EPG MODULE 1.pptx

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Kacharam, Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501218, Telangana, India
BY
Mr. A. ANANDA KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT OF EEE
VMEG

After the completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. List the different components of an electric power system.
2. Categorize the methods of generating electrical power to meet the required Load
demand.
3. Develop a layout and single line diagram for a given substation.
4. Model a power system to reduce economic losses

Module 1: Introduction: Conventional Energy Sources and their availability, Non-
Conventional Energy Sources and their availability, Environmental impact of
conventional and Non-Conventional energy sources .Hydro Electric Power Plants: Site
selection, Plant layout, various components, Types of turbines, Governor and speed
regulation, Pumped storage, Small scale hydroelectric plants (mini and micro).
Module 2:Thermal Power Plant: Site selection, Plant layout, Coal its storage,
Preparation, Handling, Feeding and burning, Cooling towers, Ash handling, Water
treatment plant, High pressure boilers and steam turbines.
Module 3: Nuclear Power Plant:, Main components of nuclear power plant, Nuclear
reactors types and applications, Radiation shielding, Radioactive and waste disposal
safety aspect.

Module 4: Wind Energy: Horizontal and vertical axis windmills, performance
characteristics and Betz criteria. Bio-Mass: Principles of Bio-Conversion,
Anaerobic/aerobic digestion, types of Bio-gas digesters, gas yield, combustion
characteristics of bio-gas, utilization for cooking. Geothermal Energy: Resources, types of
wells, methods of harnessing the energy, potential in India. Tidal and Wave Energy:
Potential, Conversion techniques and mini hydel power plants.
Module 5: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF POWER GENERATION AND TARIFF METHODS:
Base load and peak load on power station. Interconnected grid system, Load curve, load
duration and integrated load duration curves, demand, diversity, capacity, utilization and
plant use factors. Costs of electrical energy - Fixed, Semi-fixed and Running Costs,
Selection of type of generation and generation equipment, Performance and operating
characteristics of power plants, Economic scheduling principle. Tariff, Characteristics,
Types - Flat Rate, Block-Rate, two-part, three-part, and power factor tariff methods.

Text Books:
1. M. L. Soni, P. V. Gupta, U. S. Bhatnagar, A. Chakrabarti (2010), “A Text Book onPower
System Engineering”, 2nd Edition, Dhanpat Rai Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. C. L. Wadhwa (2010), “Generation, Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy”, 3rd
Edition, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi.
Reference Books:
1. Leonard L. Grigsby (2012), “Electric Power Generation Transmission and Distribution,
3rd Edition, CRC press.
2. J. B. Gupta (2010), “A Course in Power Systems”, 10th Edition, S. K. Kataria Sons, New
Delhi.

1.Total Installed Capacity (As on 30.09.2022) - Source : Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (SECTOR WISE) AS ON 30.09.2022
Sector MW % of Total
Central Sector 99,005 24.3%
State Sector 1,04,966 25.7%
Private Sector 2,03,825 50.0%
Total 4,07,797

Installed GENERATION CAPACITY(FUELWISE) AS ON 30.09.2022
CATAGORY INSTALLED GENERATION
CAPACITY(MW)
% of SHARE IN Total
Fossil Fuel
Coal 204.079 50.0%
Lignite 6.620 1.6%
Gas 24,824 6.1%
Diesel 562 0.1%
Total Fossil Fuel 2,36,086 57.9%
Non-Fossil Fuel
RES (Incl. Hydro) 164.930 40.4%
Hydro 46,850 11.5 %
Wind, Solar & Other RE 118.080 29.0 %
Wind 41.666 10.2 %
Solar 60,814 14.9 %
BM Power/Cogen 10,206 2.5 %
Waste to Energy 495 0.1 %
Small Hydro Power 4,899 1.2 %
Nuclear 6,780 1.7%
Total Non-Fossil Fuel 171,710 42.1%
Total Installed Capacity
(Fossil Fuel & Non-Fossil Fuel)
407,797 100%

