التطبيق العملي لمهارات الكتابة العلمية
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التطبيق العملي لمهارات الكتابة العلمية
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التطبيق العملي لمهارات الكتابة العلمية
- 1. العلمي البحث مهارات برنامج(10) محاضرة«العلمية الكتابة لمهارات العملي التطبيق» والطبية العلمية الدراسات بحوث مركز سعود الملك جامعة
- 3. Bio‐note • Dr. Najla Alnabhan works as an Assistant Vice‐Dean for Academic Affairs, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS). She is also an Assistant Professor, at Computer Science Department. • She received her BSc (Hon) and MSc degrees in Computer Science from King Saud University. She also received her PhD. degree in Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University. She was a visiting PhD student in GWU, IEEE member and a research fellow in Brunel and Imperial University London. • Her research interest includes wireless networks (specifically sensor networks), mobile computing, distributed systems, ubiquitous computing, cloud computing, Emergency management, and IoT. • She has awarded a US patent and the top prize in the “King’s Ambition For a Nation’s Future” competition. Dr. Al‐nabhan has more than 12 published papers and she is a reviewer in a number of
- 5. What is Scientific Research? • Scientific research • Scientific research is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypotheses. • Research is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a specific problem.
- 6. Objectives of Scientific Research • The ultimate aims of research are to generate measurable and testable data, gradually adding to the accumulation of human knowledge. • Observe and Describe • The first stage of any research is to observe the world around us and to ask questions about why things are happening. • Predict • develop a strong hypothesis • Determination of the Causes • Providing numerical data to prove or disprove the hypothesis. • Explain • try to find possible explanations of 'Why?' and 'How?' things are
- 7. A 14‐step Process: 1. Choose a problem. 2. Review the literature. 3. Evaluate the literature. 4. Be aware of all ethical issues. 5. Be aware of all cultural issues. 6. State the research question or hypothesis. 7. Select the research 8. Determine how the variables are going to be measured. 9. Select a sample (design the experiment). 10.Select a data collection method. 11.Collect the data. 12.Analyze and interpret the data. 13.Write the report.
- 8. • A scientific experiment is not complete until the results have been published and understood. • A scientific paper is a written and published to describe original research results. A Fact..
- 9. What is Scientific Writing The purpose of scientific writing is to communicate new scientific findings. Thus it has to beclear, simple and well‐ordered communication to transmit new scientific findings. Scientific writing must use proper English which gives the sense in the fewest short words.
- 10. What is the structure of a scientific paper? • All scientific papers have almost the same format. • They are divided into distinct sections and each section contains a specific type of information. • The number and the headings of sections may vary among journals, but for the most part a basic structure is maintained. • Because scientific papers are organized in this way, a reader knows what to expect from each part of the paper, and they can quickly locate a specific type of information.
- 11. What is the general structure of a scientific paper? • Typically, scientific papers are comprised of the following parts: • Title. • Abstract. • Introduction. • Related Work . • Methodology/ Your approach/work. • Results. • Discussion & Conclusion. • Acknowledgments.
- 13. Essential Parts of a Scientific paper 1.Title: Describes concisely the core contents of the paper. 2. Abstract: Summarizes the major elements of the paper. 3. Introduction: provides context and rationale for the study. 4. Literature review: surveys scientific articles, books, journals, dissertations & other sources relevant to the research question. 5.The Approach: Materials: Describes the experimental design so it is reproducible. Methods: Describes the experimental procedures. 6. Results: Summarizes the findings without interpretation. 7. Discussion: Interprets the findings of the study. 8. Conclusion: Summarizes the findings. 9. Acknowledgement: Give credit to those who helped you.
- 14. PAPER TITLE
- 15. The Title • The title will help you to determine if an article is interesting or relevant for your project. • Well‐written titles give a reasonably complete description of the conducted study, and sometimes even highlights the findings.
- 16. Why the Title is Important? • The title is extremely important and must be chosen with great care as it will be read by thousands, whereas few will read the entire paper. • Indexing and abstracting of the paper depends on the accuracy of the title. An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never be read.
