this is my architectural thesis project in masters in environmental architecture. about how better carbon sink can be.

1. METHODOLOGY
As Pune is trying to become carbon neutral city by 2030, it is trying to reduce its carbon emission by adopting all its measures like use of sustainable resources,
preservation of natural resources, alternatives to fossil fuels, tree planation etc., this type of rapid development of the city is harming the ecological cycle of the
urban system in the city.
This study mainly focuses on the carbon sink of the city and how well they can act as a carbon sequester ,if carbon sinks are well studied and planned , it can be
managed to make carbon as a resource for the better ecological system of the city. The project will mainly talk on the solutions for the better carbon sink, which is
well thought for acceptance and to value the principles of sustainability i.e. Social, economical and environmental dimensions of the city.
TIME
• Sustainable Solution For Carbon Sink
• Lost Urban Rural Relationship
TO
• Importance Of Grasslands
• Native Trees Rather Than Exotic Plantation
VALUE
• Human Health & Forgotten cultural values – human settlement
• Social Communities & Livelihood
OLD
• Importance Of Ecological System And Cycles
• Present green cover of the city & its carbon condition
“In Todays Urban Development Context There Is No Value For
Environment And Its Ecology”
Ecology Includes Flora And Fauna Not Only Trees
: by Ar. Shivam Patil
AIM
To help Pune city to achieve carbon neutrality by its green cover. (Biodiversity Plan For Baner-Pashan Hill, Pune)
OBJECTIVE
• To produce a good example for carbon sink.
• To study the geology of the site.
• To define proper space for native flora and fauna, for better biodiversity plan.
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How green cover of Pune city can be a better carbon sink
• Study of natural elements for carbon sink.
• Coverage / acreage of trees (the present condition) on green belt of Baner-Pashan hill.
• Identification of proposal of Biodiversity Plan for Baner-Pashan hill by Pune Municipal Corporation
• Study the landform of site for proposal of carbon sink.
• Study the ecology for better design of biodiversity park.
SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
• Limiting myself for working on carbon sink only for Baner-Pashan hill.
• The scope of this project will be example for other hill and greenspace in desigining.
OUTCOME
• A better planned carbon sink work as good eco biodiversity park
Study Of Carbon sink
Conclusion
Hypothesis Proposal
Results Comparisons
Quantitative Analysis
Planning Strategy
Data Collection
INTRODUCTION
CARBON SINK ?
An area of forest which is large enough to absorb large amount of carbon dioxide from the air and therefore to reduce the effect of
global warming.
TOWARDS CARBON NEUTRALITY
ALTERNATIVE
TO FOSSILE
FUELS
USE OF
SUSTAINABL
E
RESOURCES
FOR ENERGY
PRESERVATI
ON OF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
INCREASE
GREEN
COVER
Carbon
Sink Or
Carbon
Sequester
CITIES CARBON CONDITIONS
The World Health Organization recommended the availability of a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per individual with an
ideal UGS value of 50 m2 per capita, if we calculate green space per individual for Pune city.
The Pune cities area is = 2443840000 sq.m.
Total green cover of the city is = 22%
Therefore,
22% of 2443840000 sq.m. city area = 53644800 sq.m.
Total population of Pune city recorded is = 3132143 individuals
Hence the cities green area per individual is = green space of city / total population of the city= 53644800 / 3132143
= 17.12 sq.m. Green space per person is the ratio of Pune city, which is in between of 9 sq. and 50 sq.
If, 15 trees sequester 1 tonne of carbon
Pune tree census – 4009623 trees
Therefore 4009623 / 15 = 2.6 lakh tonne
So, 33% of carbon is sequester by Pune trees, rest 67% of carbon is contributing to green house emission.
To sequester 7.8 lakh tonne of carbon per year * 15 , minimum 11700000 trees are required, which is almost three times the present trees.
Grassland holds 26% of the world land area with 20% of the world’s carbon stock in soil. Grassland stocks around
34%, forest land holds around 39% and agro ecosystem around 17% of world’s carbon.
Therefore Pune has to Conserve, Restore and protect ecological habitats in and around Pune like forests, grasslands,
lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as Pune falls in Semi Arid Deciduous Forest region
CONCEPTUAL POINTS BEHIND RESEARCH
COLLECTIVELY GREEN SPACE
ARE CALLED
ABOUT PUNE CITY
Pune city location -18 ֯ 52’ lat. & 73 ֯ 86’
long.
City area in sq.km. -243.84
Cities carbon emission -7.8 lakh tonne per year
Cities tree census -4009623
Population of city -3132143
Total forest cover of city -22%
1

