5786 5790.output

* GB786194 (A)
Description: GB786194 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Radiation detecting device
Description of GB786194 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Radiation Detecting Device
We, PHILIP WARRENMARTIN and ROBERT
WILLIAM PRINGLE, a citizen of the United
States of America, of 1345 West Road, Whittier, State of California,
United States of
America, and a subject of the Queen of Great
Britain, of 131 Niagara 'street, Winnipeg,
Province of Manitoba, Dominion of Canada, respectively, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, land the method by which it is to be performed, to. be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates generally to devices for the detection,
measurement and evaluation of radioactive radiations, and is more
particularly concerned with improvements in such devices, which 'will
permit their being effectively utilized in underground surveys, such
as in the logging of underground formations and conditions existing
in bore holes.
The invention is especially useful in connection with oil wells for
the logging of the various geological formations therein; and also
provides a most valuable adjunct and tool for locating areas within an
oil well casing to be gun-perforated in a manner and for the purpose
well understood in the oil industry.
The invention further contemplates a well logging device, which may
incorporate and be simultaneously utilized in combination with an
electric log system and apparatus such as disclosed in United States
Letters Patent of
Philip W. Martin, No. 2,501,953, entitled
Electric Well Logging System.
It is one object of the herein described ininvention to provide an

improved radiation detecting device having greater reliabiiity than
the devices heretofore utilized; which has extremely high sensitivity;
which has wide spectral response; and which is fast of operation and
of small physical size.
The latter feature is of particular importance in that it allows a
determination of the exact thicknesses of formations in a manner much
more accurate than possible hitherto.
This has been illustrated in a very striking manner by the results
thus far obtained, and is of the utmost importance where oil bearing
sands of thickness of the order of one or two feet, are being
investigated.
A further object is to provide in a device of the herein described
character, improved means for mounting, cooling, and protecting rhe
radiation responsive means and associated devices within a remote
exploration unit arranged for controlled movement within bore hole.
According to this invention there is provided a device for detecting
radiations comprising la multi-compariment cell structure having outer
walls of low thermal conductivity, signalling means in one of said
compartments responsive to radiation bombardment, a cooling medium in
another of said compartments, and means interconnecting said
compartments including a member independent of said walls having
relatively high thermal conductivity, whereby a heat exchange flow
path is established between said 'compartments independently of said
walls.
Further objects of the invention will be brought out in the following
part of ;the specification, wherein detailed description is for the
purpose of fully disclosing the invention without placing limitations
therein.
Referring to the accompanying 'drawings, which are for illustrative
purposes only;
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an oil well bore illustrating the
manner in which the present invention may be employed, and further
depicting a block schematic circuit diagram of the elements comprising
the remote exploration unit and the surface station;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken longitudinally through the
detecting cell of the exploration unit; and
Fig. 3 is a view schematically illustrating a modification of the
exploration unit for incorp.orating a neutron howitzer.
Referring to the drawings, there is illustrated in Fig. 1 a typical
well bore structure 10 which passes from rhe ground surface 11
downwardly past a plurality of different formation structures which
have been distinguished inl the drawings by means of various types of
shading.
At the ground surface, there is illustrated a surface station as

generally indicated by numeral 12. This station includes suitable
hoisting equipment which may include a hoisting drum 13 from which a
hoisting cable conductor 14 is trained over la guide pulley 15 and
connected to an exploration unit within the well bore, as generally
indicated by the numeral 16. As sho-rm, the hoisting drum is provided
with suitable indicating mechanism which may comprise a rotating
pointer 17 associated with a graduated dial, or other suitable means
for indicating the amount of cable which has ;been wound and unwound
thereon or in other words the position of the exploration unit within
well bore.
With the equipment briefly described above, the exploration unit may
be readily controlled and moved within ;the well bore in the carrying
out of the logging operation.
More specifically, the exploration unit comprises the sealed sensing
cell 18 within which there is mounted a scintillation crystal 19 or
other suitable means having the property of scintillating when exposed
to nuclear radiations, for example, gamma rays. In the present
instance, a large mass crystal of sodium iodide activated with
thallium is used. This crystal has the desirable property of
converting gamma ray energy into light scintillations and is
transparent to the passage of the light produced therein. This crystal
is hygroscopic and in order to operate properly must be kept cool and
dry. One of the features of the herein described invention ds 'to
provide a suitable housing for this crystal in order that it may ibe
utilized in well logging apparatus.
Associated with the crystal 19- in a manner which will be hereinafter
described in detail, is a photoelectric multiplier tibe 20 or other
suitable means for converting the scintillations into pulses of
current. Tube 20 is so constructed that it acts as an electron
multiplier.
There is also disclosed in Fig. 1,-a voltage regulating tube 21 for
regulating the voltage supply on the ph9tielectn.c multiplier tube 20
and thereby obtaining stable operation.
After electron multiplication of the pulses, in the tube 20, the
pulses are conducted from the photoelectric multiplier tube circuit 22
into a pulse lengthener 23 wherein the pulses are increased in width
to facilitate their ampli- fication iby means of an .amplifier 24.
The-circuit 22 produces the necessary operating voltage for tube 20
and contains a cathode follower or pre amplifier to handle the pulses
from the tube 20. It should be noted that certain ad
vantage are to be obtained from the mounting of circuit 22 in the cell
18 and this is, therefore, to be regarded as an alternative
arrangement to the one illustrated in Fig. 1, this being the manner in
which the instrument has in fact been utilized in the field.