# Alternate Assessment Tool Description Theory/Practice Marks
1 Class Test (CT)
CT is conducted on modules 1 and
4; Weighted average is taken
Theory 5
2 Assignment (AST)
AST is given on modules 2,3 and 5;
Weighted average is taken
Theory 10
3 Quizzes/Presentations Quizzes/ PPT for the topics Theory 5
The alternate assessment tools and their weightage is listed below:

MODULE 1:
Introduction:
•Conventional Energy Sources and their availability,
•Non-Conventional Energy Sources and their availability,
•Environmental impact of conventional and Non-Conventional energy sources .
Hydro Electric Power Plants:
•Site selection,
•Plant layout,
•various components,
•Types of turbines,
•Governor and speed regulation,
•Pumped storage,
•Small scale hydroelectric plants (mini and micro).

Importance of One Frequency
•Maintaining a consistent electrical frequency is important because multiple frequencies cannot
operate alongside each other without damaging equipment.
•This has serious implications when providing electricity at a national scale.
Capacity of National Grid:
•Presently, the country has a total inter-regional transmission capacity of about 1,12,250
MW which is expected to be enhanced to about 1,18,740 MW by 2022.
Benefits of One Nation-One Grid-One Frequency:
•Matching Demand-Supply: Synchronization of all regional grids will help in optimal utilization of
scarce natural resources by transfer of Power from Resource centric regions to Load centric
regions.
•Development of Electricity Market: Further, this shall pave the way for establishment of a vibrant
Electricity market facilitating trading of power across regions.

Evolution of National Grid
•Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.
•Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was demarcated into 5
regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.
•In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.
•In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .
•August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern,
Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid
operating at one frequency.
•On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous mode
with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving
'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.

Advantages
•No fuel is required by such plants as water is the source of energy
•The plant is highly reliable and cheapest in operation and maintenance
•The plant can be run up and synchronized in a few minutes
•It can be meet load demands without any difficulty
•No stand by loss
•Robust and have longer life
•Efficiency of such plants does not fall with the age
•It is very neat and clean
•Few experienced persons will be required
•It serves other purposes such as irrigation, flood control and navigation
•Located at remote location where land is available at cheaper rates

Dis Advantages
•It requires large area
•Its construction cost is high and takes a long time for erection
•Long transmission lines are required as the plants are located in hilly areas
•HEP reservoir submerges huge areas , uproots large population and creates
social and other problems

Site Selection:
•Availability of water
•Water storage
•Water head
•Distance from load centers
•Accessibility of the site
•Water pollution
•sedimentation
•Large catchment area
•Availability of land

Elements of Hydro Power Plant
•Storage Reservoir
•Dam
•Fore bay
•Spill Way
•Intake
•Surge Tank
•Penstock
•Valves and Gates
•Trash Racks
•Tail Race
•Draft Tube
•Prime Movers or Water turbines

Storage Reservoir
•A hydroelectric reservoir is a large collection
of water behind a hydroelectric dam that makes use
of potential energy of water for generating electricity.
•The water in the reservoir of a hydroelectric facility is held
at a higher elevation on one side of the dam than the other.
•The elevation of this water is known as the hydraulic head.
Usually measure in units of meters above sea level (masl),
hydraulic head is one of the major factors in determining
how much electricity can be generated by a given dam.
• This is because the water, held at a higher elevation, has a
certain amount of potential energy that is converted into the
rotational motion of turbines as it falls and spins the turbines
blades. The higher the water is, the more potential energy it
has and thus the more electricity can be generated.

