The Influence Of The Renaissance

The Influence Of The Renaissance
The coming of the 15th century was outlined with the paradigm shift in thinking, art, science and
most aspects of society known as The Renaissance. The Renaissance which is Latin for rebirth
outlined the changing of society from the described medieval dark ages in which art and science was
pushed aside for conquest and self–gain. This change arguably allowed for the movement of Europe
from a place of putting the advancement of society aside for personal wealth and gain to a position
in which the betterment of the world around and the understanding of the world that humanity
inhabits were placed at the forefront of scholarly thought and study. Through ideas of humanism and
changes in theological thought, individuals were able to distinguish the idea of science from that of
religion allowing for advancement to actually progress as the theological basis of status quo
promoted by the Roman Catholic Church could finally be challenged by educated individuals and
society could move forward. However the only individuals that saw the major changes within the
Renaissance was that of those at the top of the pyramidal social structure outlined within the era, as
those with money could afford to see and experience the change whereas those indentured to land
and forced to work for survival did not feel the effects of the Renaissance until much later due to the
unavailability of resources even after the printing press had been invented. Overall it was the change
in idea of the top of
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Ancient World Research Paper
Have you ever thought how mistaken the ancient world was on astronomy? Did you know that they
thought the Earth was the center of the galaxy? In this paper, you will get to know why the ancient
world thought that and how we can disprove that. The first thing to know before anything is the
terms, geocentrism and heliocentrism. Geocentrism is the theory, which states that the Earth is the
center of the galaxy. Heliocentrism is the theory, which states that the Sun is the center of the galaxy.
The ancient world thought that the theory of geocentrism was correct. However, the ancient world
saw problems concerning the movement of the celestial bodies. The first problem was that some
objects moved slower than other celestial beings. The second problem was that some objects had a
different change in distances to the Earth. The third problem was that some objects looked like they
were moving away from the Earth. However, Ptolemy, a famous astronomer, found answers to those
questions that helped benefit the theory of geocentrism. To the first problem Ptolemy said that all the
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Nicolaus Copernicus made the theory of heliocentrism, which explained the problems of movement
with less complexity. For example, to the first question he said that the farther away you are from
the sun, the slower you go. So this theory made more sense to people. Basically, Nicolaus
Copernicus was using the theory of Ockham's Razor. This theory was that one thing was made more
complex then needed. Philosopher, William of Ockham, the proposer of this theory meant that the
simplest facts should be used instead of assumptions. Ptolemy had everything complex and a lot of
assumptions were used and Nicolaus' theory was much more simpler and contained less assumption
and more facts. This is why we use the theory of heliocentrism now days and not

William Of Ockham And David Hume
Question:
Discuss the fascinating parallels between William of Ockham and David Hume, highlighting for
example, the Regularist View of Causality.
Answer:
David Hume William of Ockham
Hume did not deny causation. He embraced it. But he did say that empirical methods could not
logically prove its necessity, as observations only show a "constant conjunction" of events, a
"regular succession" of A followed by B, which leads the mind to the inference of cause and effect.
For Hume, causality is something humans naturally believe. Ockham readily grants that if the world
has to be "held up" by conserving causes, then there must be a first among them because otherwise
the set of conserving causes would constitute an uncountable quantity of actually existing things. It
is in fact a tenet of belief that God is both an efficient and conserving cause of the cosmos, and
Ockham accepts this tenet on faith.
We cannot logically know or prove causation and "matters of fact," as we can know and prove the
"relations of ideas" such as mathematics and logic. But we have a natural belief in causation and in
many matters of fact. There would be an infinite regress among causes if there were not a first
cause; therefore, there must be a first cause, namely, God. If the chain of efficient causes that have
produced the world as we know it today had no beginning, then it would form, not an extensive
infinity, but an intensive infinity, which is harmless.
"Reason" cannot motivate our Beliefs. Reason is

Modern Science Over The Course Of The Year
We have been reviewing modern science over the course of the year. But trying to compare and
contrast the transition between modern and contemporary. How has contemporary changes impacted
science, and the understanding. My view of Modern science is material evidence to support theories
and concepts. As we look at philosophers closely connected with it, we get names like Copernicus,
Galileo, Newton, and Gottfriend Leibniz. Copernicus he is best known as the first astronomer to
posit the idea of a heliocentric solar system; a system in which the planets and planetary objects
orbit the sun. This can be backed up with physical observation from a telescope. Galileo invented
the telescope and made observations about the moon around Jupiter. Newton is famous for
discovering several laws and theories of physics and motion that are collectively known as Newton
's Laws. The laws that he is most famous for are the first, second and third laws of motion and the
universal law of gravity. He has material evidence to back up these claims. And the evidence came
through experiments that are a main part of modern science. Gottfriend Leibniz is probably most
well known for having invented the differential and integral calculus Some of the major ideas that
caught my eye, one is the 'Fact–value' distinction that radically separated 'facts' (the 'sciences') from
'values' (the emotive or sentiment aspects of human experience) emerged. Trying to back up facts
with evidence that are more than just

Introduction to Micro-Economics
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources
that nature and previous generations have provided.
There are many reasons to study economics, including
1.To learn a way of thinking
2.To understand society
3.To understand global affairs
4.To be an informed voter
Economics has three fundamental concepts:
a. Opportunity cost,
b. Marginalism, and
c. Efficient markets.
a. Opportunity cost is the best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a
decision.
b.Marginalism and Sunk Costs: Suppose, for example, that you live in New Delhi and that you are
weighing the costs and benefits of visiting your mother in Vashi. If business required that you travel
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A knowledge of economics is essential to be an informed voter.
You might disagree with the above statement when you refer this to the Indian context !
Well, at least in more–developed countries, it makes more sense.
But the common Indian man has native intelligence about rudimentary economics, even
though he may not be formally trained in the subject.
However, it should be no excuse for YOU to understand economics in class !
Microeconomics is the branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual
industries and the behavior of individual decision–making units – that is, business firms and
households.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of
aggregates – income, employment, output, and so on – on a national scale.
For example, microeconomics deals with household income; macroeconomics deals with

national income.
Economics asks and attempts to answer two kinds of questions, positive and normative.
Positive economics attempts to understand behavior and the operation of economic
systems without making judgments about whether the outcomes are good or bad.
It strives to describe what exists and how it works. E.g. What determines the wage rate for
unskilled workers? What would happen if we abolished the corporate income tax?
Normative economics

