
refuting them, and then presenting a case for Biblical Trinitarianism. Within each refutation, the
authors gave an overview of the origin of the heresy, including "Key Scriptures" that were used as
evidence for the heresy or were important in refuting the heresy and backing orthodoxy. After giving
a brief history of each heresy, the authors detail the main defenders of orthodoxy against a given
heresy. Each chapter ends with reasons the heresy is a heresy and affirmations of orthodoxy. For
example, after talking about the origins of Donatism in North Africa because of the 'unholy'
consecration of Caecilian, Augustine's defense of orthodoxy against Donatism is covered detailing
how he argued since a sacraments

The Galileo Controversy
The 17th century was full of challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church. Many of these
challenges were indirectly related to the Church's power, as they indicted the Church's teachings
rather than its authority. Those who disagreed with the Church formulated various theories that were
oppositional to those of the Church. In 1609,
Galileo made a revolutionary discovery. He utilized a telescope to gaze into the night sky, and found
that the sun was located at the center of the solar system. Furthermore, he found that the planets
revolved around the sun. These findings were against popular belief and that of the Church. Galileo
promoted his theory of heliocentrism through various writings and conversations with individuals,
but in 1633, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, in a private letter to the Duchess of Tuscany in 1615, Galileo defended his beliefs,
expressing that he did not "believe that the same God who has given senses, reason and intellect has
intended for [them] to not use them." However, upon a closer reading of this evidence, one finds that
Galileo never opposed his alleged heresy in the letter. The weakness in this evidence is that it
defends Galileo's beliefs, contending that they may be true, but never addresses how it interacts with
the beliefs of the Church. Even if this letter were a perfect source, it would still not be able to show
that Galileo was not a heretic because Galileo never rejects the fact that his belief was different from
the belief of the Church. A heretic is one whose beliefs are at odds with the teachings of the Church,
which means that even if Galileo was correct in saying that the sun was at the center of the universe,
he was still a heretic for believing in a theory contrary to one taught by the Church. These
alternative pieces of evidence fail to definitively show that Galileo was not a

St Thomas Aquinas Unbelievers Essay
Both in the times of St. Thomas Aquinas and in our times, there are many other religions. To avoid
an everlasting war many chose to tolerate those of the different religions. The Catholic Church
teaches that it is the true Church and that salvation cannot be found outside of the Catholic Church
(Catechism). When St. Thomas Aquinas speaks of unbelievers he speaks of those who are not
Catholic. Unbelievers are very different from heretics. While the Church tends to treat unbelievers
the same as they have for many years, it no longer treats heretics in the way they once did. In this
paper I will discuss and analyze the thinking of St. Thomas Aquinas about unbelievers and heretics
and I will reflect upon and compare how those views fit into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Belief must be of one's own will and through the conversion process converts find and struggle with
their will, they then accept their will, and they have the word of Christ within them once they are
able to receive the sacraments.
Aquinas explains how we must have unbelievers in our world for religion to work and continue to
grow. Catholics are all called to evangelize, and this helps others get to know God and his
wonderous deeds. God in a sense asks us to evangelize by allowing certain evils:
But God, although all–powerful and supremely good, nonetheless allows some evils to take place in
the universe, evils that he could prevent, lest greater goods be lost if evils were removed, or lest
rightly tolerate certain evils let certain goods be prevented, or even worse evils incurred (Aquinas
193).
Evangelization is a useful tool in compelling others towards Christ. When we evangelize through
working we express how much our beliefs rely on both prayer and work. James 2:14 says, "What
does it profit, my brethren, if a man says he has faith but has not works"? This passage from the
Bible shows us again that we are meant to go out and live our faith and evangelize through our
deeds. God allows different evils so that he can allow for these different goods, some of these goods
can be achieved through evangelization. Moments of working through our deeds