•Dam
A hydroelectric dam is one of the major components of
a hydroelectric facility.
A dam is a large, man-made structure built to contain
some body of water.
In addition to construction for the purpose of
producing hydroelectric power, dams are created to
control river flow and regulate flooding. In some rivers,
small scale dams known as weirs are built to control and
measure water flow.
seven of the different kinds of dams used across world
are
•Diversion Dam
•Buttress Dam
•Embankment Dam
•Cofferdam
•Storage Dam
•Detention Dam
•Gravity Dam

1) Diversion Dam
Like the name says, a diversion dam is used to divert water. They
provide pressure to push water into ditches, canals, or other areas
used for conveyance. Diversion dams are typically lower in height
and have a small water storage area in it’s upstream.
2) Buttress Dam
Buttress dams can take many forms, but they all consist of a
sloping deck supported by intervals of buttresses. There are three
main buttress dams, including: multiple arch type, massive head
type, and deck type. Buttress dams usually use less concrete than
other dams but are not necessarily cheaper.
3) Embankment Dam
An embankment dam is a large, artificial dam that is constructed
with natural excavated materials or industrial waste materials, such
as compacted plastics, and various compositions of soil, sand, rock,
and clay.

4) Cofferdam
A cofferdam is a temporary, portable dam used for a variety of
projects including bridge repair, shoreline restoration, pipeline
installation, and many other construction projects. A cofferdam is
used to close off some or all of a construction area. Aqua-Barrier
Inflatable Cofferdams are made from high-grade industrial vinyl
coated polyester and can be used on all terrain and in any
conditions. They are reusable and compact for transportation.
5) Storage Dam
These dams are not mean to divert or keep water out, but to keep
water in. Storage dams are constructed to store water during the
rainy seasons, supply water to the local wildlife, and store water
for hydroelectric power generation, and irrigation. Storage dams
are the most common types of dams.

6) Detention Dam
Detention dams are specifically constructed for flood control
by retarding flow downstream, helping reduce flash floods (to
some extent). The water is retained in a reservoir to be later
gradually released.
7) Gravity Dam
A gravity dam is a massive, man-made concrete dam
designed to hold large volumes of water. Because of the
heavy concrete used, it is able to resist the horizontal thrust
of the water, and gravity essentially holds the dam to the
ground. They are used to block rivers in wide valleys and must
be built on a strong foundation of bedrock.

•Fore bay
A forebay is a basin area of hydropower plant where water is temporarily
stored before going into intake chamber. The storage of water in forebay
is decided based on required water demand in that area. This is also used
when the load requirement in intake is less.
We know that reservoirs are built across the rivers to store the water, the
water stored on upstream side of dam can be carried by penstocks to the
power house. In this case, the reservoir itself acts as forebay.
•Spill Way
A spillway is a structure constructed in a hydroelectric dam to provide a safe
path for floodwaters to escape to some downstream area. Generally, the area
that the spillway is released to is the river on which the hydroelectric dam was
constructed.
These spillways are an important functional part of a hydroelectric facility. If
there is too much water going through the dam, elements like
the turbines cannot function properly and can be damaged. Spillways protect
these other parts from damage or complications.

Every hydroelectric reservoir has a certain capacity or amount of water it can hold. If the reservoir is
already full but floodwaters enter the reservoir, the water level will increase and this could result in
the over-topping of the dam. Spillways are built to prevent this, as it allows some water to be drawn
from the top of the reservoir to make room for the new water. When a reservoir is full, its water
level will be equal to the height of the spillway. As soon as any excess water enters the reservoir,
water will immediately start flowing out through the spillway
Ogee spillway (Cidra Dam) Chute spillway
(Benmore Earth Dam)
Side-channel spillway Bell-mouth spillway (Erlauf-Stausee Lake)[
Siphon spillway (Chopyeong Dam)

•In Take
Intake structure is a structure which collects the water from the forebay and directs it into the
penstocks. There are different types of intake structures are available and selection of type of
intake structure depends on various local conditions.
Intake structure contain some important components of which trash racks plays vital role. Trash
racks are provided at the entrance of penstock to trap the debris in the water.