The Design Argument For The Existence Of God
ONE
The design argument for the existence of God follows the model: 1) In nature, things appear to work
together for a clear purpose. 2) The best explanation for these relationships is that God designed
these things. 3) Therefore, God exists, as he was the one who designed nature. This argument
contends that an intelligent designer of the world does exist, and structured the universe so that most
natural things fit together for a clear purpose. We can recognize that things in nature seem to be
made for specific reasons that are too fortunate to be accidental. For instance, we observe that
giraffes have extremely long necks and conveniently eat from the tops of trees. We can also identify
that planet earth is just the right distance from the sun and moon to sustain human life. If either of
these things were less ideal, there would be drastically worse outcomes for the giraffes and humans
on earth. The harmony we witness in nature compels the belief in an intelligent designer.
Philosopher William Paley gives an example supporting this argument using a natural rock and a
watch. He argues that in a forest if someone were to stumble upon a rock, they would not likely
question why or how the rock came to be there, for all they know it has been there forever.
However, if in a forest someone was to stumble upon a watch, they would likely wonder how and
why this complex watch come to be in the forest. The passerby questions the watch because it is
obviously more elaborate

Fallacies Of The Body Of Work Essay
The body of work, "Logical Fallacies Handlist: Arguments to Avoid when Writing," explains that
fallacies are statements that may sound logical, but contains information that makes it illogical.
Fallacies, when detected, can depict the writer as an individual that lacks intelligence or the ability
to be honest, which is why it is important to avoid this when composing an argument. Having the
capacity to identify them in others ' arguments is equally as important, as it allows the reader to
identify when the arguer attempts to mislead them. Fallacies of relevance do not, logically, relate to
the argument, but does so emotionally or psychologically. For instance, Argumentum ad Baculum,
also known as the appeal to force, uses force, or threats of force by the writer, to persuade the reader
to side with them. Also, genetic fallacies are similar to argumentum ad hominem and base its claim
on the idea that the premise is correct due to its origin. Although analogous to genetic fallacies,
argumentum ad hominem diverts the discussion of an argument by criticizing or praising the
individual that is making the case. Argumentum ad hominem is fallacious in that the debater 's
character does not validate or negate an argument. Used by numerous propagandist and advertisers,
argumentum ad populum uses emotionally charged language to provoke strong emotions and
persuade the audience to accept the conclusion. Furthermore, argumentum ad populum uses three
different approaches. Bandwagon, which

Thomas Aquinas Divine Attributes
Choose two of the divine attributes discussed in lesson 127 and explain how Aquinas derives them.
God is one: Aquinas said if there were two or more gods, you would need a way to distinguish
between them. Since God is pure act, which Thomas reasoned in his first way, having more than one
god would be impossible. Lets say we could distinguish between them by the knowledge that one is
stronger than the other. This immediately disregards Thomas' first way, saying that one god would
have an unrealized potentiality. Any characteristic that one god has or lacks over the other would
mean that the aren't fully potent and thus couldn't be first in an essential order and creator of all
things.God is immaterial: Material things are changeable. Change,

Scholasticism: Taught In Medieval Universities During The...
The latin phrase "scholastic" means devoting one's life to learning or becoming a scholar (Mastin).
Scholasticism can be defined as a network of theological and philosophical teachings (based on the
knowledge of Aristotle) that were taught in medieval universities during the middle ages (Mastin).
Theology can be defined as the study of the nature of God and his beliefs and philosophy can be
defined as the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, existence, and reality. Furthermore,
scholasticism was on a rise during the middle ages, which was a time period between the 5th and
15th century, that marked the fall of Rome and the beginning of the Renaissance. Scholasticism was
founded by some of the best scholastic scholars, such as, Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales,
Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, and Thomas Aquinas, all of which taught on a
basis of Aristotle's writings.
Although there are many definitions, scholasticism can be defined as the incorporation of theology
and philosophy mainly taught based on the writings of greek philosopher, Aristotle. Most of the
scholastics relied on the writings of the greek philosopher. Furthermore, Aristotle's authority during
the medieval times was respected so much, it was described to be equal to the bible. ... Show more
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Abelard's greatest attribute to scholasticism was his skills to argue both sides (philosophical and
theological). Even though they were said to have been the main leaders, Aquinas is said to have
contributed more to the field of scholasticism than Abelard. St. Thomas Aquinas' most important
work was his Summa Theologica, which was viewing the christian theology from a non religious
viewpoint. His work went to on to inspire many scholars that came after his time (Peter Abelard and
St. Thomas,

Galileo Chapter Summary
Lecture talked about Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton how each of them had their own things going
on, but somehow some influenced one another to lead them to their next steps. According to lecture
the astronomers had their own conclusion about how the universe evolved or how it was created.
Was it created by god or how? Will we ever find the answer for that? Like Copernicus, Galileo and
Newton the scientists are trying to prove their conclusions. There was tension between the church
and science. Galileo actually discussed his discovery with the church. Many had their opinion of
what created us or who. Some said god created us and others believe we were just created with the
universe, but we don't know how. Our conclusion to the universe might ... Show more content on
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Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model and he believed that it was a simpler form to challenge
math. Galileo Galilei made an improvement in the telescope, observed 4 largest moons of Jupiter
and the phases of Venus. And Christopher agreed with Galileo's observations and accepted the
scientific fact. Also, Isaac Newton was the one who made mechanics, gravitation, etc more
understandable. Lecture relates to Frank," The Roots of Conflict" and to Guy Consolmagno, "Faith
and Scientist. It relates to Frank because frank talks about how there was "emergence of an all–out
battle between science and religion during the englightment. They had their views but each one was
stronger about one than the other. There "was a battle over the religious worldwide" (frank 25)
between Copernicus, Galileo and Bruno. It relates to Guy Consolmagno because he said, "science is
an activity of the mind and reason". "Science happens when you got people asking questions"
(lecture). I think he's referring to how those that believe more in science than religion it's just reason
and it might not be true. Like for example, are we even awake or are we