Heresies In The Early Church
BIB 350B–History of the Christian Church
Heresies and Heretics
Presented to the Faculty of the Geneva College
The Center for Urban Biblical Ministry
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the AA Degree in Ministry
By
Sister Joy L. Johnson
Rev. Helen M. Jackson
February 1, 2017
When it comes to the topic of the early church, most of us will readily agree that Christianity sprang
from Judaism and started in Palestine and that the first Christians were Jewish. Where this
agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of "deviation from a dominant theory, opinion,
or practice." Whereas some are convinced of the dominate position or heretic, others maintain the
contrary positon or heresy.
According to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the discussion of Heresies and Heretics, I will attempt to compare and contrast the Early Church
problem of heresy with the modern day Church.
Heresy in the early church often came about from outside pressure to explain or articulate the
Christian faith, in other words an attempt to explain or resolve the mystery of the Christian faith. It
was believed that in order to be deemed for the act of a true heresies, one must demonstrate
unwillingness to repent or change, despite the collective rule of the church against your individual
opinion and also plot a countermovement against the Church. I will briefly explain three of the
prominent 2nd Century Heresies:
I. Marcionite Heresy: (Marcionism–anti–Semitic–140 A.D.–Rome), Marcion, was a radical second–
century Christian teacher, that believed and taught that God of the Old Testament was "petty" and
"vindictive," but accepted the Christian God as "loving" and "good". By extension, the Christians

did not accept Marcionism, they desired the "continuity of God's purpose and the fulfillment of
God's promises" (Hillerbrand, 2008, p.

Saint Cyril Of Jerusalem: Start Of The Heresy Of Arianism
Saint Cyril of Jerusalem While we do not know much about the early years of Cyril, we do know
that he was born in 315. He was born several years before the start of the heresy of Arianism.
Arianism is the heresy that Jesus was not divine or one in being with the Father.
(http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=40). He was born in Jerusalem. He grew up in a
Christian family. Cyril always spoke very highly of his parents. Cyril always spoke of how the
Nativity looked before the people had changed them. He said these things almost as if he had been
there. He was a part of the group called the Solitaries. These were men who lived in the cities by
themselves but they were completely chaste and lived a life of service.

Heresy In Medieval Witchcraft
"For us it is not lawful to introduce any doctrine of our own choosing, neither may we choose some
doctrine which someone else has introduced by his own choice." (Peters, 1980, p. 30). As early as
the second century CE, Christian writers, such as Tertullian (ca. 160 – ca. 200 CE), began defining
what it was to be a heretic and what heresy could lead to (Peters, 1980, p. 29). Medieval churchmen
believed there was much to fear from heresy, but the practice of witchcraft was especially troubling,
as their greatest fears of heresy could be summoned by means of magic.
To better understand the Medieval churchmen's plight with witchcraft the subject of heresy must
first be examined. According to St. Isidore of Seville (ca. 570 – 636), heresy, derived from the Greek
word haeresis meaning choice, was given the name in view of the fact that each heretic, by their
own will, decided to teach and/or believe in heterodoxic manners (Peters, 1980, pp. 47, 49). St.
Isidore continues, stating, "These heresies have risen against the Catholic faith and have been
condemned by the apostles, the holy Fathers, or the councils" (Peters, 1980, p. 50) Thus, heresy can
aptly be defined as anything deviating specifically from the Catholic faith, not Christianity overall.
During the Medieval period, avid church goers and clergymen had many fears regarding heresy, one
of which was the spread of doubt within the faith. In a time when only churchmen could read and
write, it was their teachings of the

Alexander Denomy's The Heresy Of Courtly Love
In Alexander Denomy's, "The Heresy of Courtly Love," it is a This short lecture circulated 60 years
ago offers an unquestionably Christian perspective on the marvel of courtly love, arguing that this
notion of love separates ideals of love from Christianity. Though a primitive trope, Denomy is
apprehensive with its permeation through centuries of works and in relationship beliefs through his
time. Denomy forms several complications within courtly love that designates it as "immoral and
heretical" (55). First, it unites fornication, adultery, and sacrilege to quality, in worship of the lady.
Second, courtly love redefines the significance of 'purity' – a sensual, carnal desire that is selfishly
focused leads to a spiritual association of hearts and minds. To finish, the 'system' of courtly love
decrees that man is a 'natural' creature who is slave to his cravings, whereas man ought to be seen as
both spiritual and rational, higher than this world and able to control passions and movements.
Henry Ansgar Kelly author of, "Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer," takes a new look at ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through it all runs the thread of the inconsistencies demonstrated in literature and culture between
marriage and passion. In favor to courtly love, Rougemont takes up the troubadours as a means to
understand it, inquiring how it ascended in the medieval period in particular. He proposes that the
religious atmosphere which uttered 'formal behavior' inclined the rise of courtly love –
predominantly the simultaneous rise of the Catharit Church, which placed prominence on both
chastity and mystical experience. He places this strong spiritual movement in a larger perspective of
the worship of women. Despite its age, this book is a liking to read and informative on a wide range
of

