The Warnock Report

The Warnock Report
The Moderate learning disabilities with the aim of replacing the rather unpleasant–sounding phrase
'educationally sub–normal' with the more positive term 'learning difficulties'.
This timeline shows the history of moderate disabilities from their discovery in to our most recent
laws and scientific findings
1880: The Cross and Egerton commissions also known as the Royal Commission on the Elementary
Education Acts passed the area of working with the 'feeble–minded' to the Egerton Commission.
The significance of the Egerton Commission was that it had been initially set up in 1886 to look at
the educational provision of children who were found to be 'blind, deaf, or dumb'.
1898: These recommendations led to special schools being set up in the ... Show more content on
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1937: Making a reference to the Chief Medical Officer's report from the year before that mentioned
how LEAs were now taking into account the needs of the 'retarded' as they reorganized.
1944: Educational reconstruction words like 'defect' became 'handicapped', while 'mentally
defective' became 'educationally sub–normal' (ESN). Act required that educational provision for
those children considered to be 'handicapped' should be included in the way in which primary and
secondary provisions were formulated.
1978: The Warnock Report removed the use of the term 'educationally sub–normal' and replaced it
with the modern 'moderate learning difficulties' (MLD) that we now use.
1981: An Act to make a provision with respect to children with Special Educational Needs. It also
made it possible for parents of children with SEN to appeal against decisions that were made on
behalf of their children's needs.
1994: Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs'. The
code is designed to help these bodies to make effective decisions regarding children with SEN. It
does not (and could not) tell them what to do in each individual
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Does Hereditary Influence Iq Scores? Essay
Does Hereditary Influence IQ Scores? Stephen Gould's monograph, The Mismeasure of Man,
examines and denounces the belief of biological determinism. In Chapter 5, titled "The Hereditarian
Theory of IQ", Gould addresses the idea that the average intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individual
is strictly based on their hereditary. Gould condemns the belief of hereditarianism through
reconstructing and finding inaccuracies in the experiments that leading scientists and researchers in
the field, such as H. Goddard, L. Terman, and R. Yerkes, made while supporting the idea of
biological determinism. Gould articulates how scientists, who allow their own personal prejudices
and bias seep into their data, have inaccurately mismeasured man from the beginning of time.
Scientists, who publish bias data in their work, even if not a supporter of hereditarianism and
biological determinism, cause the general public to be misinformed about important social issues.
Chapter 5 allows readers to understand why these inaccuracies happened and how the data from the
experiments conducted impacted society as a whole.
Alfred Binet, once a pioneer of craniometry, came to the conclusion that he allowed bias to
influence the results of his experiments on human intelligence. In 1905, Binet created the Binet–
Simon Scale, a scale that sought to discover the measurement of a human's intelligence without
bringing brain size into the equation. However, IQ testing did not become popular outside of Binet's
native

Night By Elie Wiesel Analysis
We are who we are because God made us that way, and he plans everything. But even in the darkest
hours, it is god who is going to help us. Anne says, "It is God that has made us as we are, but it will
be God, too, who will raise us up again" (Frank 1940). The novel, Night told by Elie Wiesel, is an
autobiography written about him and his family being seized out of their home in 1944 to the
concentration camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Night is the alarming record of Eli Wiesel's
recollections of the passing of his family, and his despair as a profoundly perceptive Jew going up
against irrefutably the abhorrence of man. In the beginning of the novel, Elie described his father as
a straightforward sort of man. As in the novel Elie ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He clarified, "I woke up at dawn on January 29. On my father's cot there lay another sick person
(Wiesel 112). He added, "They must have taken him away before daybreak and taken him to the
crematorium (Wiesel 112). Elie did not sob, and it tormented him that he could not sob. In any case,
he was out of tears. Elie explicated, "I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I
was out of tears. And deep inside me, if I could have searched the recesses of my feeble conscience,
I might have found something like: Free at last!..." (Wiesel 112). The death of his family gave Elie
two sentiments where he felt remorseful however; at last he felt free. Overall in the story Elie
survives the Holocaust not only by the help of his father, but his faith. Toward the start of their trial,
Elie's father looks after him and secures his as much as should be possible in this condition. Elie
stated, "I was terribly hungry and swallowed my ration on the spot (Wiesel 44). He continued, "My
father told me, "You mustn't eat all at once. Tomorrow is another day..." (Wiesel 44). Close to the
finish of their adventure together, the parts are turned around. He mentioned, "Father!" I howled.
"Father! Get up! Right now! You will kill yourself..." (Wiesel 105). Truly Elie considers, on
occasion, abandoning his father; in any case, he does not. It is his faith, which shields him from
doing what others around him do and surrender or let their fathers pass. Elie expressed, "I went to

Eugenics : The Best Race And Are It Determined By Our Genes?
Who inhabits the world? Can we really create the best race and are it determined by our genes? The
study of Eugenics raises a lot of unresolved question still in the year of 2015 as this topic expands.
Eugenics, also known as selective breeding has been an exceptionally disputable science that has
existed in this world for quite a long time. Eugenics (genetic counseling) is characterized as the
study of or assurance in the probability of enhancing the characteristics of the human species or a
human populace by such means as disheartening a person to procreate because he/she have
hereditary defects or risked to have inheritable undesirable qualities or permitting reproduction by
persons attempted to have inheritable desirable traits. These are qualities that individuals in the
public eye at the time considered "unfit". They incorporate the "unfit" to be alcoholics, being a
criminal or prostitutes, those with a mental impairment, feeble minded and those with physical
impairments. To battle this, individuals accepted that the choice to procreate ought to be controlled
by more "fit" human.
Each nation, at some point has undergone a pessimistic stage. United States of America is no
different. A nation that prides itself on equality freedom, and flexibility for all used to be a dim, an
undesirable place. The nation we have learned to know today was not as ethical and moral sensitive
back in history. Eugenics is a topic untold to many students like myself until now being in