- 17. Tips on Writing a Good Title Length: • A good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. • Titles should neither be too short nor too long as to be meaningless • Waste words • i.e. studies on, investigations on, a, an, the.
- 18. Tips on Writing a Good Title (cont.) • Syntax (words order) must be very carefully considered. • It should contain the keywords that reflect the contents of the paper. • It should be meaningful and not general. • It should be concise, specific and informative. • It should capture the fundamental nature of the experiments and findings.
- 19. How to Prepare the Title? 1. 2. Think of a title that contains these words. 3. The title could state the conclusion of the paper. 4. The title NEVER contains abbreviations, chemical formulas, proprietary names or jargon. 5. Think, rethink of the title before submitting the paper. 6. Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to faulty word order. 7. Avoid using waste words. Make a list of the most important keywords.
- 20. Title: Rules of Thumb • Short and simple: 7‐10 words. • Attracts the reader's attention; • Try to pick a catchy title! • Indicates content and main discoveries; • Avoid complex grammar; • Avoid redundancy ("An investigation of... ", "The analysis of... ", "Effect of... ", "Influence of...", "New method...);
- 21. The ABSTRACT
- 22. ABSTRACT • Abstract provides you with a complete, but very brief summary of the paper. • Something that is briefly and clearly expressed. • Abstracts are often included in article databases, and are usually free to a large audience. • The most widely read portions of scientific papers. • Abstract is the first and sometimes the only part of the manuscript read.
- 23. The Abstract • An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document. • An abstract contains brief statements of the 1)purpose, 2)methods, 3)results, and 4)conclusions of a study. • It provides a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper. • It is easier to write the abstract after completion of the paper
- 24. Criteria of the Abstract • It should not exceed 250 words • It should be written in one paragraph. • Long words should be followed by its abbreviation which would be used through out the abstract and paper. • It should not cite any references (except in rare cases) • It should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. • Must be accurate with respect to figures quoted in the main text. Example!
- 25. The Abstract • Find the sentences that: 1. Give an introduction to the topic, highlights the importance of this study, 2. State the principal objective and scope of the investigation 3. Describe the methods used 4. Summarize the results, and 5. State the principal conclusion. • Check the other discussed criteria. Examples!
- 26. Abstract: Rules of Thumb • Abstract should be short but give the overall idea on: • what was done, • what was found and • what are the main conclusions • bring summary 'numbers‘.
- 28. Key Words • Keywords are important words/concepts found in your research question or paper. • Keywords make your paper searchable and ensure that you get more citations. • Therefore, it is important to include the most relevant keywords that will help other authors find your paper. • A quick way to pull keywords from a research question is to choose the most important nouns; all other words are irrelevant. • Using keywords to search will always retrieve more results
- 29. Key Words: Tips • Here are a few tips that will help you create relevant and effective keywords for your paper: 1. Think from the point of view of the reader. • What keywords would the reader search for that would help retrieve your article? 2. Keywords should ideally be phrases of 4‐5 words • Journals ask for anywhere between 3‐8 keywords. • single word keywords are acceptable, but they may lead to many false matches.
- 31. Keywords: Rules of Thumb • when selecting keywords, imagine you are searching for your article in some database.
- 32. INTRODUCTION
- 33. INTRODUCTION • You will find background information and a statement of the author's hypothesis in the introduction. • An introduction usually describes the theoretical background, indicates why the work is important, states a specific research question, and poses a specific hypothesis to be tested.
- 34. INTRODUCTION The introduction should answer the following questions: 1. What are you studying? 2. Why it is this an important question? 3. What did you know about this topic before you did this study? 4. What the model/context that you are testing? 5. Problem statement. • The aim of this paper is to … study/propose/review/.. 6. What approach did you take in this study? 7. Paper organization Check above answers in your exemplary paper! check!
- 35. Suggested Tips for a Good Introduction: • It should present the nature and scope of the problem investigated. • Review the relevant literature. • State the method of investigation. • State the principal results of the investigation. • State the principal conclusion(s) suggested by the results.