Galileo Galilei: Do Not Lock Him For Heresy
Do not lock up Galileo and charge him for heresy. My client, Galileo Galilei, is just a major in
astronomy, physicist, and philosopher–– that's what he does, study stars and study physics.There is
no reason to lock him up for supporting Copernican theory. You should set him free because he did
nothing wrong he was just expressing how and why his theory works and it does not go against the
church's teaching.
Do not lock up Galileo and charge him for heresy. My client, Galileo Galilei, is just a major in
astronomy, physicist, and philosopher–– that's what he does, study stars and study physics.There is
no reason to lock him up for supporting Copernican theory. You should set him free because he did
nothing wrong he was just expressing how and why his theory works and it does not go against the
church's teaching.
My client has discovered how no matter how the object falls or how heavy it is it will fall the same
at the same speed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he realized that the stars were actually going around Jupiter, it negated a major argument of
the Ptolemaic model. Not only did this mean that the Earth could not be the only center of motion,
but also it knocked a hole in another argument. The supporters of the Ptolemaic model argued that if
the Earth were moving through space, the Moon would be left behind. Galileo's observations
showed that the moons of Jupiter were not being left behind as Jupiter moved." Galileo is trying to
explain how god had created the heaven in the heliocentric way since it was in the other way
everything would not follow earth like the moon.My client should be set free from prison not not be
charged for heresy.He has proven how god has created the heavens you may have trastled the bible
wrong and besides hardly any of your priests can read.Galileo has several majors in astronomy,
physics,mathematics,and philosophy.He is a son of a musician,in 1589 he became a professor of
mathematics at

Pros And Cons Of Pelagianism
In the years following 400 AD, the ideas of the monk Pelagius spawned a heresy that still affects
people of the church today. Pelagianism "holds that a man can take the initial and fundamental steps
toward salvation by his own efforts, apart from God's Divine Grace" (Slick). In a nutshell, Pelagius'
heresy states that man doesn't need help from God to be able to live a holy life and to get into
heaven. Despite the heresy seeming to have nearly died out, it merely evolved into smaller actions
that allow it to slowly take hold of our lives. As Thomas Aquinas once stated, heresies are "a species
of unbelief," and like other species, heresies like pelagianism will adapt in order to survive. Pope
Francis made the comments he did about Pelagianism to make it known how it can sneak into our
lives and, in addition, presents how we personally can avoid any further confusion.
While Pelagianism may have began many years ago, it still has a large enough influence to cause
Pope Francis to speak out against it today. Pope Francis has came out and said that "it's not soul
searching or constant introspection that we encounter the Lord, [but living our lives] going ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While with certain institutions when a problem arises, it is swept under the carpet and ignored, Pope
Francis did the exact opposite and recognizes Pelagianism as a issue within the Church. The Holy
Father shines the light back on this heresy and presents how Christians today are not knowingly
having beliefs that are Pelagianistic. To help clear confusion, Pope Francis shows us how we can't
solely rely on ourselves for salvation and that we can always find help through God. We have to
remember that if Jesus did not die for our sins, we would not have the chance to enter Heaven. So if
we take God out of salvation, then why would have Jesus died to save us from our