The Supreme Court Case Of Buck Vs. Bell
Buck vs. Bell The Supreme Court case of Buck v. Bell in 1997 is a lawsuit in which the U.S.
Supreme Court upheld a Virginia law that offered the eugenic sterilization for individuals regarded
genetically unfit. The Supreme Court's decision to uphold Virginia's statute regarding sterilization
provided the basis for enactment of similar laws across the United States and subsequent
sterilization of 65,000 Americans without their approval or that of their family members. Notably,
the ruling of this case was based on the concept of feeblemindedness, which is no longer applicable
in medical terminology. Actually, this case primarily involved state–enforced eugenic sterilization
for individuals considered feebleminded or genetically substandard in certain ways. The case
provides considerable insights concerning eugenics and enforced sterilization in the United States
and significant concerns on whether genetics should be used for any king of legal decision.
Case Summary As previously mentioned, the Supreme Court case of Buck vs. Bell in 1927 was a
lawsuit that entailed state–enforced eugenic sterilization for individuals regarded feebleminded or
somehow genetically substandard. Carrie Buck, the plaintiff, together with her mother had been
devoted to the Virginia Colony of Epileptics and Feeble Minded in Virginia (Eugenics Archive,
n.d.). The two were judged to be genetically inferior or feebleminded and immoral since they had
children out of wedlock. Moreover, Carrie Buck's child

Carrie Buck's Argumentative Analysis
When one chooses to write on a matter that seems to have been laid to rest decades ago their burden
extensively lies not in trying to argue for their position, rather in showing the relevance of their
position. This paper attempts to do both of these things when it comes to non–consensual
sterilizations of women, specifically disabled women. A practice prominent in the 20th century, this
paper examines coerced sterilizations from a feminist care ethics perspective and ultimately
concludes that paternalistic arguments for this practice are in fact eugenic arguments, and thus
renders coerced tubal litigations as unethical. Although neo–eugenics is starting to gain a number of
followers for its genetic benefits, this is but a misconception of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is true; however, Linda Sparkman and others like her deserve justice. This justice begins by
admitting that Ora McFarlane's actions and the court's decision was beyond unethical but purely
eugenic. A relationship between a parent and a child is one involving genuine care, acceptance,
interdependence between the two and a duty of the parent to adhere to these virtues. Sterilizing a
teenager because they "fraternize with men" is not justified by care ethics nor the law as shown
earlier due to the lack of statutory authorization. The mother's wishes do, however, make sense from
a pro–eugenic

The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas Analysis
The Moral Values of "The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas"
Is it wrong to value one life more than another? "The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas" by
Ursula K. Le Guin is a science fiction short story has themes of morality versus prosperity, the
nature of happiness itself, and sacrificing a human life for other lives. The author puts the main
focus on Omelas and how perfect it is, the introduction has no signs of anything wrong with the
society; until the child in the basement is introduced. The author specifically put that there in order
to heavily contrast the living situations of the child in the basement and the people in the city. The
child in the basement must suffer in order for prosperity to flourish in Omelas. The existence of the
feeble–minded child in the filthy basement a condition made for the happiness and prosperity of the
citizens, however, some realize that their happiness isn't freedom and simply walk away thus creates
the point of morality versus prosperity, the nature of happiness itself.
The child in the basement is left to fend for itself, left covered in their own feces in order to
maintain the lavish lifestyle of the citizens of Omelas. Sacrifices should be made only with the
person's consent; the feeble–minded child cannot consent to the abusive behaviors that the citizens
of Omelas do. In order for Omelas to flourish, the child cannot feel happiness; which is a harsh
sacrifice for the greater good. "They know that if the wretched one were not

Case Study: Buck V. Bell
Do people with mental illness and in low socio–economic classes deserve to have children? In the
1927 Supreme Court case known as Buck v. Bell (1927), the answer was no. Dr. John Bell was a
man who advocated for eugenics. Carrie Buck was a "feeble minded" woman.
Eugenics is the serialization or eliminated of a person or race for a trait they share. Using this
method, humanity would grow stronger as the weak were weeded out. This was a new and popular
idea around the turn of the 20th century. For some reason in a Christian majority America, this was
supported but alcohol wasn't. The concept of eugenics have been practiced all over the world and is
a human rights violation. Eugenics takes many forms, such as genocide in the Holocaust or in this
case, forced sterilization of a certain population. In the early 1900's some states like Indiana had
laws promoting legal sterilization.
Eugenics and feeble mindedness go hand in hand. People with a feeble mind were seen as lessor,
therefore unfit to have children. Feeble mindedness is having lower than average intelligence
(technically mentally disabled). In the early 1900's there were 3 stages to mental retardation; idiocy,
which is severe and low functioning retardation, imbecility, which is the middle, and feeble minded,
a high functioning but low intelligence individual. There were many institutions across the US in the
early 20th century dedicated to holding these people, in many cases, until they died. Carrie Buck's
mother,

Buck Vs Bell Case Study
Buck vs. Bell
During the twentieth century, the United States Supreme Court passed laws that sparked a time
where grotesque discrimination and outright injustice towards all races and gender ran amuck. The
United States Supreme court supported a claim that those who were deemed "feebleminded" were a
hazard to society, and to protect the nation's gene pool by keeping the "lesser classes" from
reproducing, they needed to be sterilized. Carrie Buck, notoriously known for her Case against the
supreme court shows an unquestionable detail just how deplorable such a government was. In this
essay I will illustrate the different types of ethical principles and how they were violated in the 1927
case of Buck vs. Bell.
In the early 1900's Industrialization boosted the economy, giving rise to capitalism and gave the
upper hand to monopolized corporations. As stated by David Oshinsky, in Imbeciles' and 'Illiberal
Reformers New ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Laws were passed setting maximum hours and minimum
wages, limiting child labor, and
preserving natural resources. It was a time where people believed in Progressivism; a belief or
practice in making use of interesting new ideas, findings, or opportunities. As stated by: Leonard,
Thomas C. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics & American Economics in the Progressive Era."
Progressivism's core belief: first, modern government should be guided by science and not politics;
and second, an industrialized economy should be supervised, investigated, and regulated by the
visible hand of a modern administrative state." Workers were arranged to receive lower wages,
especially African Americans and women. The only exempt group were Anglo–Saxon White Males.
Social Darwinism truly influenced the progressive era in a radical way. Darwinism stated that,
"Evolutionary change occurs by means of the production of inheritable variation in every