- 36. Introduction: Rules of Thumb • Introduce the topic and emphasize why is it important! • Defines the terminology • Relate to current knowledge: "What's been done" and "What need's to be done?” • Bring the gap! • Introduce your work Give the purpose and main objective • Indicated the focus of the paper and research objectives;
- 38. What is Literature Review(LR)? • The literature represents an on‐going scholarly conversation • A literature review “reviews” – looks again – at what others have said, done and found in a particular area • In fact, a literature review is performed on many rounds.
- 39. Sources of Literature 1) Journal articles: • these are good sources, especially for up‐to‐date information. • They are frequently used in literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up‐to‐date format for research. • Depending on the publication, these materials may be refereed materials.
- 40. What about Non‐refereed Journals? • Non-refereed materials such as Trade Journals, or magazines use less precise standards of screening prior to publication. • Non‐refereed materials may not be checked as intensely as refereed materials, but many can still be considered useful, although not for scientific literature and research.
- 41. Sources of Literature (cont.) 2) Books: remember that books tend to be less up‐to‐ date, as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article. • They are still likely to be useful for including in your literature review as they offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed and up‐to‐date sources of information.
- 42. Sources of Literature (cont.) 3) Conference proceedings: these can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not been published. • They are also helpful in providing information about people in different research areas, and so can be helpful in tracking down other work by the same researchers.
- 44. Sources of Literature (cont.) 5) Thesis and dissertations: can be useful sources of information. However there are disadvantages: • they can be difficult to obtain since they are not published, but are generally only available from the library or interlibrary systems • the student may not be an experienced researcher and therefore you might have to treat their findings with more caution than published research. • describe more than one topic, and it may present more than one approach to some topics. • The thesis may present all or most of the data obtained in the student’s thesis related research.
- 45. Sources of Literature (cont.) 6) Internet: the fastest‐growing source of information is on the Internet. • bear in mind that anyone can post information on the Internet so the quality may not be reliable • the information you find may be intended for a general audience and so not be suitable for inclusion in your literature review (information for a general audience is usually less detailed).
- 46. General Rules in Writing Related Work • Use the active voice as much as possible • Avoid lengthy or unfocused reviews of previous research. • Cite peer‐reviewed scientific literature or scholarly reviews. • Avoid general reference works. • Define any specialized terms or abbreviations.
- 47. Annotated Bibliography • An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. • The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
- 48. Annotated Bibliography: How to Write? 1. First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. 2. Briefly examine and review the actual items. 3. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic. 4. Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
- 49. Annotated Bibliography: How to Write? (cont.) • Include one or more sentences that : (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
- 50. LITERATURE CITED (References) • The last section of your paper: References. • It provides the sources cited throughout the paper. • The literature cited section is also helpful for generating a list of background reading on the topic under study.
- 52. METHODS • The methods section will help you determine exactly how the authors performed the experiment. • The methods describes both specific techniques and the overall experimental strategy used by the scientists. • It should define: • The assumptions (justified). • Specify the context. • Material: Tools. • Procedures: Methods.
- 53. Methods • This part of the manuscript must be clear, precise and concise so that it can be reproducible. • If the method is new, all details must be provided • If the method has been previously published in a scientific journal, only the reference should be given with some identification • Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be answered and not left to be puzzled over • Methods used for statistical analyses must be mentioned; ordinary ones without comments, but advanced or unusual ones require literature citation
- 54. METHODS • The methods section will help you determine exactly how the authors performed the experiment. • The methods describes both specific techniques and the overall experimental strategy used by the scientists. • Mention everything you did that can make importance to the results; • establish an authors voice • ("we decided to ignored this data") • if a technique is familiar, only use its name • (don't re‐explain) • use simple(st) example to explain complex methodology.