The Person of Christ Essay
The Person of Christ
When discussing and proving the person of Christ, there are two basic laws that must be addressed
and proven. First you must prove that Christ is one hundred percent human (humanity), then you
must prove that at the same time Christ is one hundred percent God (deity). As human, Christ had a
body, he had a soul and spirit, he had human characteristics, and he was called by human names. In
Luke 2:52, it is written that Christ, even though he had a virgin birth, He was born with a human
body that was conceived by a human body. Christ's humanity included both the material and
immaterial aspects of the human body (he was flesh but at the same time he was also Soul and
Spirit). For Christians,
"The elements of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
385)". It took not only the humanity of Christ, but also his deity to affect the world in this way. In
the view of His deity, Christ is God. Not only is he Christ, but the Son of God, and called God in the
New Testament. "The Johannine teaching includes the following passages: John 1:1, 18, where some
manuscripts read 'the only begotten God,' and that unusual reading may be regarded as grounds for
accepting its authenticity; 20:28,
where Thomas used both kurios and theos of Jesus; and 1 John 5:20. It is preferable to ascribe the
phrase 'God blessed forever' to Christ (Ryre Basic Theology p. 56)".
Apart from his distinction as human, there is evidence of oneness. The New Testament insists that
there is only one true God in James 2:19 as it states, "You believe that there is only God. Good!
Even the demons believe that –and shudder." Christ is part of the Trinity and is recognized as God in
creation–John 1:3, judge of all things in the future–john 5:27, and he has omniscience–Matthew 9:4.
Charles Ryre proves Christ's deity and involvement in the Trinity in Basic Theology, as he writes,
"How then do we arrive at a clear doctrine of the Trinity? Simply by accepting two lines of evidence
in the bible: (a) clear statements that teach there is only one God; and (b)equally clear statements
that there was Someone

The Heresy Of White Christianity
Albrecht, Gloria. 2014. "The Heresy of White Christianity." Cross Currents 64(3):346–52. Retrieved
2015. This article is from a speech by Gloria Albert, "The Heresy of White Christianity". This
review of this speech goes in depth. The speech focuses on the relationship between faith and
racism. This Speech is a response to another speech given by James Cone, "The Cross and the
Lynching Tree". This source will give a personal yet professional point of view of my topic.
Anon. 2009. "Christianity – Oxford Reference." Christianity – Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2015
(http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095610483). There needed to
be a clear definition of the term "Christianity". It needed to be stated and understood. Therefore
there I have provided an in depth definition of the word. This source includes history, as well as a
deep understanding. This should rid of any misunderstanding of the term.
Edwards, Korie L. 2008. "Bring Race To the Center: The Importance of Race in Racially Diverse
Religious Organizations." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Journal for the Scientific
Study of Religion 47(1):5–9. Retrieved 2015. The article explains the importance of understanding
race. Racial diversity is spreading in numerous organizations, including religion. The author states
that "interracial churches will need to placate white members' and affirm their religiocultural
preferences and interests in order to sustain a racially diverse

Heresy In The Middle Ages
In twelfth century Sicily, an illustrated manuscript of the Byzantine Synopsis of Histories was
produced. Within this copy of John Skylitzes' depiction of events (811–1157) are 500 plus
miniatures. One is the massacre of Paulician heretics in 843/844 (figure 1). Although this depiction
is not wholly historically accurate, it does exemplify the Christian stance on heresy in the Middle
Ages. Harsh treatment was occasionally necessary, to those who promoted Lucifer's teachings.
Hereby heresy was seen as a major threat to Christ's Church and His people. Nevertheless, as will be
shown, whatever means were put into practice by the Church failed since beliefs held at the
beginning of the Middle Ages were still evident in the fifteenth century. Regarding ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one level this was theological. Exemplifying this was Henry of Lausanne, a twelfth century
French heresiarch. Weaved throughout his preaching, was a Pelagian stance on original sin. Hereby
man was not tainted by the Fall, so only fell through his own actions. From this, Henry concluded
there was no need for the sacraments. Subsequently orthodox salvation was attacked, arguably
showing the Church was controlling the people. Moreover some taught the complete removal of the
clergy. Thus anarchy would ensue as services, tithing and Rome's supremacy would be scrapped.
Moreover since this Henrician stance was widespread, validated by the Free Spirit movement later
and Messalianism earlier, heresy as a whole in this period can be seen as a major threat. Indeed the
Church was also under attack regarding their secular influence too. The Twelve Confessions of the
Lollards proves so. Within this manifesto is the declaration, 'he that hath taken him to the one (a
temporal or a spiritual office) should not meddle ... with the other'. Therefore, a desire for division
between the two existed, reducing the Church's political influence. This was not necessarily a
widespread belief among Lollards though, as its author John Purvey represented Lollardy's greatest
minds. Nevertheless this was the face the world saw (as it was sent to Parliament) and even if a
minority, was a threatening one. Furthermore, since heretics' theology was applied practically, they
were incredibly threatening. The Waldensian preachers, who after the Third Lateran Council
disobeyed Pope Alexander III and continued preaching, prove so. Subsequently Moore is justified
when he proclaims that heresy attempted 'to subvert the Christian order and bring ... chaos', since
through their actions, the clergy were attacked. Yet Moore was wrong to see the issue as beyond
doctrinal disputes and Church made. Heterodox beliefs