Artificial Intelligence Is The Dominant Theory
Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. Artificial intelligence also
studies how people create computers that are capable or preforming an intelligent behavior, like a
human (Business Dictionary). To back up artificial intelligence, there is functionalism. Hilary
Putman developed functionalism in the 1970's, which is still the dominant theory in todays' society.
Functionalism states that having a mind does not require a brain and mental states can be realized by
other kinds of substances. Mental states are also defined by their functions. In other words,
functionalism is where ones causes and effects define the views of their mental states. An example
can be defined as being in pain, which can cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dualism is just a substance and it stated that the mind is made up of other things rather than just
atoms. Where materialism states the opposite. It showed that there were no such things as
immaterial substances, which meant there were no souls. Materialism was the simpler theory
because there was no mystery and it assumed the least. For that, Ockham's razor denied the
objection to the mind body dualism because it assumed too much. Along with that, materialism was
able to prove that without having a soul, computers can still be intelligent like a human.
Functionalism was an influence that made people believe in the possibility that machines can be
intelligent. It also identifies mental states by what they do rather than what they are made of and
there in that statement, the mind body dualism is denied by functionalism. Perhaps mental states are
more a matter of software, like running a program on your computer (Rosen et al., 355). It is denied
not only because there is not enough information to back it up, but because functionalism says that
beliefs, desires and emotions fit into the larger system since those types of mental states must be
realized by something else other than by what it already is.
Like anything else in philosophy, there are always objections to someone's theory. An objection or
the

The Black Death Of The Middle Ages
As the middle ages came to a close, political theologians set forth a series of political ideologies that
would help shape modern day democracy. The Black Death greatly affected the beliefs of the power
in Catholic Church. With seemingly randomly mass death of the young and old, the peasant class
began to revolt. While unrest occurred throughout Western Europe events like the conciliar
movement called into question the emerging conceptions of limitations on rulers' power. Theologian
including John Wycliffe, William of Ockham, and Christine de Pizan all captured the number
political ideas of the time. The events that defined this period in history helped shape what we have
come to know and trust in our government.
During the time the Black Death swept Western Europe, questions of who's authority was supreme
to the land arouse. "Disaffection with the church, or the thought that it might be not be true or the
only way to salvation, spread in all ranks of society. It was not only kings who disputed the claims
of the clergy. Obscure parish priests, close to the distress of ordinary people, began to doubt the
power of their ecclesiastical superiors" (p. 47 of "Disasters of the Fourteenth Century" Handout).
Theologians across Europe set forth ideals for a church to hold councils to in order to constitute the
ideals of the entire Christian population. "John of Paris in his (On Royal and Papal Power) agreed
that a general council could depose the pope on the grounds that it

Essay On Mind Body Argument
Mind Body Argument
Alex Seeley
October 9, 2017
Phil 101–005: Appreciation of Philosophy
Professor Cheri Hanson
The Mind–Body Problem is one with many different opposing viewpoints and standpoints that has
baffled the minds of many that question their existence in the physical realm. Many would argue
that the mind is separate from the body which sounds quite poetic nature, but with all emotional
feelings aside what would be the actual scientific, cynical some could argue, way of actually
addressing the Mind–Body Problem? Since there is very limited evidence that people can observe
physically then it is apparent that the idea of Dualism is quite outlandish. Typically, when an
argument accounts for unobservable facts and rather theoretical ... Show more content on
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This creates far more complexity to the argument regarding dualism.
From a scientifical, non–biased/non emotional standpoint, formal logic best separates the emotional
state from reality to essentially remove the lense in which reality is perceived. Formal logic, most
attributed to the 14th century logician, Franciscan friar William of Ockham, presents the
philosophical theory known as Occam's Razor. Occam's Razor is the argument that when
considering two different alternatives, one is better off choosing the simpler alternative over the
more complex as it presents less room for reasonable doubt and more room for factual evidence. He
states, "When you have two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, the simpler
one is the better (W. M. Thorburn)" This idea is largely applied to scientific evidence that would
theoretically eliminate the possibility of supernatural beings and more so favor the idea of
physicalism. if simplicity is the modus operandi, the postulation of immaterial objects, in this case a
soul/personality, clouds the question with more unnecessary reason and doubt. Though mathematics
could be argued as immaterial and a made up interpretation of reality, they relate to the physical
world directly allowing humans to further interpret their surroundings in relation to the objects
around them.
Regarding Occam's Razor, consider the idea that there are immaterial

Ellen Craft Essay
Four million African American women were slaves in the years between 1619 between 1865
(Sterling 3). Slave women did not keep diaries and hardly wrote letters thus it is so hard for
historians to track their lives. Black women were the most exploited working force. Ellen Craft was
a great woman, she overcame the biggest struggle of her life during hard times for an African
American women. a. Personal Data: Geographical – birth, life, school, death – where buried if
possible. In 1826 a woman named Ellen Smith was born in Clinton Georgia. She was daughter to
her mother Maria Smith and her master James Smith. James Smith was a lawyer and surveyor. Ellen
was purchased as a child to be trained as a house wench this involved cooking scrubbing and lots of
other tasks that made up women's work. However, most of time she spent as a nurse to the Smith
children. At age eleven she got a new master, in Macon Georgia, who was married to Eliza Smith
daughter of James Smith. Ellen Smith became a good seamstress. Due to her skills as a seamstress
she was able to get hired out for work as long as she gave a certain percentage to her master. She
was not the only slave in Macon that was allowed to get hired out. In fact it was somewhat common
for slaves to get hired out for their skills. This gave the slaves more freedom and on Sundays, during
Christmas, and New Year's they threw parties. This possibly could have been where Ellen met
William craft who was an apprentice in a

Gender Inequality And The Science Of A Science Based...
Introduction:
America provides this allusion that there is always equal job opportunity for everyone. But there is a
critical shortage of women in science–based careers, and it ties back to gender inequality and
stereotypes. These women feel inferior to men because of a man–controlled field. Scientists are
mainly men, with women left to fill the small percentage. The root of these problems are the
stereotypes of women being inferior to men throughout history. Women are being left in the race to
success in science. Many historically acclaimed women found many phenomenal scientific
discoveries are washed away in history, never recognized for their work. This shortage is becoming
an epidemic, these women who want to pursue science are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Claude Steele, an Emeritus Professor at Stanford, found that when women were reminded of the
stereotype that men were better than women at any subject, the performance of women in
assignments and tests measurably declined. Since the reduction in performance came about because
women were threatened by the stereotype, this is defined as stereotype threat. This psychological
theory brings an understanding of why these women feel compelled to quit their scientific major in
college or quit the job itself. The gender gap of women and men is mentally difficult, it causes an
epidemic that idea men are better at certain objectives than women is true. This effect will need to
be treated to have women want to go into science–based careers.
Historical Implications and Benefits of Women in Science–Based Careers
Women have been criticized for working in certain fields for decades. The earliest change and
promotion of women in work, is the poster "We Can Do It!" by J. Howard Miller. This propagandist
poster appeals to the women on the homefront to fill the labor jobs that the men left as they were
recruited in World War II. As women were encouraged to take wartime jobs in defense industries,
they became a celebrated symbol of female patriotism. The Artist J. Howard Miller create "Rosie the
Riveter" to represent the women in the workforce, compared to the stereotypical "housewife". Miller
wished women to see this poster, and believe that they are