- 55. How to write the Materials and Methods section • Provide full details so that the experiments are reproducible • If the peer reviewer has doubts that the experiments could be repeated, the manuscript will be rejected. • Organize the methods under subheadings, with related methods described together (e.g. subjects, experimental design, Measurement of…, Hormonal assays etc…). • Describe the experimental design in detail. • Do not mix some of the Results in this section.
- 56. Materials (Tools) • Must identify accurately experimental animals, plants, and microorganisms used by genus, species and strain • The source of subjects studied, number of individuals in each group used, their sex, age, and weight must be clearly stated • If human subjects are used, the criteria for selection should be described, and consent • For chemicals used, include exact technical specifications and source or method of preparation. • Avoid the use of trade names of chemicals, generic or
- 57. METHODOLOGY: Rules of Thumb • Describe Experimental set-up. • The assumptions and context. • who, what, when, where, how and why? • Explain the used techniques. • Provide a detailed explanation of the proposed solution • Reseach paper is like a cook-book! Be specific and provide all necessary detail
- 58. RESULTS
- 59. RESULTS • The results section contains the data collected during experimentation. • The results section is the heart of a scientific paper. • In this section, much of the important information may be in the form of tables or graphs. • When reading this section, do not readily accept an author's statements about the results. • Rather, carefully analyze the raw data in tables and figures to draw your own conclusions.
- 60. How to Write the Results • It is the core or heart of the paper. • It needs to be clearly and simply stated since it constitutes the new knowledge contributed to the world. • The purpose of this section is to summarize and illustrate the findings in an orderly and logical sequence, without interpretation. • The text should guide the reader through the findings, stressing the major points. • Do not describe methods that have already been described in the methodology section or omitted.
- 61. Methods of presenting the data 1. Directly in the text 2. In a table 3. In a figure • All figures and tables must be accompanied by a textual presentation of the key findings. • Never have a table or figure that is not mentioned in the text. • Do not include both a table and a figure showing the same information.
- 62. Tables and figures Tables are appropriate for large or complicated data sets that would be difficult to explain clearly in text. Figures are appropriate for data sets that exhibit trends, patterns, or relationships that are best conveyed visually. Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by its title and caption or legend, to be understandable without reading the main text of the results section.
- 65. How to write the Discussion • It is the hardest section to write. • Its primary purpose is to show the relationships among observed facts. • It should end with a short summary or conclusion regarding the significance of the work. • do not recapitulate results but make statements; • do not hide unexpected results ‐ they can be the most important.
- 66. Components of the discussion • Try to present the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the Results. • Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation and define unsettled points • Show how your results and interpretations agree or contrast with previously published work • Discuss the theoretical implications of your work, and any possible practical applications.
- 69. CONCLUSION • It mirrors the Abstract section. • answers research questions/objectives; • explains discrepancies and unexpected findings; • states importance of discoveries and future implications;
- 70. CONCLUSION: Rules of Thumb • State your conclusions as clearly as possible. • Summarize your evidence for each conclusion. • make strong statements (avoid "It may be concluded... " style).
- 71. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- 72. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • The acknowledgments tell you what people or institutions (in addition to the authors) contributed to the work. • In reading the acknowledgments, you can see what sources provided financial support for the study. You might want to know an industry group or the federal government funded the study.
- 73. How to State the Acknowledgments • You should acknowledge: 1. Any significant technical help that you have received from any individual in your lab or elsewhere. 2. The source of special equipment, cultures, or any other material. 3. Any outside financial assistance, such as grants, contracts or fellowships • Do not use the word “wish”, simply write “I thank …..” and not “I wish to thank…” • Show the proposed wording of the Acknowledgement to the person whose help you are acknowledging.
- 74. REFERENCES
- 75. References What is referencing? • Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your document. • A list of ALL the references used in the text must be written. • Reference format varies widely: Harvard format (the name and year system) is the most widely used. Alphabet‐Number system is a modification of name and year system.
- 76. Reference List • Gives list of related literature and information sources; • Any papers not cited in the text should not be included in the reference list. • Reference lists allow readers to investigate the subject in greater depth. • A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. • A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or further reading.