2. 2

3. SITE BOUNDARY
GLIRICIDIA PLANTATION AREA
1 PASHAN HILL 44 HECTARE
APPROXIMATE
2
BANER HILL 60 HECTARE
APPROXIMATE
The Baner-Pashan Biodiversity Park is a proposed ~104 hectare protected region currently under development in the Baner and Pashan suburbs of Pune,
India by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The park is being constructed to protect the biodiversity near and around the Baner hill and its spur, the
Pashan hill.
 Site – Baner-pashan Hill
 Site area – 1042660 sq.m.
 Area of Exixting Glirisidia Plantation – approx – 469350 sqm.
The site is covered with gliricidia plantation, which were planted in 1990 under government project green Maharashtra. There is planning to remove the
whole gliricidia plantation by the forest department, as it is exotic tree with many disadvantages to ecosystem.
1
2
SITE TOPOGRAPHY
Baner hill is a hill that
separates two suburbs of Pune,
Pashan and Baner. surpassed
by the Vetal Hill and the
Surtarwadi Hill. The water
drained from this hill fill the
lake of pashan and stream of
ramanadi as we can see in
figure. Pashan lake is formed
due to the seasonal water flow
from these tekdis. The ramnadi
which comes from sayyadrri
range merges to pashan lake
and from other corner of lake it
flow again and mixes with
mula river upwards. The figure
below shows the topography
surrounding of the site that is
Baner – Pashan tekdi
SITE’S GREEN HIISTORY
If we consider the whole site as a grassland, so what is the carbon sequestration by it ?
From table:- if we consider site under tropical dry deciduous forest type, so the for it per hectare soil carbon
compound is SOC (soil organic compound)/area in hectare
Area = 19156, SOC = 655037.332 SOC / Area = 34.1 soil organic compound per hectare .
If Baner-Pashan site to be consider under tropical dry deciduous forest type, so its SOC or carbon sinking property
will be – Total site Area x 34.1 SOC/hectare
Therefore Baner-Pashan site area is ~104 hectare, so carbon sinking capacity of site (grassland) is 104 hectare X
34.1 SOC/hectare = 3556 tonne - that is 3.5 metric tonne annually.
If we consider now site with griciedia plantation and remaining part as grassland, so what will be the carbon sinking property of
the site ?
Total site area is – 104 hectare
one Hectare of Gliricidia can sequestrate 146.8 Tonnes of CO2.
Area in which gliricidia plantation is there = 44 hectare.
Therefore, plantation area X one hectare gliricidia carbon sink capacity
44 hectare X 146.8 tonne per year = 6.4 metric tonne per year carbon sinked.
The rest 60 hectare is under grassland
So the carbon sinked by the by this 60 hectare of grassland is
60 hectare X 34.1 SOC /hectare = 2 metric tone per year carbon sinked
Total carbon sequestration in this case of whole site is = 6.4 m.toone + 2 m. tonne = 8.4 metric tonne.
• Forest department of Pune district has decided, to remove grilicidia as, it is not a native tree and has many disadvantages. The tree
is not contributing to any ecology in biodiversity.
SITE’S CARBON CALCULATIONS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
Baner-Pashan hill image, which shows hills topography
3

4. 1
1
4
1
0
4
34
5
1
3
11
20
5
47
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
North
North/East
East
South/East
South
South/West
West
North/West
ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND FROM DIRECTION (%)
Day
Night
Image :- Wind pattern studied on elevation of site
Image :- Wind pattern studied on plan of site
Image :- Sun path diagram on site
Image :- marked spot are steep slopes with exposed basaltic lava on site
4

