LANGUAGE-AND-LITERACY-THEORIES (1).pdf

1. ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY
LLD 306: literacy theories/practices and language learning
1st Semester, 2019-2020
NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS
1 Noam Chomsky 1928-Present Psycholinguistic Theory Covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to
generate grammatical and meaningful sentences our of
vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the
processes that make it possible to understand utterances,
words, text, etc.
2 Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Believed that human beings are motivated to achieve certain
needs
Described the idea of self-actualization
Most extraordinary experience: peak experiences
Created Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
3 Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934 Constructivist Learning Theory Stressed the fundamental role of social interaction in the
development of cognition
Believed that language develops from social interaction and
plays an important role in cognitive development
Important principle – Zone of
Proximal Development
4 Albert Bandura 1925-Present Social Cognitive Theory Bobo Doll Experiment: People learn by observing and
imitating other’s behavior
Self-efficacy – belief in his or her ability to succeed in one
situation
5 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Psychoanalysis Theory Developed psychosexual and of Oedipus Complex
Compared the mind to an iceberg with three levels:
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Discovered transference
6 Erik Erikson 1902-1994 Psychosocial Development Believed that ‘identity crisis’ was the important conflict that
most people face in the process of development

2. NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS
7 John B. Watson 1878-1958 Presented his view that psychology is the science of
observable behavior
Little Albert Experiment – a child could be conditioned to fear
previously neutral stimulus (white rat)
Introduced “Stimulus
Generalization”
8 Jean Piaget 1896-1980 Theory of Cognitive Development Pioneered in studying child development
Basic components of Piaget’s theory: schemas, equilibrium,
assimilation, accommodation, and stages of cognitive
development
9 Alfred Adler 1870-1937 Founder of Individual Psychology
Emphasized the “individual over society”
Emphasized on the influence of one’s birth order on
personal strength, weakness and life style
10 Carl Jung 1875-1961 Proposed that unconscious consists of two layers: personal
unconscious and collective unconscious
Termed “archetypes” as the images of thoughts which have
universal meanings across cultures
Similar to the concept of “id,” he proposed “shadow,” as a
source for creative and destructive energy
11 Aaron T. Beck 1921-Present Termed “automatic thoughts”
Discovered negative ideas about self, the world and the
future
Best known for “Beck Depression
Inventory” and “Beck Anxiety
Inventory”
12 B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 Operant Conditioning Developed the principle of reinforcement (operant
conditioning)
Devised different ways of delivering reinforcements
Best known for his “Skinner box”
13 Albert Ellis 1913-2007 Developed rational emotive behavior therapy which is the
earliest form of cognitive behavioral therapy
Best known for his A-B-C

3. NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS
Played important role in cognitive revolution which took
place in the field of psychotherapy
14 Karen Horney 1885-1952 Widely regarded as the founder of feminine psychiatry
Studied how gender power imbalance affected development
of psychological theories
Viewed neurosis as a type of coping mechanism
15 John Bowlby 1907-1990 Infants have an innate need to form an attachment bond with
a caregiver
The earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers
have a great impact that continues throughout life
Best known for his Attachment
Theory
16 Ivan Pavlov 1846-1936 Classical Conditioning Developed Pavlovian Conditioning and Classical
Conditioning and demonstrated how conditioned stimulus
produced conditioned response
His contributions bring huge impact on educational
psychology (teaching-learning)
17 Stanley Milgram 1933-1984 The Milgram Obedience Experiment – ordinary people are
likely to follow orders from authorities
People have two states of behavior in social situation: the
autonomous state and the agentic state
Prepared by:
EMIL R. ASEJO
PhD LLD Student