Mediaeval Christian Religion
In a world like that of mediaeval Christian Europe, where everyone was a religious believer, how
was the moral standing of non–Christians to be approached? Could people who did not share the
faith everyone acknowledged as true nonetheless be virtuous?
Mediaeval Christians were educated in a culture derived from antiquity. They learned to admire the
heroes of ancient Rome and Greece, and their great poets and philosophers. Lucretia, Regulus, Cato,
Virgil and Aristotle, for example, seemed obviously to have been virtuous people. But Christian
doctrine appeared to go against this conclusion: all people are affected by Original Sin, in such a
way that they cannot act well consistently, and so be virtuous, without divine assistance. The route
to this divine assistance was through faith – precisely what these pagans lacked. Moreover, if such
pagans were genuinely virtuous, then it would be unjust for God to damn them, and yet there
seemed to be biblical warrant that no one without faith is saved. This, in outline, is the problem that
pagans posed to Mediaeval Christian thinkers.
Characteristically, Augustine (354–430) solved the problem in a clear but brutal way. Pagan virtue,
he said, was only apparent, not real. In his City of God, he looks in ... Show more content on
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It was accepted that the Jews who lived before Christ were God's chosen people and that many of
them would be saved. Although the Jewish prophets and leaders were considered to have known
about the coming of Christ, the ordinary Jewish people had only a vague understanding of it, or
perhaps merely a belief in whatever their leaders believed. From the 12th century onwards, some
thinkers argued that wise and virtuous pagans had the same sort of knowledge, either through
reasoning or because of prophecy; the fact that the Sibyls were believed to have prophesied Christ's
coming helped make this idea

The Theory Of The Existence Of A God
Theodicy of God
Men always wonder about their own existence. They ask questions that hinted an existence of a
God. Like the common questions that was probably asked by all men; who created me? , what am I?
, who am I? These questions lead to the topics on how Plato and Aristotle came up with their
different theories that supports the idea of the existence of a God. The problem here is that we
cannot know the existence of a God if there really is a God by just thinking by ourselves because we
may have the mind to think but we may also not have the capacity to think like Plato and Aristotle
from which they are the main philosophers that the Medieval philosophers like Saint Bonaventure
based their work not just by simply agreeing on the works of Aristotle or Plato but by commenting
on their works and continuing or extending what their works are. The theory of forms by Plato
indicates that there is a Primary Being that can be perceive through the use of the mind wherein
reason is the main instrument being used in order to see what you cannot perceive using your
external senses. The external sense cognition by Aristotle from which uses the five senses of a
human person which are the sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste. The world that we perceive by
the use of our external senses make us believe that there is a God that created all that we see, smell,
touch, hear, and taste. I propose to assimilate Saint Bonaventura in my paper because of my
elaboration about

Augusta Ada King or Count of Lovelace was born with the...
Augusta Ada King or Count of Lovelace was born with the name Augusta Ada Byron but who's now
known as Ada Lovelace was born on December 10th, during the year of 1815. She was born in
London and died November 27th, in 1852. She was the daughter of a famous poet known as Lord
Byron. Ada is reflected to have printed instructions for the first computer program in the mid 1800s.
She was best known for being a skilled mathematician. Ada Lovelace was encouraged to be a
mathematician from her mother who studied math and was firm that Ada should not become a poet
like her father. She bonded with Charles Babbage, inventor of the calculator, by working with him.
Very shortly after Ada was born her, mother divorced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles asked Ada to enlarge the article because he says that "as she understood the machine so
well". Ada Lovelace died from cancer at the age of 36, years after the publication of "Sketch of the
Analytical Engine, with Notes from the Translator". Ada was very close with Mary. They got along
well because Ada had a lot of respect for her. Ada had also worked with others for example, Andrew
Crosse, Sir David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone, Charles Dickens and also Michael Faraday. Ada
got married to her husband William King in 1835. They lived in a big estate inside of Ockham Park.
They spent their honeymoon at Worthy Manor in Ashley Combe. Ada and William had three
children together named Byron, Anne and Ralph. Later, Ada's mother hired William Carpenter to
teach her children and to act a moral instructors for Ada. William began to fall in love with Ada as
he was teaching her kids and as soon as Ada realized that he was trying to start an affair, she fired
him. Ada began to flirt with her scandals and also began her love for gambling. Ada developed
uterine cancer but still continued her education. Ada began to be tutored by a noted mathematician
and logician named Augustus De Morgan. Ada valued metaphysics as much as mathematics,
viewing both as tools for exploring the unseen worlds around us. Throughout Ada's life she was
strongly interested in the scientific developments including phrenology and mesmerism. After she
was done working with Babbage on

Eng 110 Week 1 Reflection Paper
I have learned a great deal in ENG 110. I would like to summarize several of the key points from the
session, including "Ockham's Razor", definition and process, writing a thesis statement, setting and
reaching goals, and comparing and contrasting. Additional key points I learned from this session
include making research relevant, avoiding run–ons, comma splices and fused sentences, the pro
mind set and the key points of writing. When writing is best to use simple explanations and to define
and explain the process. Goals need to be set and adjustments may need to be made in order to stay
on track and reach them; in writing the thesis statement should be supported by the evidence from
the paper. Comparing and contrasting presents both sides of an argument and discloses the whole
story rather than just part of it. Words should be spelled correctly and if necessary clearly defined.
Also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person may be dizzy or faint (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). The first thing you should do is call
911. When treating a person in shock you should lay the person down and elevate the legs above the
level of the body unless the leg is broken or it causes pain or further injury. It is important to keep
the person still and not move them unless necessary. If the person does not have any signs of life
then CPR should be administered. Tight clothing should be loosened and the person should be
covered with a blanket. Do not give the person anything to drink or eat. The person should be turned
to their side if they vomit or are bleeding from the mouth to prevent chocking (Mayo Clinic Staff,
2015). When treating a casualty one should assume they are in shock and not wait for the symptoms
to occur. This could save the life of the person (Check and Treat for Shock,