•Surge Tank
when closed conduits are used, protection becomes necessary to limit the abnormal pressure in the conduit
For this reason, closed conduits are always provided with a surge tank.
A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank (open at the top) in which water level rises or falls to reduce the
pressure swings in the conduit.
A surge tank is located near the beginning of the conduit. When the turbine is running at a steady load, there
are no surges in the flow of water through the conduit i.e., the quantity of water flowing in the conduit is just
sufficient to meet the turbine requirements.
However, when the load on the turbine decreases, the governor closes the gates of turbine, reducing water
supply to the turbine. The excess water at the lower end
of the conduit rushes back to the surge tank and increases its water level. Thus the conduit is prevented from
bursting.
On the other hand, when load on the turbine increases, additional water is drawn from the surge tank to
meet the increased load requirement. Hence, a surge tank overcomes the abnormal pressure in the conduit
when load on the turbine falls and acts as a reservoir during increase of load on the turbine.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVRjEwUkKzg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9bODPR4Noc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvjTfql0kI0

However, when the load on the turbine decreases, the governor closes the gates of turbine, reducing water
supply to the turbine. The excess water at the lower end
of the conduit rushes back to the surge tank and increases its water level. Thus the conduit is prevented from
bursting.
On the other hand, when load on the turbine increases, additional water is drawn from the surge tank to
meet the increased load requirement. Hence, a surge tank overcomes the abnormal pressure in the conduit
when load on the turbine falls and acts as a reservoir during increase of load on the turbine.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVRjEwUkKzg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9bODPR4Noc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvjTfql0kI0

•Penstocks
Penstocks are pipes or long channels that carry water down from the
hydroelectric reservoir to the turbines inside the actual power station.
Generally, they are made of steel and water under high pressure flows through
the penstock. They are a vital component of a hydroelectric facility that allows
water to move to the turbine.
Grates or filters can be attached to the ends of penstocks to trap large debris such
as branches. This ensures that debris cannot enter the channel and block it.
The amount of water that is allowed to flow through the penstock can be
controlled with a sluice, which is simply a gate that can be raised and lowered to
increase or decrease the amount of water allowed to flow through.
When the sluice is fully open, water flows freely down through the penstock.
However, when it is closed slightly there is a limitation to how much water can
flow, and thus less water enters the penstock.

•Valves and Gates
Penstock and Main Inlet Valves
The function of the penstock and main inlet valves is to
isolate the unit and completely cut-off the water flow on the
location where such valve is installed.
The usual types of such valves are spherical valves and
butterfly valves. They usually serve as a safety device and are
capable of closing at the maximum water discharge.
Main inlet valves are positioned between the penstock and
the turbine spiral case, while the penstock valves can be
located anywhere inside the penstock.

•Valves and gates
Energy Dissipating Systems
Energy dissipating system (EDS) is designed to divert the
water and serves as a turbine bypass system.
EDS systems can be used either as a pressure relief valve
(PRV) to mitigate a penstock transient phenomenon or as a
long-term energy dissipation system used for flow ramping or
maintaining the flow in the penstock system when the
turbines are out of operation.
•Howell Bunger
•Plunger valve
•Sleeve valve
•Needle valve
•Open/limited chamber
•Water/air filled chamber

•Trash Racks
Trash racks are metal structures installed in the intake system of hydroelectric power plants to prevent the
entrance of large debris, which can damage turbine parts and hinder the power plant operations.
These are built up from long, flat bars set vertically and spaced in accordance with the minimum width of water
passage through the turbine.

Tail race
1. Tail race tunnel or channel are provided to direct the used
water coming out of draft tube back to the river.
2. Important criteria of designing the tail race is kind of draft
tube, the gross head and geographical situation of the area.
3. Tail race is designed in such a way that water hammer is
minimizes when water leaves the draft tube.
4. The design and size of tailrace should be such that water has
a free exit and the jet of water, after it leaves the turbine,
has unimpeded passage.