5. IDENTIFICATION OF NATIVE TREES FOR PLANTATION & STUDY OF THEIR PROPERTIES
5

6. PROPOSAL OF WATER BODY ON SITE & WATER DISTRIBUTION MAP
1
2
Figure:- hydrological map of site shows the proposed water body & joinery of drainage pattern at foothill for water storage.
Gully plugs & Check dams (Natural drainage patterns are been joined at bottom contour with gully plugs & check dams to store
runoff water.)
1 Proposed waterbody (the proposed water body 1 is in between two hill domes of the site, above the drainage pattern. The area selected
for water body is flat land observed on the site. The water body comes under are of grass land proposed zone.)
Drainage pattern of site
2 Proposed waterbody (the proposed water body 2 is at the flat land area, after it the steep slope begins. The area selected for water
body is flat land observed on the site. The water body comes under are of grass land proposed zone.)
ZONING OF SITE
Concept Behind Zoning
 The zoning is done on the basis of tree’s plantation condition.
 9 zones have been categorized with trees grouped in it.
 Natural drainage pattern are left with no plantation and disturbance.
 Huge space for grassland is left across the mud road.
ZONES TREES
ZONE 1 - PLANTATION IN FOOTHILLS Mango, Chinch
ZONE 2 - PLANTATION NEAR GRASSLAND Kateswara, Apta, Bamboo, Ghatbor, Shisham,
Shivan.
ZONE 3 - PLANTATION IN STEEP SLOPE &
ROCKY AREAS
Ankashiya, Gulmohor, Neem, Awala, Dalchini
ZONE 4 - PLANTATION IN NORTH Kadamba, Taman,
ZONE 5 - GRASSLANDS Grass Species
ZONE 6 - PLANTATION NEAR WATER BODIES Kashid, Bahawa, Karanj, Kanchan, Putranjiv.
ZONE 7 - PLANTATION IN SOUTH Bahawa, Awala, Pimparan, Mango, Neem,
Behada, Amaltas.
ZONE 8 - PLANTATION IN WEST Jambul, Chandan.
ZONE 9 - GROUP PLANTATION OF HIGH
CARBON SEQUESTER TREES
Vad, Peepal, Jambul, Pimparan, Behad, Shisham
Figure:- zoning map of the site (Baner-Pashan hill)..
6
Table representing zones on site with distribution of trees in zones