The Controversy Of ' Christians ' And ' The Big Time '...
There are so many false accusations, slander, libel, gossip, hearsay, innuendo, false witness, and lies
around in Christian circles today, that it is a subject that begs to be addressed. How sad it is that we
find so– called "Christians" in the forefront of these kinds of activities. Firstly I want to deal with
the big time "heresy–hunter" people who in self appointment have set themselves up as judge, jury
and executioner of anyone that they privately disagree with. Then I also want to deal with the low
grade local church gossips, who slander, bring false accusation, carry hearsay, innuendo and bear
false witness and who think that it is alright to do so and that it 's their privilege and prerogative to
satiate themselves with such activity. Regarding these personality types it was my great joy to return
to England after living for four years in the United States and to confront a concoction of lies which
were being touted as truth regarding the reasons that I went to America. For the slanderers, the fact
that I returned and to the very town that I had left from, definitely "rained on their parade" of lies,
slander and wicked maliciousness. As one friend said to me on my return, "you are either the most
stupid man in the world to come back to this town, or else you have nothing to hide and the truth of
your ministry and manner of life is a very different story to the version that has been put about". But
we shall deal with that latter. Let us deal with the "New

Discussions on the Definition and History of Heresy in...
Heresy: A History of Defending the Truth written by Alister E. McGrath discusses the issue of
heresy within the context of church history by dividing the book into three sections of equally
important overviews. The first section reviews the definition of heresy by stating heresy as "form of
Christian belief that, more by accident than design, ultimately ends up subverting, destabilizing, or
even destroying the core of Christian faith" (12). Rather than seeing heresy as originating from those
who are unbelievers, it is contrastingly begun by those who claim to be Christians in the church and
develop misrepresentative and misleading ideas or concepts regarding important Christian principles
by no intention of their own, causing other Christians in the church to be led away from significant
and core biblical truths. "For many, heresy is now seen as a theological victim, a set of noble ideas
that have been brutally crushed and improperly suppressed by dominant orthodoxies and then
presented as if they were devious, dishonest, or diabolical" (6). McGrath understands that in today's
western culture, heresy may be considered to be of interest and valued, maybe even accepted in
some circles due to a "shift in the cultural mood" (1). McGrath states, "Today, people eagerly vaunt
themselves as heretics, hoping that they will thereby prove interesting: for what does a heretic mean
today but an original mind, a man who thinks for himself and spurns creeds and dogmas?" (2).
Concerning,

Inquisitor By Bernard Shaw
Inquisitor Analysis In the "Inquisitor," by George Bernard Shaw argues that Joan should be charged
with death due to heresy because if the church doesn't, the church will be destroyed because heresy
is worse than anything else. Shaw uses ethical appeal, analogy, and emotional appeal to make the
audience feel ashamed if they don't burn her for her crime. First, Shaw argues that heresy is a very
serious issue that causes damage. He states, " If you had seen what I have seen of heresy, you would
not think of it a light thing even in its most apparently harmless and even lovable and pious origin."
Shaw uses emotional appeal in referring to how we must see heresy in the same light as him. He
feels as if it is one of the worst crimes one could commit due to the damage it causes in society and
the church. Hersey brings out the wickedness out of people and goes against how one must live. The
inquisitor strongly suggests that we should live the way church ... Show more content on
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The inquisitor states, "For two hundred years the Holy Office has striven with these diabolical
madnesses; and it knows that they begin as always vain and ignorant persons setting up their own
judgment against the Church, and taking it upon themselves to be the interpreters of God's will."
Shaw uses ethical appeal in referring to helping the church to fight against heresy for God. The
ethical appeal highlights the credibility of the writer and emphasizes that we must help the church in
order to obey the divine power. It convinces the audience to see it as their duty to not let Joan go
against the church and against God. This convinces people that they are doing something good and
to realize how much of a negative impact heresy has. The ethical appeal influences the audience to
complete their duty as a pious person to vote for burning Joan so the church doesn't have to fight
against heresy any