Short Story : The Mystical Moon Of Manchester
The Mystical Moon of Manchester "Wake up Jackson, my little werewolf," said Barbara languidly.
"But Mum, it is only 7 a.m. on a Saturday," complained Jackson. "Also why do you have to use
nicknames like that, I'm not going to any exciting trick or treating today anyway."
"Oh honey I am sorry but you know that I have an interview with Mr.Charles today to work a really
rewarding office. You know that if I get this job then life will not be as stressful as it is now, and is
just one missed Halloween such a bad trade?"
"No," Jack mumbled irritably.
"Now, rise Jackson, your sister, Audrey is already awake!" Barbara said audaciously with a start.
Jack did his daily routine, take a shower, brush his teeth, and comb his hair in front of his mirror. In
the mirror stood a slim young man barely 14 with short hair and dark stormy, gray eyes. A look of
disgust on his face with lines of anger across his forehead, Jack was a very ill–tempered boy. But
Audrey, she was a year younger than him who was cunning and humorous, a smile was always
present on her face and she was full of determination. Jackson and Audrey got dressed to go their
uncle, Sir William Everett's, castle in Manchester for the day. It was a gloomy day in England on
October 31st, 1910, it always was in Jack's perspective. He was after all living in the time of the
Great War, everything to him was dark and somber. As they boarded their carriage to go from
Liverpool to Manchester, Jack saw the entire town full of costumes,

William Of Ockham Research Paper
According to businessdictionaray.com, economic principle is defined as an inter–relationship among
economic factors that explain what may cause what, or what may happen under certain
circumstances. William of Ockham claims that the end object of the theological virtues is God, the
ultimate source of good. In order to reach salvation, God, one must abide by the theological virtues,
since no one can love God without first knowing the theological virtues. God however, is not
subjected to the principle of economy since God is good, God knows everything, and God is all–
powerful. The evidence to support this claim lies within Ockham's problem of evil, which argues
that because there is evil; there can be no all powerful, all knowing, good God. Ockham states that,
"the acceptable solution to this problem must ascribe evil to a creature rather than to God," which ...
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To answer this question it must be taken into account that God gives created wills "the potential for
rectitude" (OCV 4.307). God is a phenomenon that accompanies sin and wickedness. The act of
something being wicked though, is assigned to a creature. Because we have free will, we may
choose not to act upon the rectitude that is offered to us by God, which will lead us to stray away
from his goodness and thus leads us to commit sin. An objection to this one of Ockham's claims
comes from Scotus. Scotus claims that, " God wills that all men be save" (OCV 4. 307) Scotus
believes that God's antecedent will, that one which God wills salvation for all men, wills goods for
people who can achieve salvation. Ockham rejects this claim by stating that, "Scotus's theory of
instants of nature–a theory that allows the conceptual division of a single instant of time into more
than one instant of nature, so that God can cause rectitude antecedently, but not consequently, in a
logically (but not temporally) prior instant" (OCV 4.

The Euthyphro Dilemma From The Question Socrates
The Euthyphro dilemma originates from the question Socrates asks Euthyphro in Plato's Euthyphro
dialogue. He asks "Is the pious loved by the god because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved
by the gods?", in simpler terms, 'Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally
good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God?'. This argument creates a huge
dilemma for Divine Command theorists as their theory lies solely on the claim that morality is
dependent on God's will. However the question asked by Socrates in response to Divine command
theory produces extreme difficulty for the theorists when attempting to answer the question. A main
reason for this is the fact that Divine command theorists tend to adopt the second part of the
question, 'morally good acts are morally good because they are willed by God', but this would then
create the possibility that acts such as murder or cruelty could be considered morally right if God
willed it to be acceptable. However, if you were to choose the first part of the question, 'morally
good acts are willed by god because they are morally good', then this would mean that the acts
themselves have a property that makes then morally good independently of the gods, therefore,
dismissing Divine command theory. This essay aims to explain and defend some of the main
responses to the Euthyphro dilemma and look at how they manage to respond to both sides of the
question introduced by Socrates.
Despite the

Ada Byron Research Paper
Picture this 1800's aristocratic girl at insistence of mother is taught math and science. Born as
Augusta Ada Byron in London on December 10,1815, she was a child of famous poet. Her parents
separated weeks after her birth she never saw her father again, he died when she was eight. Her
mother insisted on math and science so she didn't turn out like her father. So you could say, Ada had
a very unusual upbringing for an aristocratic girl in the 1800's.
Her unusual upbringing was brought upon her so she didn't turn out like her father. Her father was a
poet, the famous George Gordon Byron. Unlike her father who studied poetry, she studied math and
science. Her mother thought it would prevent her from having a moody temperament. Her mother
even went as far as force her to lay still for certain amounts of time to gain self–control. ... Show
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He was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838 .After marrying she was known as the Countess of Lovelace.
They loved horses and had a fondness for math and science. They had three children together Anne
Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth (Daughter),Ralph King–Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace (Son),
Byron King–Noel, Viscount Ockham (son). He is said to have supported his wife's endeavors.
At age seventeen through tutoring she made a mentor named Charles Babbage. She began to study
advance mathematics with professor Augustus de Morgan. While studying she was asked to
translate a article on Babbage's Analytical Engine Journal written by Luigi Fredrico Menabrea.
When translating the journals she added in her own thoughts. While not meaning too she made the
journal three times as long as the original. Although she did not write the original her copy was
published in 1843 in a English Science Journal; The Countess however published it using her real
name' s initials

Argument On Divine Command Theory
Divine Command Theory: (When employing the DCT in an argument, you must always cite a
specific source ie. scripture, doctrine etc. to validate your claim.) Type information here. Divine
command theory is a theory that believes that what is willed by God is morally right. Another
portion of this is that in order for a belief to be morally right a knowledge of God is required. This
knowledge of God being required can be seen as a weakness due to atheists and agnostics not being
able to be morally right. Some of the more notable philosophers that brought about various forms of
divine commandment Theory have been Saint Augustine, John Calvin, and William of ockham. A
prime example of divine command theory in modern practice is The Ten Commandments among
Christians. The Ten Commandments are from the Old Testament in the Bible and are a basic set of
rules to follow. This basic set of rules that was set forth by the divine is commonly what this theory
is based on. Self–Interest (Egoism): Type information here. There are two basic kinds of egoism,
there is ethical egoism and there is psychological egoism. These two different forms of egoism are
different because ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that what is moral is to be done in
self–interest. This is different from psychological egoism which states specifically that people will
only act in their own self–interest. Ethical egoism is broken up into two forms. There is act egoism
and Rule egoism. Act egoism says