7. Design proposal for plantation of trees

8. Trees Name Average Sequestration of carbon by one
tree- In Tonne/Year
Planted Number Of Trees On Site Total Sequster Carbon
Tonne/Year
Kashid 32.9 878 28886
Shivan 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 2505 91250
Shisham 12.84 1019 13083.9
Ghatbor 22.8 1011 23050.8
Bahava 22.4 2274 50937.6
Ankashiya 20.1 2714 54551.4
Behada 28.9 810 23409
Bartondi 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1045 38142.5
Gulmohor 22.39 1572 35197.08
Bamboo 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1160 42340
Karanj 20.2 2671 53954.2
Neem 51.15 2307 118810.5
Kanchan (shrub) - 3563 356
Peepal 38.39 629 24147.31
Mango 32.82 1242 40762.44
Taman 24.24 1573 38129.52
chinch 29.8 324 9655.2
Pimparan 22.1 2101 46432.1
Putranjiv 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1001 36536.5
Kadamba 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 693 25294
Trees Name Average Sequestration In Tonne/Year Planted Number Of Trees On Site Total Sequster Carbon
Metric Tonne/Year
Sonpatra 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1142 41610
Awala 30.2 2677 80845.4
Chandan 25.42 1942 49365.64
Dalchini 15.2 1742 26478.4
Jambul 41.36 496 20514.56
Kateswara 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 821 29966.5
Vad 65.92 749 49374.08
TOTAL 40661 1093080.33 tonne/year
From table 7 above :- if we consider site under tropical dry deciduous type for grassland, so the per hectare
soil carbon compound is = SOC (soil organic compound)/area in hectare
Area = 19156, SOC = 655037.332 , SOC / Area = 34.1 soil organic compound per hectare for grassland .
If Baner-Pashan site to be consider under tropical dry deciduous forest type, so its SOC or carbon sinking
property will be
=Total site Area for grassland X 34.1 SOC/hectare
Therefore Baner-Pashan grassland site area is ~24.85hectare, so carbon sinking capacity of site (grassland) is
24.85 hectare X 34.1 SOC/hectare = 847.38 tonne
Therefore total carbon sink observed is (Grassland carbon sink + carbon sink byTrees)
= 847 + 1093080.33 = 1093927.33 tonne/year
If, we consider 20% loss from the overall carbonsink then the final remaining carbon sink will be 80% of
1093927.33 that is = 874464.55 tonne annually.
• PUNE CITIY’S CARBON GENERATION IN 2020 IS 96,78340 TONNE OF CARBON , which grows with
increasing population as per capita carbon footprint is 1.46 tonne x 6629000 (population 2020).
• The proposed plantation will take minimum 5 years to grow till (2025) that the carbon emission will reach
up to 10,888796.8 tonne carbon.With population increase rate of 2.5%.
• If above all information is correct the proposed biodiversity plantation plan for Baner/Pashan hill is
sinking by (2025) 8% of carbon annually out of 10,888796.8 tonne of carbon emmision after full growth of
the forest.
• The proposal is designed in such manner that it will generate the economical value for the department to
maintain the site with additional profit.
• The grassland space is provided for shepherd community for grazing and to maintain the grassland ecology
system.
• The proposal is designed by keeping native ecology system in mind which will invite the native lost species
of flora and fauna to create a biodiversity forest.
Conclusion :Table :- total number of trees with total carbon sequester

9. Summing up :
Calculations :
• To sink rapid amount of growing carbon emission by 2025 the native plantation should be done on other
provided hills by Pune municipal corporation with banner - pashan hill.
• Minimum 4980 hectare of site is required to sink such huge amount of carbon emission.
• Pune city region is covered by hills, so it has greater opportunity to create its own carbon sink.
• Their will be many environmental benefits to preserve greener of hills and plantation for carbon sink.
• Though grasslands sinks less amount of carbon, but they should not be destroyed.