Race: Floating Signifier
Analysis Response: Biology, Race, and Floating Signifiers In the video, Race: The Floating
Signifier, Stuart Hall counters the thought that race is connected with the biological aspect. Rather
than considering race as due to the biological make up of an individual, it is a collection of
characteristics brought together that forms one 's race. That is how Stuart Hall views race, as a
floating signifier, something that is ever changing and not static. This paper will discuss the troubles
of using biology/science to categorize a person, talk about a different way of thinking of race, and
provide the confused case of race of Alexis Morrision, a physically white woman with the
possibility of being considered black. Situational cases will also ... Show more content on
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Hall explains the ties of physical appearance from the biological idea to the classification of a
person. Similarly, the Bucks family 's illegitimacy and feeble–mindedness was thought of as
biological and assumed that any offspring would be classified as illegitimate and feeble minded as
well. There was later proof that neither Emma, Carrie, nor Vivian were feeble–minded, which
tarnished the idea that their "feeble–mindedness was the fault of genetics. It is just what is coupled
with their category as being illegitimate children and thought to have passed down the line. In the
film, Stuart Hall talks about how race is not a stagnant thing, meaning "not the same thing" where
ever, whenever. It actually changes, depending on the time, the place, the people, and the situation.
With the case of Alexis Morrision, she was considered black to some people and white to other
people for different reasons. If she were in a different state, there might be a consensus on what race
she was depending on the people in that state and their view of looking at race at that time. If she
were in a different time period where the stereotypical attitudes of a white woman and black woman
were switched from those stereotypes in her time, would she be black or would she be judged by a
different criteria? Her identification of race in the eyes of others will never be consistent and will
continue to change depending on her location,

The Pros And Cons Of The Eugenics Movement
In the 19th century progressive era the idea of eugenics began to take form and became a widely–
spread political, scientific, and social movement. Throughout history there have been numerous
political leaders and scientist who have sought to alter the human race to design a purer society. The
thoughts of purifying humans can be mostly commonly associated with the Holocaust which was
one of the lowest points in the history of civilization. Similarly, in ideas The Eugenics Movement
focused on mitigating undesirable traits from generation to generation. The idea that improvement
of human kind like breeding can't be left up to nature, but with the use of the eugenics program it
would better society. By sterilizing the mentally ill and feeble minded, eugenicists goals were to
better public health, restrict immigration, and regulate reproduction. In these efforts, the movement
sought to isolate the pure American genes and save them from being tainted by bad genes.
Bettering the public health of America falls under negative eugenics. Eliminating people with
genetic diseases, disabilities, and disorders was the goal to controlling public health. Harry Hamilton
Laughlin was a popular American Eugenicist who greatly contributed to eugenics policy. He
advocated for compulsory sterilization of the unfit to be spread throughout America and for laws to
be placed in all states. In his primary source, he states that "[s]terilization prevents the transmission
of their weaknesses to children,

Cross And Egerton Commission Case Study
i)The Cross and Egerton Commission 1880s was initially set up in 1886 to look at the educational
provision of children who were found to be blind, deaf and dump. It effectively initiated the idea of
segregated or separated provision ii) Departmental Committee on Defective and Epileptic Children
1898 these recommendations led to special schools being set up in the 1890s. The government of the
time recognised that lack of defining criteria made a lot of difficulty in this area. Children who were
considered to be feeble minded were seen as being able to earn a living while those who were
thought to be imbeciles were not. iii) Chief Medical Officer 1913 more detailed distinctions were
made on identification of intellectual disabilities and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This approval meant that the local authorities were allowed to identify children who could not attend
day school or who struggled and did not make substantial progress in scholastic and manual work.
vi) Her Majesty's Inspectorate pamphlet 1937 the landscape of education is very much informed by
politics of the day. During the 1920s the school leaving age had been increased and this had
implications for those pupils who were considered to be retarded. The pamphlet produced in 1937
mentioned how local education authorities were now taking into account the needs of the retarded as
they reorganised. vii) The Education Act 1944 the act required that educational provision for those
children considered to be handicapped should be included in the way in which primary and
secondary provisions were formulated. The act and its regulations also included in the category of
educationally sub normal those children who lived with adverse family and home circumstances as
well as those of limited ability. Special school provision was split into residential and day school
and children were considered to be eligible for these if their IQ was between 55–70 and if their
parental support was

Dewey Dell Pregnancy Quotes
When Dewey Dell first comes to mind, she is first characterized as feeble–minded. Throughout the
book, whenever Dewey Dell would talk, it could be seen that she still had a young mind and she was
very slow when it came down to everyday things in life. For example, "He is a big tub of guts and I
am a little tub of guts and if there is not any room for anything else important in a big tub of guts,
how can it be room in a little tub of guts"(Faulkner, 58). Although this quote is a mouth full, it
represents how Dewey sees things or how she is able to express them. With this quote, it becomes
evident that she is pregnant, but the way she talks and thinks brings realization that she is not ready
for the child. Not only is she feeble–minded, she is also very persistent. Pregnancy is a difficult task
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"It's because I am alone. If I could just feel it, it would be different, because I would not be
alone...And if he could do so much for me, and then I would not be alone. Then I could be all right
alone"(Faulkner, 58–59). The basis of this quote is Dewey Dell basically saying I have no one to
help me, so I am alone, but I am not alone due to the fact of me being pregnant. If the doctor would
help me, then I could be alright and be fully alone. Throughout the book as the family travels to
Addie's burial ground, every time they stop Dewey is trying to find a way to get an abortion, but
everywhere she goes she is turned away and that shows how persistent she is. Instead of properly
mourning her mother's death, Dewey Dell is too worried about getting rid of her