Luther 's Exposition On The Fourth Commandment
This paper will have a particular focus on Luther's Large Catechisms with specific attention towards
Luther's exposition on the fourth commandment. The following will critically analyze this
confessional text in light of its historical–theological context and conclude with its contemporary
relevance within American social milieu. In particular, this paper will view Luther's exposition on
the fourth commandment with a pragmatic lens as a means to explore its implications for the
American social structure.
Luther's Large Catechism was written to assist preachers and pastors with Christian education and to
improve upon their fulfillment of their office duties. During the summer of 1527 Luther and his
colleagues at Wittenburg were rudely awakened by the pastoral leadership climate of the church.
Due to the various changes that were taking place during the Reformation, European society's
interest in Christian piety dramatically increased during the late Medieval Ages. As a result the
church increased the number of rostered Clergy to meet the pastoral demands. However, most of the
clergy had little to no educational background and what theology they did know came from booklets
that assisted them in their pastoral duties. In short, the church had an overabundance of
underequipped clergy who were loosely following the proper call of their office, and as a result laity
were uninformed on Christian doctrine as well as lacking in effective pastor care. In the introduction
to the

William Still's Running A Thousand Miles For Freedom
William Still was born on October 7, 1821 in Burlington County, New Jersey. He was born free
because his father purchased his freedom. However, his parents were enslaved and later gained
freedom. His mother escaped from slavery in Maryland with her two children. In 1844, 23 year old
William moved to Philadelphia where as a self taught free man, he became employed in multiple
jobs and soon joined the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. In 1847, he
married Letitia George whom he had four children with. He committed fourteen years to this society
and the Underground Railroad, helping house runaways in his home. In 1852, William became the
chairman of the Vigilance Committee. The committee helped in the aid and support of fugitive
slaves before and during the Fugitive Slave Act, offering financial assistance and boarding for
fugitive slaves. He conducted several interviews and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though she continued to face discrimination in England, she continued her abolitionist work.
She shared her and William's escape story which became public on newspaper. She started going to
Ockham School to higher her education and in turn helped to teach others manual skills. After
giving birth to her children, she wrote letters opposing white people's thoughts that blacks were
homesick to slavery. In 1852, Ellen published Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom depicting the
couple's journey from slavery to freedom. In addition, Ellen attended the British and Foreign
Freedmen's Aid Society. She was in charge of organizing and opening a colored youth school where
she countered the belief of violence. She forbade whipping in her school and changed parent's idea
about whipping their children. She offered an alternative where the child goes to the graveyard and
pray. Ellen Craft's story to freedom and work in the abolitionist movement inspired many of the time
to take risks and fight enduringly for

Dh Williams Book Review
DH Williams. Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism: A Primer for Suspicious
Protestants. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
Williams' work Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism urges "suspicious" Christians
to reclaim the patristic roots of their faith. One of the underlying purposes of the books "is to
integrate the serious study of the 'Fathers,' or more broadly, the life and literature of early
Christianity into current theological reflections of evangelicalism (pp. 4–5)." This book is addressed
primarily to the evangelical, independent, and free church communities who remain largely
suspicious of church history and the relationship between Scripture and tradition. Tradition would
include the hierarchy of the church, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that the New Testament was not yet complete. Thus, teaching the tradition
followed along with whatever "scriptures" a particular bishop or church had in their possession.
Williams provided excerpts from Ignatius of Antioch's letters in which creedal–like fragments
similar to the Apostle's Creed were used. "The creedal–like fragments and simple confessions
formulated in the apostolic era established patterns by which subsequent Christian communities
strove to identify and transmit their faith (pp. 75)." To conclude the chapter, Williams reiterates to
the reader that the early apologists had to rely on tradition over scriptures for two reasons. First, the
scriptures as we know them today were not determined at that time. Secondly, Gnostics used the
same biblical texts giving it their own spin, so the apologists used tradition to solidify their points.
"Irenaeus concludes that one cannot proceed with proofs from Scripture without resorting to a
reference outside of it ... the truth is found in the Tradition of the apostles manifested to the world
through the agency of the churches (pp.

Realism And The Language Of Universals And Particulars
Nominalism and Realism in relation to the Language of Universals and Particulars Merriam Webster
Dictionary defines Nominalism as: "a theory that there are no universal essences in reality and that
the mind can frame no single concept or image corresponding to any universal or general term" on
the other hand it defines realism as: "a doctrine that universals exist outside the mind; specifically:
the conception that an abstract term names an independent and unitary reality" . Throughout the
lengthy history of philosophy, and especially through the medieval time periods, the terminology of
"realism" and "nominalism" were used in opposition to one another. The terms that the conflict was
based on dealt with the idea of "universals" versus "particulars." The nominalist approach is to state
that only "particulars" exist around us; they do not acknowledge the existence of any of what the
realists would call a "universal." A realist, on the other hand, would acknowledge the existence of
both "universals" and "particulars": "the debate therefore revolves round the metaphysical question:
what there is?" The debate that is often brought up when discussing the ideas of nominalism in
relation to realism are normally dealing with how certain distinguishing questions or characteristics
are interpreted. The debate constantly dragged back down through linguistics of how individuals
view, experience, and come to know something linguistically; what seems to be the most convoluted
is

Kant Vs Descartes
Immanuel Kant was an 18th–century German founder of critical philosophy and the first to define
the deontological principles. Kant said that nothing is good without qualification except good will,
and this good will that act with the moral law. Kant's supreme categorical imperative definition is
"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a
universal law", as I read this, my understanding is "So act around you on like how you treat yourself
as a person", this is all about connection between you and the humanity, overall duties can be
derived from purely formal principles but still he neglected the concrete content of moral obligation.
He was the pioneering theorist of the modern deontological ethics. ... Show more content on
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He spent much writing on political issues, especially on the relations between Church and State, and
he continued to attack papal power. He is one of the theorist who accepted the Divine Command
Theory as a type of Deontology.
3.3 Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician. He shrewdly held
of his first work "Le Monde", written between 1629 and 1633 due to works of Galileo Galilei and
Nicolas Copernicus by the Roman Catholic Church in 1633. He is one of the theorist who accepted
the Divine Command Theory as a type of Deontology.
3.4 Socrates
Socrates was a hugely important Greek philosopher from the classical period. He is celebrated as the
icon of a philosopher, "The Philosopher's philosopher". He was more concerned with how people
should behave, and so was the first great philosopher of ethics. Socrates figures as the main speaker
in many of Plato's dialogues in which he is depicted as a paragon of wisdom and virtue.
Unforgettable is the Socratic dictum, "Know thyself!".
3.5 Aristotle
Aristotle was an important Greek philosopher from the Socratic period. Aristotle produced many of
his important philosophical works which became classics indispensable to the study of the
disciplines. He accepted Natural Rights Theory as one of the types of Deontology.
3.6