Draft tube
1. An airtight pipe of suitable diameter attached to the runner
outlet and conducting water down from the wheel and
discharging it under the surface of the water in the tailrace is
known as draft tube.
2. It is a pipe or passage of gradually increasing cross sectional
area, which connect to the exit to tail race.
3. It reduces high velocity of water discharged by the turbine.
4. Draft tube permits turbines to be installed at a higher level than
the tail race level, which help the maintenance and repair of
turbines.

Classification of hydroelectric power plants

Classification according to the extent of water flow
regulation available
• According to the extent of water flow regulation available the
hydroelectric power plants may be classified into:
a) Run-off river power plants without pondage
b) Run-off river power plants with pondage
c)Reservoir power plants.

a) Run-off river power plants without pondage
o Some hydro power plants are so located that the water is taken from the river
directly, and no pondage or storage is possible. Such plants are called the run-off
river power plants without pondage.
o Such plants can use water only as and when (water)available.
o These cannot be used at any time at will or fit any desired portion of the load curve.
o In such plants there is no control on flow of water(no dam control).
o These plants have a very little firm capacity.
o Such plants can be built at a considerably low cost
o The head available and the amount of power generated are usually very low.
o The main objective of such plants is to use whatever flow is available for generation
of energy and thus save coal that otherwise be necessary for the steam plants.

b) Run-off river power plants with pondage
1. The usefulness of run-off river power plants is increased by pondage.
2. With enough pondage, the firm capacity of the power plant is increased.
3. Such type of power plants can be used on parts of the load curve as required, and is more
useful than a plant without pondage.
4. Such power plants are comparatively more reliable
5. Its generating capacity is less dependent on available rate of flow of water.
6. Such power plants can serve as base load or peak load power plants depending on the
flow of stream.
7. During high flow periods these plants may be used as base load and during lean flow
periods these plants may be used to supply peak loads only.
8. Such plants offer maximum conservation of coal when operated in conjunction with

c)Reservoir power plants
1. When water is stored in a big reservoir behind a dam, it is possible to control the
flow of water and use it most effectively.
2. Storage increases the firm capacity of the plant and it can be used efficiently
throughout the year.
3. Such a plant can be used as a base load or as a peak load plant as per requirement.
4. It can also be used on any portion of the load curve in a grid system.
5. Most of the hydroelectric power plants everywhere in the world are of this type.

Classification according to availability of water head.
• According to availability of water head the hydroelectric power plants may be
classified into:
a) low head ( = below 30 meters)
b) medium head (=30 mt to 300 mt)
c) high head power plant(= above 300 mts)

a) low head (below 30 meters) hydroelectric power plants
1. A typical low head installation on a river consists essentially of a dam across the stream to back up the river and create
a fall, the water flowing through the turbines and rejoining the river below the dam.
2. A dam or barrage constructed across the river creates the necessary head.
3. The power plant is located near the dam and no surge tank is required.
4. Either one half of the barrage has regulating gates for discharge of surplus water while the power plant is in front of
second half
5. In low head power plants francis, propeller or kaplan turbines are employed.
6. Since for given output, large quantity of water is required, head being low, pipes of large diameter and short length are
required in low head plants.
7. Structure of such plants is extensive and expensive.
8. Generators employed in such plants are of low speed and large diameter.

1. In these power plants, the river water is usually tapped off to a forebay on one bank of the
river as incase of a low head plant.
2. From the forebay the water is led to the turbines through penstocks.
3. The forebay provided at the beginning of penstock serves as a water reservoir for such power
plants.
4. in these plants water is usually carried in open channel from main reservoir to the forebay and
then to the turbines through the penstock.
5. The forebay itself serves as the surge tank in this case .
6. In these plants horizontal shaft Francis, propeller or kaplan turbines are used.
(b) Medium Head Hydroelectric Power Plants