Discuss The Importance And Importance Of The Council Of...
The council of Nicaea was the first Ecumenical Council of Church history. It took place in 325 AD
in the town of Nicaea (Britannica). Nicaea, which is present day Turkey, welcomed multiple
Bishops into its gates in the year that the council took place (Mcguckin). At the council, they
covered various topics of conversation and tried to settle many dogmatic disputes that arose over the
years. Ecumenical councils, like this one, are very important to the Catholic faith. The council of
Nicaea is important to our Catholic faith because it disputed the heresy of Arius, was the council
where the Nicean Creed started to be formed, and restored the peace and belief in one God amongst
the church. To begin, a ecumenical council is a gathering of Bishops, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the
Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the
prophets.And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for
the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come"
(Brittanica).
Although the creed is called Nicene creed, it was actually created at the Council of Constantinople.
A lot happened at the first council of church history like the ejection of the heresy created by Arius
and the start of the formation of the Nicene

After the Way Called Heresy Book Review
Anthony Gonzales
Apostolic School of Theology
Throughout the line of church history, Oneness doctrine has suffered persecution,
Condemnation, and expulsion. Many believe that the dogma of the Trinity has been the True
doctrine of the early church, but the truth is that since the birth of the church which in the Book of
Acts. The Mighty God in Christ doctrine is in fact the doctrine of the early church. This Movement
did not die out in the third and fourth centuries, but has continued to grow and now is One of the
fastest growing Movements in the twentieth century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many opposed this event by turning to Monasticism, these people wanted to devote their lives to
God, but despite of all of this Weisser notes that Oneness still exist.
Chapter 6
This chapter explains the events taking place in the eighth through fifthteenth centuries (middle
Ages). It is when secular leaders are struggling against the papacy for power. During this time the
crusades took place. The main problem in the middle Ages was between the pope and the king, this
desire for power caused the churches from the East and West to separate. This made the Cathari and
Waldenses to question the authority of the pope and placed Biblical authority over men.
Chapter 7
In chapter seven Weisser takes a deep look into the Reformation, and how the printing of pamphlets
in mass number can cause a greater influence than before. The Catholic Church had become very
corrupt and caused men like Martin Luther and John Calvin to push against the church abuse. These
men had different views, but for the most part they agreed. We also see the Oneness of God doctrine
in the sixth and seventeenth centuries. This was inspired by Michael Servetus and once again the
challenge of this pagan doctrine (Trinitarians) would last for two centuries.
Chapter 8
In this chapter Weisser explains how the Enlightenment period disagreed with the Reformation, this
caused separation within the Christian church. This period also brought the

Heretic Research Paper
In the first century of Christianity there was no such thing as heresy because there was not a
generally accepted way of practicing Christianity. Old translation of the New Testament mentions
that heresies is only differences of opinion. Some Christian communities wanted to worship the way
they please without any problems. This is because during this time there was not central authorities
that would tell people what to belief and how to practice their religion. Different Christian groups in
different parts of the empire practiced and believed whatever they wanted. As a result the ideas and
practices of different Christian communities deviated from one another which caused many
problems. It was interesting that it took until the end of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They helped the poor and preached the gospel but the thing that made them a target of the church
was when Waldo started to give out a bible that was translated into Occitan, the language that was
spoken in southern France. Waldo's follower were considered heretics, having read the bible
themselves they rejected many practices of the church and as result they were excommunicated as
heretics. The waldensians as they were known as were prosecuted for years and even 150 of them
were burned in a single day. The fascinating thing about this is the fact that as time went on the term
heresy covered even more areas of belief and the church continued to gain more power. As we
learned in class the only outcome of this mass extermination of people who go against the teaching
of the church is religions wars. I personal believe that the church did not care about the unity of
Christians but only about