Ethical Issues Of Eugenics
The Progressive Era was a time of scientific and economic advances in the United States. The
movement aimed to improve American society and perfect the American population. The eugenics
movement was part of the Progressives faith in science and the potential of the state to control the
population. In 1883 Francis Galton coined the term eugenics: "Eugenics is the science which deals
with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race" . The American eugenics movement
aimed to make the population healthier and more sustainable. This goal was achieved through the
discouragement of procreation amongst those with less desired genes (negative eugenics). Even
though the term eugenics is well defined, the implementation of the policies designed around it were
left open to interpretation; thus causing various moral and ethical issues. The most prominent ethical
issues faced by this movement were autonomy and protection. These issues were depicted by the
case of Buck v Bell and also resonate in modern day eugenics. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Carrie Buck, an 18 year old resident of the state of Virginia was deemed "feeble minded" according
to Virginia law – primarily because she bore a child outside of wedlock – and was committed to the
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble Minded. Nine months later she was petitioned to be
sterilized, which was approved by the board of directors of the institution. This petition for
sterilization was a perfect example of the abuse and misinterpretation of the aim of the eugenics
movement. Buck filed a lawsuit against Dr. J.H. Bell – the superintendent of the institution– for the
5th Amendment right of due process and the 14th Amendment right of equal

George Orwell's 1984: My Impression Of Winston
My impression of Winston is that he is a sorely reserved and tense person. He does not seem eager
to engage with people around him, which he seldom does unless he has a reason to, such as
attempting to not attract suspicion. While he is at work, the Records Department of the Ministry of
Truth, it is obvious that he does not really associate with any of his coworkers. Sure, there is Syme,
but Winston calls him his friend with contempt, and his image of Tom Parsons is like that of a
feeble–minded dog whose concern is limited to its keeper, which would be the government run by
Big Brother. There is also Julia, who Winston is both repulsed and attracted by, and eventually I start
to think of him as someone who contradicts themselves. Indeed, Winston

Buck Vs Bell
Many Eugenics organization lobbied for laws to be passed that promoted the sterilization of the
deviants of society. In some cases the women who were sterilized tried to fight against the crime
committed against them. In Buck v. Bell, 1927 the court ruled in favor of the sterilization of Carrie
Buck. She was said to have came from a feeble minded mother and she was called feeble minded as
well by Dr. Priddy of Virginia State Colony of Feeble Minded where she was a patient. Her mother
was said to be immoral and was a prostitute. Carrie was adopted by another family and was raped by
her cousin and was viewed as promiscuous, therefore sent to Dr. Priddy institution (Buck v. Bell).
Promiscuous and immorality was viewed as a characteristic that

The Effects Of Eugenic Sterilization
Eugenics Sterilization, developed by an eminent scientist, Francis Galton, is the science of
improving the qualities of the human species or a human population by controlling breeding to
increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristic traits and decrease the occurrence of
undesirable characteristic traits or genetical defects (Bergman, 2000). Eugenic sterilization refers to
the involuntary sterilization of certain categories of individuals without their need for consent by
those subjected to the procedure (Pozgar, 2012, p. 411). Eugenic Sterilization has ruined thousands
of lives and impacted individual in multiple ways.
Individuals classified as mentally deficient, feeble–minded, epileptic, promiscuous, sexual deviants,
or persons classified as habitual criminals were mainly targeted (Pozgar, 2012, p. 411). Eugenicists
argued degenerate traits tainted society through the reproduction of the lowest class and sterilization
was to keep the "handicapped" from perpetuating themselves (Kaelber, 2014). In addition,
eugenicists also argued that "feeble–minded" individuals were believed to be financial burdens to
society by overcrowding prisons, hospitals and living off welfare (Kaelber, 2014). Eugenic
Sterilization was seen as a way to prevent the spending of tax dollars on the "feeble– minded"
(Kaelber, 2014). These arguments allowed Eugenics to become an acceptable practice. Advocates
believed that getting rid of the "feeble–minded" and mentally deficient would decrease the
undesirable characteristic traits within the human gene pool and ultimately improve the human
population (Kaelber, 2014). The very first eugenic sterilization law was passed in 1919 but it was
never put to use (Kaelber, 2014). Many worried that the law was unconstitutional and there the State
feared putting it into practice (Kaelber, 2014). The landmark 1927 United States Supreme Court
case of Buck Vs. Bell served as a catalyst for many eugenic sterilization programs across the
Country (Scott, 2015). In 1929, The North Carolina General Assembly passed new sterilization laws
(Kaelber, 2014). It stated that "the governing body or the responsible head of any penal or charitable
institution supported wholly or in part by the State

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper
The short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper", written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a perfect example
of a story that needs to be reanalyzed from a feminist perspective. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was
written in 1892 which was during the time period that feminists initially emerged and began fighting
for women's rights. This was also the time that women began trying to showing their equality to men
and proving that women could be just as useful outside the home as within. However, in literature,
women were still being portrayed as weak, feeble–minded, and incapable of doing anything except
for chores. Due to this information, "The Yellow Wallpaper" needs to be re–evaluated because of its
set gender roles, its put–downs of women, and its blatant disregard of the female brain. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seems as though the narrator trusts her husband's judgment without question a majority of the time
but when she does question him she assures herself that he is, of course, always right. For example,
when the narrator says "...and am absolutely forbidden to "work" until I am well again", she clearly
put quotes around work for a purpose. She must feel that what she usually does when she isn't ill, is
not meant to be real work. Whether it's domestic work: cooking, cleaning, and watching the children
or working outside the home out in the workforce, it is still work and requires effort. She must be
conditioned to think that her "work" is meaningless compared to the work that the men do or she, in
her eyes, believes that she could be doing something more important with her time. Regardless of
which she truly feels, she is not being given enough credit for the work she does and the work she is
capable of