(c) High Head Hydroelectric Power Plants
1. If high head is available, a site may be chosen, where a stream descending a steep lateral valley can be
dammed and a reservoir for storage of water is formed.
2. A pressure tunnel is constructed between reservoir to valve house at the start of penstock to carry water
from reservoir to valve house.
3. Surge tank(a tank open from the top) is built just before the valve house so that the severity of water
hammer effect on penstock can be reduced in case of sudden closing of fixed gates of the water turbine.
4. Surge tank also serves as a ready reservoir from which the turbine can draw water temporarily when there
is sudden increase in demand.
5. The valve house consists of main sluice valves and automatic isolating valves, which operate on bursting of
penstock and cut off further supply of water to penstock.
6. Penstocks are pipes and carry the water from the valve house to the turbines.
7. For heads above 500m Pelton wheels are used while for lower heads Francis turbines are employed.
8. the generators used are of high speed and small diameter.
9. Penstocks are of large length and comparatively smaller cross section.

Classification According To Type Of Load Supplied
• According to the load supplied hydroelectric power stations
may be classified into:
(a) base load
(b) peak load
(c) pumped storage plants for the peak load.

(a) base load
3. Since such plants are kept running practically on block load( the load that is practically constant),
load factor of such plants is high.
4. Reservoir plants are used as base load plants.
5. Plants having large storage can best be used as base load plants and particularly in rainy seasons,
when the water level of the reservoir will be raised by rain water.
6. For a plant to be used as base load plant, the unit cost of generated by the plant should be low.
1. The plants, which can take up load on the base portion of
the load curve of the power system, are called the base
load power plants.
2. Such plants are usually of large capacity.

(b) peak load
1. Plants used to supply the peak load of the system
corresponding to the load at the top portion of the
load curve are called the peak load plants.
2. Run-off river plants with pondage can be employed
as peak load plants.
3. If the pondage is enough, a large portion of the load can be supplied by such a plant if and when required.
4. Reservoir plants can of course be used as peak load plants also.
5. Peak load plants have large seasonal storage.
6. They store water during off-peak periods and are operated during peak load periods.
7. Load factor of such plants is low.

•Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a method of
energy storage for hydroelectric power plants.
•It's a system that uses two water reservoirs at different
elevations to create electricity as water flows down from
one to the other (discharge) and via a turbine.
•Pumping water back into the top reservoir necessitates
the use of electricity (recharge) with an overall efficiency
of 75-80%.
•PSH functions similarly to a big battery in that it can
store and release energy as needed.
pumped storage plants for the peak load

What is a Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH) Power Plant?
•Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a
type of hydroelectric energy storage utilized by electric power systems for load balancing.
•Water pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation is used to store energy in
the form of gravitational potential energy.
•Pumps are often powered by low-cost surplus off-peak electric power.
•During times of high demand for electricity, the stored water is released through turbines to
generate electricity.
•Despite the fact that the plant is a net consumer of energy due to pumping losses, the system
boosts revenue by selling more electricity during peak demand periods, when electricity prices
are greatest.
•If the upper lake receives sufficient rainfall or is fed by a river, the plant, like a regular
hydroelectric plant, might be a net energy producer.

Why is PSH Important for Energy Transition?
•To accomplish their climate targets, governments all across the world are switching from fossil fuels
to renewable energy sources.
•However, vital power technologies like wind and solar pose difficulties for power grid management.
•The supply from these sources is intermittent because it is weather-dependent.
•Wind farms, for example, generated about a quarter of the UK's total electricity generation in 2020,
but on some days, wind met less than 10% of the country's electrical needs.
•Changing weather patterns and extreme weather occurrences, such as prolonged periods of little
wind or limited daylight, pose an additional threat to grid stability.
•When renewable energy output drops, grid operators typically resort to gas-fired power plants to
fill the void.
•Pumped storage hydropower plants serve as massive 'water batteries.' They are a cost-effective
and scalable technique of storing excess energy generated by renewables.

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