Divine Command Theory And The Euthyphro Dilemma
The divine command theory is the view in which, what is right is what God commands, and what is
wrong is what God forbids (Holt). The divine command theory brings morality and religion together
in a way that provides a solution to arguments such as, moral relativism and the objectivity of ethics.
A philosopher named Plato created The Euthyphro Dilemma, which was created from the dialogue
from Socrates and Euthyphro (Holt). The Euthyphro Dilemma can be stated: "Is an action morally
good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is morally good? (Holt)." An
individual might be more open to take a step back from the divine command theory and look at it to
be something external to God. The ethical implications of this argument ... Show more content on
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Which is to simply accept that if God does command cruelty, then inflicting it upon others would be
morally mandatory. William of Ockham who was a philosopher of the medieval time period, stated
that the actions which we call "stealing" and "adultery" would be mandatory for us if God
commanded us to do them (Mastin). Most people who follow philosophical views find this to be an
unacceptable viewpoint of moral obligation. This objection shows that any theory of ethics can leave
open the possibility that such actions are morally admirable are critically flawed (Mastin). In 1987,
an analytic philosopher named Robert Adams pointed out that William of Ockham's view
emphasized that it is a mere logical possibility that God could command to commit adultery,
stealing, or killing and is not a real possibility (Holt). From this even if it is logically possible that
God could command to commit adultery, stealing, etc., it is not something that God will do, given
his place in the actual world. From the overall objection from the William of Ockham view, I do not
think he would be prepared to enforce suffering on individuals even if God told us to do it

William Of Ockham Research Paper
The English philosopher and Spiritualist Franciscan, William of Ockham, a contemporary of
Marsilius, also sought shelter at the court of Luwdig. Unlike Marsilius or Dante, Ockham respected
the institution of the papacy and believed it had an important spiritual role to play, however he
rejected the idea of papal plenitude of power. He instead wished to clarify the nature of papal
jurisdiction instead of completely denying it. Ockham regarded the pope's nature as a spiritual agent
in a similar way to Marsilius, but he concurred with the ideas of John of Paris. The popes did have
supreme spiritual authority, but the papacy did not have authority over the rights of laymen, stating
"rights and liberties of this sort are for the most part of this

Pico's Hierarchy Of The Food Chain
Pico was a philosopher living from 1463–1994. He focused mainly on humanism because he lived
in the Renaissance period. He believed that the orientation of human dignity was important. This
idea focused on speech and discussion topics. He talked about the Great Chain of Being. This chain
represented the natural hierarchy of things in the world. This hierarchy cannot be changed, and it
can be related back to Aristotle and putting things into categories. At the top of this chain is God.
Succeeding below God lies angles, humans, big animals, simple animals, big plants, simple plants,
and rocks or other nonliving things, in that order. This hierarchy very much resembles the food
chain as we know it today. In the world, a thing's purpose can be

Printing Press Dbq
Printing Press DBQ Why was the essay not printing? Because the printer was too busy reading it!
With the Printing Press being invented, the history of communication gradually changed. Johannes
Gutenberg invented this moveable type and it became a reminder of how our writings came to be
more deliberate. Communication enlarged over time and because of the Printing Press, it made lives
much easier when it came to writing and illustrating. This raises the question, "What Was the Most
Important Consequence of the Printing?" In this context, important is defined as having a far
reaching and long lasting impact on society. The most important consequences of the Printing Press
were its ability to encourage exploration, spread of literature, and ... Show more content on
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Author, J. Baldius firm in William of Ockham, created an advertisement expressing the way scribes,
people who make copies of documents, hand wrote before the Printing Press was created.(Doc 1)
Prior to the Printing Press, people hand wrote books and drew illustrations that took many years to
complete.When the creation of the moveable type took place, it allowed for people to create books
at a much faster rate and it enabled for more jobs to be available. Moreover, the development of this
invention spread all across Europe between the years of 1471 and 1500. In maps displaying the
spread of the Printing Press from 1471 and 1500, the location from where they started were mainly
in Germany, Netherlands, and Italy.(Doc 2) In 1500, there were nine times more printing press' then
there were in 1471 and in that year there was one printing press in every major city. The popularity
of the printing press spreads knowledge throughout Europe and makes people realize that this
invention was not only a necessity, but it was not even counted as a luxury. The development of the
printing press was the most important of all the consequences because although it was the
beginning, it sparked a new and easier way for people to spread their knowledge and ideas quickly
but

Essay on The Identity Theory
The Identity Theory
 Mental processes are physical is equivalent to what is coined The Identity Theory.
Smart's theses is that mental events are identical to brain processes. The definition of
neurophysiological is to say the science of neurons dealing with living matter such as the brain.
Smart discounts Cartesian Dualism that depicts the mind as a separate entity than the physical body.
In addition, Smart's theory is a posteriori claim, which is to say that through an observation or
senses we can come to a factual conclusion. The Identity
Theory makes a prediction concerning science and that is that in the future man will be able to know
by fact that the mind is no more than a physically charged form of matter. ... Show more content on
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The Identity Theory depends on past discoveries that have discounted superstitious beliefs. Sober
uses the example of lightning. He points out that according to the Greeks, lightning was understood
to be a possession of the Greek god, Zeus. However, later man discovered through science that
electricity was responsible for the white bolts of heat. In the same way, the Identity Theory dives
into the future of the sciences to explain the human mind. According to Cartesian Dualism the mind
has no matter or substance and is separate from the physical body. In the Identity Theory, the mind
is one with the brain and there exists no separation of the two. Descartes recognized that the body
and even the brain had mass, but he believed in a casual interaction between the brain and the mind.
Specifically, he thought that the neurons jumped off of the pineal gland to a unexplainable being that
he called the mind. Sober sums up, that the Identity Theory is a form of materialism and anything
that is mental in nature is realistically physical in nature. In addition, this theory waits for science to
discover a physical reason that humans think that snow is white or how humans came to define a
certain color.
Moreover, this theory through discovery would have to prove that everyone sees the same color with
out variation or if there were variation, there would have to be a physical tangible reason that causes
the variation.