Buck V. Bell Essay
1927 U.S. Supreme Court case of Buck v. Bell
Margaret Rios
July 9, 2013
The Buck v. Bell case began when Carrie Buck was seventeen and claimed that she was raped by
J.T. and Alice Dobbs son and turn out to be pregnant. So when that happened a test revealed that
Carrie had da mind of a nine year old which was consider being feeblemindedness. Her mother was
also tested and considered to be feeblemindedness because her test revealed that she had the mind of
an eight year old. Carrie and her mother were sent to the Colony for the Epileptic and Feebleminded
(Buck v. Bell, 2006).
Dr. Albert Priddy was the superintendent of the State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble–Minded at
Lynchburg he supported the population through the eugenics ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Carrie's baby was only eight month old when they claimed that she was not a normal baby due to the
fact that Carrie and her mother were feebleminded. Dr. Priddy believed that if they were to let Carrie
be sterilized then it would most likely remove more feebleminded offspring's which can decrease
her chance of having a feebleminded baby (Buck v. Bell, 2006).
Carrie's lawyer Irving Whitehead did not make any justification for Carrie knowing that she was a
church girl going every day and had no problems in school. Even though he would have the chance
to represent Carrie in the higher courts, he would be on Dr. Priddy's and Aubrey Strode side because
he sees the same effects as them. They fought to request the case through many courts expecting to
get all the support that they can for the sterilization law (Buck v. Bell, 2006).
Later the Circuit Court had supported the law and filed for the sterilization of Carrie. In 1925
Carrie's lawyer Irving Whitehead supported the decision of the Circuit Court at the Supreme Court
of Appeals of the State of Virginia. So after all of this Dr. Priddy had passed away in which Dr. J.H.
Bell had replaced him at the Colony. The case now became Buck v. Bell; Dr. Bell had sterilized
Carrie in 1927 which then was released from the Colony (Buck v. Bell, 2006).
Carries lawyer then made the move to take it to the U.S Supreme Court which he claimed that
Carrie Bucks due process law

Dix's Treatment For The Insane
When she was nearly 40, she reached a turning point in her life. A friend asked if she would take
over his Sunday School class for women at the East Cambridge prison. On March 28, 1841, Dix
went to the jail to teach the class and was shocked by what she found. A number of the inmates had
committed only one "crime": they were mentally ill. Dix was appalled to find hardened criminals,
feeble–minded "idiots," and the insane incarcerated together in a bare, foul–smelling, unheated jail
room. Angered by what she saw, Dix brought the matter to a local court. Although the authorities
denied her charges, they did improve the women's living conditions. Only a few institutions
provided humane treatment for the insane. Most people who suffered from mental

Nazi Eugenics Approach
Although Nazi's racial hygiene shared the same notions and campaigns of prior eugenics, it also
presents a new eugenics approach. With the support of Galton, Pearson declared that "the law of
hereditary suggested that human populations could be permanently improved by biological
manipulation." This means that improvement of human races is possible by selecting the traits that
would be pass to the next generation. In fact, Pearson stated, "the force of hereditary appeared to be
so powerful...as to dictate selective breeding as the only means of achieving greater social strength.
This approach of selective breeding is different from Nazi's racial hygiene, which emphasized racial
social hierarchy. Under the Nazi's racial hygiene, there was an increase in the demand for racial
testimonials to prove whether an individual has an Aryan race or not. ... Show more content on
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In fact, it was believed that "crossing of any 'alien race,' be it the 'Negroes, Mongols... or Jews' leads
to a change in the 'special biological composition of the Volk.'" This suggests that breeding between
a pure Aryan race and alien race would change the composition or purity of the "superior" German
race population. With this emphasis on the superiority and preservation of the pure German race, the
Nazi regime sterilized many individuals and killed races that were seen inferior for the sake of
improving the quality of the German population. Therefore, by comparing eugenics and racial
hygiene, eugenics mainly focused on individual level, breeding the good ones and avoiding the bad
ones, while racial hygiene emphasized specific race or population, German "Aryan" race. In other
words, eugenics were selecting individuals within the population, while racial hygiene is separating
the population to keep the purity of the "superior" race

War Against The Weak : Eugenics And America 's Campaign
Starting in the late 19th century, American philosophers, theorists, and scientists began
experimenting and theorizing the idea of eugenics. Derived from Darwinian theories and the
extensive works of Gregor Mendel, eugenics is known as a set of practices aimed at enhancing the
human genome into sameness. Edwin Black's "War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's
Campaign to Create a Master Race" looks at the horrific background of eugenics, the ones who
supported it, and the twisted ends it came to. This source, along with the two others, brings light to
the awful means pursued to obtain a brilliant, but illogical and immoral goal of sameness. Overall, a
negative vibe is shown through these sources.
Although he saw brilliance in the idea ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The writers of these sources are acting as mediums between the history and the audience. The role
of the author is to inform the readers about eugenics: what it was, where it took place, and what
happened. The writers intended audience are students and adults who are interested in learning about
a nation's dark history of eugenics and how it presumably began the Holocaust, or readers who are
ignorant to what eugenics is and wants to find out more. The intended purpose is to inform the
audience of the origins of eugenics coming from Darwin's theory of evolution and Mendel's work on
genetics; survival of the fittest through genetic heritage.
In order to persuade readers of the negative connotation on eugenics, Black used precise language to
set his desired tone. Such as, "Tragically, many respected American physicians, scientists,
academics, and philanthropists bought into this notion" (Black). By using the word tragically the
reader is able to pick up that he did not find this to be a good thing. All three sources are written
from the historical nonfiction genre, and because of this there is no room left for interpretation; facts
are simply facts and there is no changing that.
Black is presumed to be rather knowledgeable on the topic, and fair in the fact that he credits
Francis Galton, the man that coined the term eugenics, with a brilliant theory. But it is just that, a
theory. He stands ethically

Elizabethan Era Gender Roles Essay
Title goes here Gender roles in modern day society are not the same as gender roles in the
Elizabethan Era. During the Elizabethan Era, only men were allowed to hold swords. Females, on
the other hand, were not allowed to take up arms: instead, they spent their lives caring for children
and accepting the life of a housewife. William Shakespeare alternates the gender roles between
Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth continuously throughout the play.
It was illegitimate for a women to see blood or a dead being. Women are seen as feeble and small,
unable to kill a real person. "O gentle lady, 'Tis not for you to hear what I can speak/The repetition
in a woman's ear/ Would murder as it fell" (2.3.96–99). The irony of Macduff's words is that she was
the one who planned his death. When asked to list off traits of a women, the words that come to
mind are nurturing and kind; however, the women are neither. "Fair is foul, and foul ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In present day, women are looked up on for their courage and confidence; but, in the Elizabethan
Era, it was looked down upon. "The raven himself is hoarse/ that croaks the fatal entrance of
Duncan/ under my battlements, come, you spirits/ that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and
fill me from the crown to toe topful/ of direst cruelty" (1.5.38–43). Lady Macbeth prays to the spirits
to change her feeble and nurturing self into a cruel and ruthless women. Lady Macbeth wishes are
answered, she is the one to plan Duncan's murder. Men who show guilt are rebuked, in both the
Elizabethan Era and Modern Era. "I'll go no more/ I am afraid to think what I have done; look on't
again I dare not" (2.2.45–52). Macbeth becomes weak after murdering Duncan, he is unable to go
back to fix his mistake of taking the daggers instead of leaving them. Lady Macbeth takes the
daggers for herself and frames the chamberlains with the bloody daggers. Macbeth evolves from a
weak–minded thane into a ruthless and cold