Systematic Theology: Semi-Pelagianism
Meghan Powell
Mr. Murphy
Systematic Theology
8 December 2015
Semi–Pelagianism
Explanation of the Heresy
Definition:
"A heretical doctrine, of the 5th century that accepted the doctrine of original sin but asserted that
man's turning to God of his own free will, not after the provocation of the Holy Ghost, begins the
process of spiritual rebirth."
In my own words:
Our faith can begin on our own human will.
We have the ability to initiate belief in God.
God's grace is a response to man's initial effort.
It denies predestination completely.
Scripture to back it up
Matthew 6:33 says "But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things
will be added to you."
Deuteronomy 4:29 says "But from there you will seek the Lord ... Show more content on
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For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of
God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
Orthodox Christianity ideas
The fall of man didn't only affect our bodies but also our spirit.
The fall causes man start with evil in our hearts.
Grace isn't something we just get and it something that is freely given.
We need grace for salvation.
Our actions are pleasing to God, but not necessary to be saved.
We constantly need God.
God made us the way we are and loves every one of

Orthodoxy Versus Heresy By Dr. Hebert: A Thematic Analysis
The conference call started with a word of payer led by Maentta Jackson. The following points were
presented and discussed: Orthodoxy versus Heresy, the five central core beliefs of Christian
Orthodoxy and scriptures relating to each central core belief; and lastly, a discussion regarding on
how to explain the doctrine of the Trinity to heretical cults who deviate from the five central core
beliefs.
Everyone provided their own definition as to what each understood what Orthodoxy and heresy was,
based on the readings from Tucker, chapter 1, appendix C; Hebert, sections 1.2.1, 1.2.10, and Sire,
chapters 1–4. In addition, to the PowerPoint presentation Orthodoxy versus Heresy, by Dr. Hebert.
The group agreed that Heresy is an inaccurate teaching or cults with wrong beliefs based on the
perspective of the five–fold core beliefs and teachings of Christianity. With this in mind, several
scriptures from the Old Testament were read that pinpoint back to Lucifer, and the beginning of
creation. Followed by the Gospel of John and Matthew 23:1–3 where "Jesus said to the crowds and
to his disciples, 2 "The teachers of religious law and the Pharisees are the official interpreters of the
law of Moses. 3 So practice and obey whatever they tell you, but don't follow their example. For
they don't practice what they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Doctrine of the Trinity was the one core belief that the group expounded on the most. As a
question arose on how should one explain the Trinity
to heretical cults who deviate from the five central core beliefs. The following Scriptures were read,
which are related to the topic at hand; Matthew 3:16–17; John 1:1–4, 14:7 and

Rhetorical Strategies In Saint Joan, By George Bernard Shaw
Freedom of thinking, a different way of seeing things can be hard for some. In George Bernard
Shaw's Saint Joan, the Inquisitor gives a powerful speech, which demonizes Joan and her heresy.
The Inquisitor uses his speech to persuade the church of Joan of the arc's heresy. In his entreaty, he
uses many rhetorical strategies such as ethos, pathos, and logos. He even uses similes and analogies
to make his case. The Inquisitor keeps an intense and serious tone throughout the speech, while the
situation being a grave one. He makes the plea a dying matter as if Joan killed someone. The
Inquisitor begins his plea with a grave tone and starting the rhetorical appeal of ethos to legitimize
his view of the grave matter. In lines 1–5 he states "If you had seen what I have seen of heresy, you
would not think it a light thing even in its most apparently harmless and even lovable and pious
origins.". Validating that he has dealt with heresy in a great matter, the Inquisitor hasn't seen this
only once though, he states again in line 16 "I have seen this again and again". He gives the
audience the appeal to ethos, the audience now can believe what he is talking about because of his
experience. He has now led the audience to be able to trust him. Now the Inquisitor, in his
prestigious position, begins to persuade the audience with the horrors and legit wickedness of
heresy. In lines 17–27 he gives a great deal of pathos and some aggressive diction, he expresses
"Heresy ... ends

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