The Pluto Files: An Analysis
Classification is always changing to meet the needs of humanity. As an organized system, is in
constant need of revision to maintain its accuracy; as a result, we must remain open–minded towards
future changes. The conflict between science and religion is often seen as a clashing of ideologies,
rather than a power struggle over public authority, due to the generalization and lack of clarification
among the common people regarding the nature of the conflict. As mentioned in Viney's lecture,
individuals important to the field of science, such as William of Ockham, Nicolaus Copernicus, and
Galileo Galilei, were not attacked by the Church for their views on creation, but for the threat their
scientific findings posed towards the Church's authority. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "Why McDonald's Fries Taste So Good", both artificial flavoring and natural flavoring
are said to be man–made, with the only difference being that the natural flavoring must be made
using chemicals derived from natural sources (Schlosser). By taking advantage of the connotations
related to the phrase "natural", consumers are lulled into thinking that they are choosing the
healthier choice when, in fact, both types of flavoring are essentially the same chemicals pumped
into processed foods to make them taste appealing. The idea that the category of natural flavors is
healthier is how processed food companies divert our attention away from the fact that our food is
stuffed with so many chemicals and food coloring products that we wouldn't want to know what
they would be like to consume without the

Gambler's Fallacy Research Paper
Fallacy: Gambler's Fallacy
Description of Gambler's Fallacy
The Gambler's Fallacy is committed when a person assumes that a departure from what occurs on
average or in the long term will be corrected in the short term. The form of the fallacy is as follows:
1. X has happened.
2. X departs from what is expected to occur on average or over the long term.
3. Therefore, X will come to an end soon.
There are two common ways this fallacy is committed. In both cases a person is assuming that some
result must be "due" simply because what has previously happened departs from what would be
expected on average or over the long term.
Fallacy: False Dilemma
Also Known as: Black & White Thinking.
Description of False Dilemma
A False Dilemma is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Topic A is abandoned.
This sort of "reasoning" is fallacious because merely changing the topic of discussion hardly counts
as an argument against a claim.
Fallacy: Ad Hominem
Description of Ad Hominem
Translated from Latin to English, "Ad Hominem" means "against the man" or "against the person."
An Ad Hominem is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the
basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument.
Typically, this fallacy involves two steps. First, an attack against the character of person making the
claim, her circumstances, or her actions is made (or the character, circumstances, or actions of the
person reporting the claim). Second, this attack is taken to be evidence against the claim or
argument the person in question is making (or presenting). This type of "argument" has the
following form:
1. Person A makes claim X.
2. Person B makes an attack on person A.
3. Therefore A's claim is false.

The reason why an Ad Hominem (of any kind) is a fallacy is that the character, circumstances, or
actions of a person do not (in most cases) have a bearing on the truth or falsity of the claim being
made (or the quality of the argument being

To What Extent Can Faith And Reason Be Intertwined Based...
Can Faith and Reason be Intertwined based on the Context of Ockham? Atheism and Theism
already had a long history of debate even up to date. Faith and reason are always used in the debate
of proving whether there is a God or if there is not. Faith which can also be associated with theology
can acquire the truth by receiving a revelation from what they have faith in while reason can also be
parallel to science that will make us ourselves find out about the truth. The Atheist response to the
Theist is that God does not exist because science can explain the cosmos without him while the
Theist response is that Science affirms that the finely–tuned cosmos was created out of nothing.
Science is an experimental process that can be used by humans

Cultural Aspects Of The European Renaissance And Humanism
Cultural aspects of the European Renaissance and Humanism
Name :Ece Yeşim Kebabcı
Student ID:25097
Section No:B3
Word Count:1130
Renaissance , a French word which means rebirth in English, is the period in European civilization
immediately appears after the Middle Ages and reaches up to the 17th century.It is regarded as the
beggining of cultural movement in Italy which was continued by radical changes in lots of branches
such as literature,art,science etc. and later spreaded to the rest of Europe. There is a common
arguement which emphasizes that the origins of the ideas characterizing the Renaissance was
particular in Dante Alighieri's and Petrachs's writings as well as in the paintings of Giotto di
Bondone. A significant part of the Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement called
Humanism.It was a human based philosophy which emphasized human potential that all people
should endeavour to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science.This
modernization made an unusual culture to be born. My Thesis Statement is based on the process of
the differentation between European and Eastern countries that happened as a result of changes in
Renaissance and Humanism.Not only in scientific or artistic but also in cultural aspects,there has
been a great development in Europe which made the situation opposite of the Medieval Period.By
Renaissance Europe has not only reached the developement level of eastern countries but also take

How Ockhams Razor Improves God's Existence
In philosophy, there is a philosopher named William Ockham who set guidelines of theology. He did
this by creating a principle that is known as Ockham's Razor. This concept states, "Do not multiply
entities beyond necessity" (Palmer 77). In other words, if there were two competing theories the
simpler of the two, would be considered the preferable theory (Palmer 76). Ockham's razor is useful
in simplifying complex things, which shows why philosophers attempted to use this term to simplify
a complex idea– God. But, by applying this term to religion, philosophers reasoning ended up being
a defective argument. In this paper, I will show how Ockham's razor disproves all philosopher's
theories about God's existence. I believe that Ockham's razor is not an effective tool for analyzing
the proofs of God because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ockham's razor works well as a guideline, "something your English instructor might write in the
margin of your essay, but William meant it as more than just a stylistic recommendation" (Palmer
76). Which is a good guideline for breaking down complex ideas into simpler ones, such as writing
an easy to read paper. In philosophy, Ockham's razor is used just like a standard, for it to become
simpler and easier to read. But just like an easy to read paper, there can't be any errors, same applies
to philosophy. Many times Ockham's razor was used appropriately, such as the "suggest[ion] that the
earth does indeed travel around the sun but not in a circle, rather in an ellipse" a theory stated by
Kepler, to fix Copernicus's heliocentric theory (Palmer 78). This provides a great example of
Ockham's razor because not only did it eliminate false assumptions about the rotation of planets, but
it also provided a better understanding of the solar system today. However, sometimes simpler
explanations for theories is not always the correct

The Influence Of The Renaissance

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