Prostitution In Victorian
The study of Victorian prostitutes by historians came into its own in the 1970s and 1980s when there
was the feminist revival in reclaiming the female body, femininity and female sexuality,
historiographical trend reflecting social interest. Just as historians were eager to uncover the sexual
underground of Victorian society, the Victorians were as equally fascinated as they were horrified
and ashamed of the profession. In this case, we will be considering a 'prostitute' a profession, that is
that the prostitute exchanged sexual acts for payment, be that monetarily or material goods. By
constructing the "figure of the prostitute", this essay will be considering the figure to be the image,
portrayal and public perception of the prostitute. Thus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women who were autonomous in their sexual sphere, separating themselves from the patriarchal
model by being economically and sexually independent. Prostitution manifested the worst of
Victorian society into a profession that aimed to corrupt middle and upper class men. There was
much fear of a woman's sexuality due to the fact that it was seen as dangerous if a woman's sexual
urges became out of control or indulged in. This is due to the fact that women were defined by their
menstrual cycle, which meant that they were prone to hysteria, with the word 'hysteria' literally
derived from the Greek word for womb, entwining the idea of women being unreliable when they
become sexually

John Galt Character Analysis
Who is John Galt? A question asked often throughout the course of the novel, John Galt is an
unknowable entity, raised to mythical status by those who do not understand. John Galt is the man
who stopped the motor of the world. He is the man who would not sit by while those thinkers, and
innovators, those people who cared about the world, were slowly eradicated from it. The general
masses of people, those sheep were willing to vilify those that threatened their sheltered lives, but
John Galt would not stand for it. John Galt was the avenging angel of those who had had their life's
work stolen from them by people claiming it was for the greater good, of those people who so
desperately wanted to save the world, that they were willing to sacrifice

Adolf Hitler Eugenics
The question of whether or not people with intellectual disabilities should bear children is nothing
new. Court ordered sterilizations of the intellectually disabled were commonly practiced during the
first half of the 20th century as eugenics movements swept the globe. It was assumed that people
who had intellectual disabilities were not capable of being good parents and would conceive
children who also had a disability. This population of people was not desirable and fell victim of
eugenics, which also happened to be gaining popularity in Nazi Germany. As most know, Adolf
Hitler was one of the most famous leaders who practiced eugenics, essentially killing all who were
not white, blonde haired and blue eyed. Anyone who attended school ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some requirements could include having a certain level of reading and writing skills. This would be
beneficial for the child in the event of administering medication, an example mentioned in the
Struggle to be Normal video. I believe that another important requirement would be that the parents
must have intelligence above a certain age. If the parent has the intelligence of an 8 year old, what
happens when that child grows to outsmart you? We would never consider that an 8 year old would
be an acceptable parent and I believe that the same goes for

The Pros And Cons Of Eugenics
Eugenics is the science of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population by
controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristic traits and
decrease the occurrence of undesirable characteristic traits or genetical defects (Webster, 1828.)
Eugenic sterilization refers to the involuntary sterilization of certain categories of individuals
without their need for consent by those subjected to the procedure (Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.)
Individuals classified as mentally deficient, feeble minded, epileptic, promiscuous, sexual deviants,
or persons classified as habitual criminals were mainly targeted (Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.) Eugenicists
argued degenerate traits tainted society through the reproduction of the lowest class and sterilization
was to keep the "handicapped" from perpetuating themselves (Kaelber, 2014.) In addition,
eugenicists also argued that "feeble–minded" individuals were believed to be financial burdens to
society by overcrowding prisons, hospitals and living off welfare (Kaelber, 2014.) Sterilization was
seen as a way to prevent the spending of tax dollars on the "feeble– minded" (Kaelber, 2014.) These
arguments allowed Eugenics to become an acceptable practice. Advocates believed that getting rid
of the "feeble–minded" and mentally deficient would decrease the undesirable characteristic traits
within the human gene pool and ultimately improve the human population. The very first
sterilization law was passed in

Buck V Bell Case Summary
Buck v.Bell. 274 U.S. 200. Supreme Court (1927). Rpt. in Bioethics and The Law. Ed. Janet L.
Dolgin & Lois L. Shepherd. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, 2013. 254.
Written by Justice Holmes, the infamous Buck v Bell opinion, gives a summary and an analysis of
how the court reached the decision to uphold Virginia's sterilization statute. The case involved
Carrie Buck, an 18 year old women in a Virginia institution for "feeble–minded" individuals, she
was to be sterilized after being found to be feeble–minded. In addition to the summary of the case,
Holmes raises his concerns with having more "feeble–minded" individuals and criminals parading
the streets which justifies coerced sterilization.
Justice Holmes' opinion creates a picture of negative eugenics which makes this case a pinnacle in
coerced sterilization discourse. Written in 1927, this opinion is the only primary source on this list,
with the exception of the opinion by Justice Douglas concerning Skinner v Oklahoma. It is also
important to note that this opinion is the only source advocating for coerced sterilization.
Kossen, Janine. "Rights, Respect, Responsibility: Advancing the Sexual and Reproductive Health
and Rights of Young People through International Human Rights Law." University of Pennsylvania
Journal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bell, and then traces the development of state–ordered coerced sterilization. She then moves on to
define and critique the arguments made by Murray and Herrnstein in their book The Bell Curve. The
book she discusses posits that there is a link between race and intelligence, and goes even further to
give recommendations on policies that should be implemented to keep intelligence from declining.
She also connects eugenic sterilization and the propositions in The Bell Curve are to the topic of
responsible reproduction. The article concludes by Miller showing that the arguments made in The
Bell Curve are an example of negative