10. As Pune is trying to become carbon neutral city by 2030, it is trying to reduce its carbon emission by adopting all its measures
like use of sustainable resources, preservation of natural resources, alternatives to fossil fuels, tree planation etc., this type of
rapid development of the city is harming the ecological cycle of the urban system in the city.
This study mainly focuses on the carbon sink of the city and how well they can act as a carbon sequester ,if carbon sinks are
well studied and planned , it can be managed to make carbon as a resource for the better ecological system of the city. The
project will mainly talk on the solutions for the better carbon sink, which is well thought for acceptance and to value the
principles of sustainability i.e. Social, economical and environmental dimensions of the city.
INTRODUCTION
The Baner-Pashan Biodiversity Park is a proposed ~104 hectare protected region currently under development in the Baner and
Pashan suburbs of Pune, India by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The park is being constructed to protect the biodiversity near
and around the Baner hill and its spur, the Pashan hill.
 Site – Baner-pashan Hill
 Site area – 1042660 sq.m.
 Area of Exixting Glirisidia Plantation – approx – 469350 sqm. Carbon is sinked by this is 8.4 metric tonne.
ABOUT SITE & TOPOGRAPHY
1
1
4
1
0
4
34
5
1
3
11
205
47
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
North
North/East
East
South/East
South
South/West
West
North/West
ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND FROM
DIRECTION (%)
Day
Night
Image :- Wind pattern studied on elevation of siteImage :- Wind pattern studied on plan of site
CLIMATIC ANALYSIS
Image :- sun path diagram imposed on site
IDENTIFICATION OF NATIVE TREES FOR PLANTATION & STUDY OF THEIR PROPERTIES
1
2
Figure:- hydrological map of site shows the proposed water body & joinery of drainage pattern at foothill for water storage.
1
2
Gully plugs & Check dams
Drainage pattern of site
Proposed waterbody
Proposed waterbody
ZONING OF SITE
ZONES TREES
ZONE 1 - PLANTATION IN FOOTHILLS Mango, Chinch
ZONE 2 - PLANTATION NEAR GRASSLAND Kateswara, Apta, Bamboo, Ghatbor, Shisham, Shivan.
ZONE 3 - PLANTATION IN STEEP SLOPE & ROCKY
AREAS
Ankashiya, Gulmohor, Neem, Awala, Dalchini
ZONE 4 - PLANTATION IN NORTH Kadamba, Taman,
ZONE 5 - GRASSLANDS Grass Species
ZONE 6 - PLANTATION NEAR WATER BODIES Kashid, Bahawa, Karanj, Kanchan, Putranjiv.
ZONE 7 - PLANTATION IN SOUTH Bahawa, Awala, Pimparan, Mango, Neem, Behada,
Amaltas.
ZONE 8 - PLANTATION IN WEST Jambul, Chandan.
ZONE 9 - GROUP PLANTATION OF HIGH
CARBON SEQUESTER TREES
Vad, Peepal, Jambul, Pimparan, Behad, Shisham
Design proposal for plantation of trees
Trees Name Average Sequestration of carbon
by one tree- In Tonne/Year
Planted Number Of Trees On Site Total Sequster Carbon
Tonne/Year
Kashid 32.9 878 28886
Shivan 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 2505 91250
Shisham 12.84 1019 13083.9
Ghatbor 22.8 1011 23050.8
Bahava 22.4 2274 50937.6
Ankashiya 20.1 2714 54551.4
Behada 28.9 810 23409
Bartondi 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1045 38142.5
Gulmohor 22.39 1572 35197.08
Bamboo 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1160 42340
Karanj 20.2 2671 53954.2
Neem 51.15 2307 118810.5
Kanchan (shrub) - 3563 356
Peepal 38.39 629 24147.31
Mango 32.82 1242 40762.44
Taman 24.24 1573 38129.52
chinch 29.8 324 9655.2
Pimparan 22.1 2101 46432.1
Putranjiv 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 1001 36536.5
Kadamba 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon / Day 693 25294
Trees Name Average Sequestration In
Tonne/Year
Planted Number Of Trees
On Site
Total Sequster Carbon
Metric Tonne/Year
Sonpatra 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon
/ Day
1142 41610
Awala 30.2 2677 80845.4
Chandan 25.42 1942 49365.64
Dalchini 15.2 1742 26478.4
Jambul 41.36 496 20514.56
Kateswara 10 tree sequester 1 tone carbon
/ Day
821 29966.5
Vad 65.92 749 49374.08
TOTAL 40661 1093080.33
tonne/year
• PUNE CITIY’S CARBON GENERATION IN 2020 IS 96,78340 TONNE OF CARBON , which grows with increasing population as per capita carbon footprint is 1.46 tonne
x 6629000 (population 2020).
• The proposed plantation will take minimum 5 years to grow till (2025) that the carbon emission will reach up to 10,888796.8 tonne carbon. With population increase
rate of 2.5%.
• If above all information is correct the proposed biodiversity plantation plan for Baner/Pashan hill is sinking by (2025) 8% of carbon annually out of 10,888796.8
tonne of carbon emmision after full growth of the forest.
• To sink rapid amount of growing carbon emission by 2025 the native plantation should be done on other provided hills by Pune municipal corporation with banner
- pashan hill.
• Minimum 4980 hectare of site is required to sink such huge amount of carbon emission.
CONCLUSION
RESEARCHING CARBON SINK FOR PUNE CITY- BANNER/PASHAN HILL
TIME TO VALUE OLD
SUBMITTED BY – AR. SHIVAM ANTIM PATIL
GUIDED BY PROF. SHUBHADA CHAPEKAR
M.ARCH THESIS