Special Education In The 1890s
In order to have a good understanding of Special Educational Needs and how the education system
accommodates for children with SEN, it is important to know how it has developed over the past
hundred or so years.
In 1886, the Egerton Commission was set up to view the educational provision of children who were
deaf, blind or dumb. By 1888, the Egerton Commission had begun including the education of those
from â€˜exceptional circumstancesâ€™ who would appear to need â€˜exceptional methods of
educationâ€events which unfolded around this time had a large impact on how special needs was
viewed and still affects special education needs provision now. Around this time the idea of
segregated education was formed and this is the basis for the â€˜specialâ€™ ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1889 it was suggested that children who were considered to be feeble–minded children were to
continue to be educated within the mainstream system but within education classes and children
considered to be educable–imbeciles were to be educated in special institutions. These
recommendations led to the opening of of special schools in the 1890s.
In 1898, the government expressed a lack of defining criteria for these groups and therefore the
difficulty in defining labels and correct education for children with special education needs. This led
to the Departmental Committee on Defective and Epileptic Children to create the subgroup – â€˜the
ability to earn a livingâ€™. Children who were considered as able to earn a living were children
previously labeled as feeble–minded whereas children who were imbeciles or idiots were considered
as unable to earn a living.
By 1913, the Board of Educationâ€™s Chief Medical Officer decided to group children into five
categories: the mentally normal child, the dull or backward child, the feeble–minded child, the
imbecile child, the idiot. This shows that educators were beginning to have a greater understanding
of different abilities. the Board of Educators was also beginning to understand that the lack

Pros And Cons Of Eugenics
Eugenics, developed by an eminent scientist, Francis Galton, is the science of improving the
qualities of the human species or a human population by controlling breeding to increase the
occurrence of desirable heritable characteristic traits and decrease the occurrence of undesirable
characteristic traits or genetical defects (Bergman, 2000.) Eugenic sterilization refers to the
involuntary sterilization of certain categories of individuals without their need for consent by those
subjected to the procedure (Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.) Individuals classified as mentally deficient,
feeble–minded, epileptic, promiscuous, sexual deviants, or persons classified as habitual criminals
were mainly targeted (Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.) Eugenicists argued degenerate traits tainted society
through the reproduction of the lowest class and sterilization was to keep the "handicapped" from
perpetuating themselves (Kaelber, 2014.) In addition, eugenicists also argued that "feeble–minded"
individuals were believed to be financial burdens to society by overcrowding prisons, hospitals and
living off welfare (Kaelber, 2014.) Sterilization was seen as a way to prevent the spending of tax
dollars on the "feeble– minded" (Kaelber, 2014.) These arguments allowed Eugenics to become an
acceptable practice. Advocates believed that getting rid of the "feeble–minded" and mentally
deficient would decrease the undesirable characteristic traits within the human gene pool and
ultimately improve the human population.

The Influence Of The Art Of Design By William Dunlap...
An "Essay on the Influence of the Art of Design" by William Dunlap compelling argues the critical
importance and influence of art on the modern day society. A main aspect of his argument is that art,
"...will perpetuate knowledge and prevent a second deluge of barbarism...." (p190) Dunlap believes
that art enhances society, he claims that, 'Before the benign influence shed upon him by the fine arts,
man existed; he can scarcely be said to have lived, as man." (p190) This is similar to the argument
given by Robert Morse in his review by stating that art, "...should rank the highest which requires
the greatest exercise of the mind...." (p177) They both hold art in high esteem, however differ in
their opinions in who can adequately view it. While they

Who Is Pearl S. Buck's Life?
The young do not know enough to be prudent, and therefore they attempt the impossible – and
achieve it, generation after generation," (Pearl S. Buck). A woman of wisdom, and courage, Pearl S.
Buck, had many hardships in her life, and was determined to help others going through similar
problems, through her literature. She had hope for everyone in many different ways. "Pearl S. Buck
became an advocate in women's rights and minority groups. Buck became well–known for her
efforts on behalf of Asian and mixed–race adoptions" (Pearl S. Buck–Biography). According to The
World Book Encyclopedia, Buck's book, The Good Earth, was about Wang Lung, a Chinese peasant,
whose love of the land sustains him through his hardships. It stood on the American

Comparison Of Eugenics And The Supreme Court
Eugenics and the Supreme Court The United States and Nazi Germany, an unlikely pair. The
disparity of values and beliefs of the two has set them as polar opposites in many people's minds.
However, when Eugenics and the 1927 Supreme Court come to mind the distance between the two
seem to diminish. Yes, today's topic is the infamous Supreme Court case of Buck v. Bell; a 1927
case which upheld a Virginia statute that permitted the compulsory sterilization Carrie Buck and
other intellectually disabled individuals for the purpose of improving the genepool . This shocking
8–1 ruling is no doubt one of the Supreme Court's greatest errors as it failed to acknowledge that the
statute in question aside from being immoral and cruel, was a clear violation ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to this case only a handful of states enforced such laws. However this kind of legislation
remained controversial enough to maintain the nation's rates of compulsory sterilization nearly
nonexistent. However this Supreme Court ruling legitimized eugenic sterilization laws throughout
the country as more and more states began to enact laws which closely resembled the Virginia
statute. This resulted in over 62,000 intellectually disabled or mentally ill Americans being forced
into the operation room. While the main target of such programs were the feeble minded, however
some states legislation also targeted the blind, deaf, epileptic, and

How Did Adolf Hitler Use Eugenics?
Eugenics is a set of beliefs that aim to better the human genetics for future generations . In the early
20th century scientists set out to advance the human race by killing off people who were labeled as
an undesirable.This process was headed by the Eugenics Records Office which was government
funded. They were in charge of in the sterilization of the "undesirables". This group of people
mostly consisted of the mentally retarded, criminals, and the feeble minded. However different
ethnic groups people were brought into the fray without choice. This process continued until WWll
when Adolf Hitler justified his malicious purge by using eugenics. Before it's end the eugenics was
supported by 33 states and claimed over 65,000 lives. Today

Eugenics And Its Effects On Society
Between the time period of 1900 to 1945, many scientists and researchers sought ways to improve
the human race by defining who was fit and unfit to reproduce, this was infamously known as
eugenics. Eugenics looked at races and ethnic groups to identify what genetic qualities they had that
would help decipher who had the strongest physical and mental characteristics to survive within
nature. The idea of eugenics was inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859, but was later
defined in 1883 by the statistician Francis Galton. Galton believed that eugenics should offer "the
more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable
[in order to] clearly and unabashedly [make a reality] the goal of breeding a more gifted race."
During this time period eugenics was internationally acclaimed, became highly popularized in the
United States in the 1930s. A research program and a social action program were created by
American eugenicists to determine the degree in which mental and behavioral traits could be
hereditarily determined and its detrimental effects on society. The research and social action
program consisted of sterilization and immigration laws, that were lobbied by eugenicists, to
improve social and racial hierarchies in the United States. This later became known as the eugenics
social movement in the United States. During this time Germany was heavily influenced and had
been avidly following the work of American eugenicists

The Case Buck Versus Bell
Many people have heard of the case Buck versus Bell. This was a land mark supreme court case in
1927. This case basis is eugenics, which is the science of improving a human population by
controlled breeding. Most people today would disagree with this on premise alone. In the case Buck
versus Bell the decision being heard was can doctors sterilize patients that were feeble minded or
have epilepsy. As Carrie's story unfolds you will see not only is feeble minded a broad term She was
wronged not only on the merits of the case, but in the process of justice.
Carrie Buck was placed in a home called Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
alongside her mother. Now at the time there were other states practicing eugenics. This was the first
case to challenge Virginia's 1924 ruling allowing it. Carrie and her mom were labeled feeble minded
and promiscuous. They would later go on to label Carrie daughter Vivian feeble minded also.
Let us take a step back. Carrie was born in Charlottesville Virginia. Her birth took place on July 2,
1906. Her father Frank W. Buck passed away when she was only a young girl. Her mother was
committed, when Carrie was still young. The mother was committed for feeble–mindedness. This
was not a medical decision, but the doctor's belief that Carrie was an illegitimate child. Carrie was
placed into foster care at the age of three.
In other words, Carrie had a rough childhood. She was not an illegitimate child which can be proven
by her parents'

Special Education History
INTRODUCTION
This paper will discuss the historical evolution of special education laws and its impact on
education. A child with disability may require some adjustments to his/her school curriculum in
order to receive proper individual assistance that meets his/her needs to be successful at school.
Federal and State laws drive special education laws and by law, public schools must provide a free
education and viable environment.
"Throughout much of human history, individuals with disabilities have been treated with
superstition and fear. Infanticide, shunning, attributions of witchcraft or divine punishment, and
even awed respect have all been socially sanctioned" (Bartlett, Etscheidt,, & Weisenstein, 2006).
Children with disability were excluded, segregated, and discriminated from our society and their
families carried a heavy burden on their backs. "The philosophy of excluding students with
disabilities from public school education can be traced back in legal history to 1893, when the
Massachusetts Supreme Court upheld the expulsion of a student solely due to poor academic
ability", (Esteves, 2008; Smith, 2004; Yell, Rogers, & Rogers, 1998). A few years after that another
example of discrimination happened when a child with cerebral palsy was deprived access to school
due to his/her condition.
Discrimination and biases regarding to race, ethnicity, and social economic status also played a role
in special education. According to Esteves (2008), the first significant

Summary Of The Morality Of Birth Control By Margaret Sanger
An Attack on the Poor Margaret Sanger, a birth control activist, spoke in New York in 1921 about
the legalizing birth control to ultimately promote women's equality. In "The Morality of Birth
Control," Margaret Sanger states that birth control is moral for women to use when they are not able
to raise a child of their own. "The Morality of Birth Control" is not persuasive because she strongly
opposes rights for people who are part of the lower class, and her use of words that weaken her
argument.
In Sanger's speech, she begins it with the issue of birth control. She was interested in scientific,
highly educated opinions towards birth control. An overall statement was made that anyone can
have birth control, but people that want birth control need to have the education to obtain it. One
reason to backup the statement of birth control becoming available for everyone is to have better
control on the issue of overpopulation. A method to control overpopulation is to take control of the
first stages of life. This is a higher, more well thought out method found by Sanger to keep control.
In the final part of Sanger's speech, Sanger splits people into three categories: an upper class, middle
class, and lower class. These three categories are individually given the rights that they deserve.
Sanger concludes her speech stating how there is a need for the wise and wealthy to exist, but for the
poor to not exist. Overpopulation has become a huge issue on Earth, and nobody

What Message Of George Is In The House Essay
Throughout the story, it seemed as though the other characters were trying to convince George that
he was worth nothing and that he'll never be anything, because he was placed into the House for the
feeble–minded. Thankfully, George told them that they were wrong and that he is worth something.
Personally, I think that one of the messages of the story was that you shouldn't let what others think
about you to affect your life. But, at the same time, to understand that you need to work hard for the
recognition you deserve. If you work hard enough, you will be able to surpass the limitations others
place on you. The other message of the story deals with grit. Although, at first, George resented the
fact that it took him awhile to learn a subject ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Towards the end of the story, George finally realizes why he is in the House. He isn't feeble–minded
but a leader; everyone within the House are those who help advance knowledge of the world. When
he realized this, I felt so proud for him because he finally found his place in the world. At first, it
seemed as though he was just there to pass the time but now he has a purpose. The story
reestablishes the fact that everyone in the world has a place and a reason for existing. As cliché as it
may be, it is the best way I can explain it. Although there are various ways you can learn a specific
subject, there's only one way you can advance everyone's knowledge. The main reason why
scientists and researchers constantly do experiments and other types of research is because someone
has to be able to take one piece of information and connect it to something else, or possibly even
discover something unknown. Leaders take this responsibility. I shall take this responsibility within
my (hopefully) field of work, which is veterinary medicine. Although I don't know what lies ahead
for me, I know I want to help in the advancement of veterinary medicine and possible

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