'The amplifier 24 connects through a matching device 25, which has
been illustrated in this instance as comprising a transformer having
suitable matching characteristics, to one end of the cable 14.
The cable in this instance may be of the type utilized in oil field
work for gun-perforating, and in length may be on the order of 15,000
to 20,000 feet. In general the cable comprises a copper core conductor
which is surrounded by rubber insulation upon the outer surface of
which reversed double layers of steel strand are applied. Such a cable
has a capacity of approximately 1.5 microfarads and a resistance of 55
oluns. By placing .a similar matching device 26 at the surface station
12, which may be connected through suitable means such as a brush
contact with the upper end of the cable, electrical characteristics
are obtained which permit the most efficient transmission of the
pulses from the exploration unit to the surface station.
At the surface station 12, it is possible to utilize a variety of
methods of indicating and recording the pulses and their
characteristics depending upon the particular type of survey or data
which is being studied or observed. In connection with the present
invention, the pulses are again conducted through an amplifier 28 from
which dhey may be selectively conducted to a discriminator 29 and
smoothing circuit and recorder 30, or from the amplifier to a camera
cathode ray oscillograph 31.
Spectrum analysis of the gamma radiation is possible either by
utilizing combinations of differential discriminator and/or integral
discriminator, as discussed in greater detail in
British patent specification No. ,732,893 or by means of cathode ray
osciliograph 31 with camera attachment for observation and
photographing of the pulse height distribution indicative of gamma ray
spectrum lines.
It is believed that the manner of utilizing the invention in general
will be understood from the foregoing description. and that further
discussion of the general operations will be unnecessary. While
battery sources of electrical supply are disclosed .as being contained
within the exploration unit, it will be appreciated that such sources
need not be so located, and that through suitable arrangements the
sources could even be located at the surface and connected with the
exploration unit through suitable connection.
,The device of the present invention may be utilized in combination
with the arrangement utilized for electric logs after the manner of
the system described in the Philip W. Martin
United States patent No. 2,501,953, mentioned above. By incorporating
one or more insulated electrodes 32 which are mounted at the lower end
of the exploration unit 16 the well bore may be electrically logged
simultaneously with the utilization of the device previously described

and constituting the present invention, thus eliminating the necessity
of conducting separate surveys.
By utilizing a neutron source in conjunction with the crystal and
sensing means with in the bore hole, it is possible to ,ascertain the
location of the oil bearing strata, the location of salt water
normally associated with the deposif of the oil and organic land
mineral formations. For such purpose, the exploration unit 16 may be
modified as shown in Fig. 3.
The arrangement there disclosed, and commonly known as the neutron
howitzer, comprises a generally conical layer of metallic lead, as
indicated by the numeral 33, in which its upper and lower surfaces are
in radially diverging relation. A neutron source 34 is positioned
centrally of the lower surface of the lead slayer, and this layer is
physically spaced and separated from the crystal 19 by a series of
superposed layers of absorbing materials, which are generally
indicated by the numeral 35, In the present instance the absorbers
have been shown as comprising layers of hydrogenous material, cadmium,
to lact as neutron absorbers and lead or other suitable metals such as
tungsten or heavy alloys to act as gamma ray absorbers. These layers
may ibe arranged in alternate layers. Likewise, a relatively thick
layer of plastic is mounted supportingly below the layer 33. As thus
!arranged, the crystal 19 may be bombarded by a natural gamma ray as
indicated by the numeral 36.
Neutrons from the source 34 will Ibe beamed due to the physical
structure of the layer 33 along a path, for example, as indicated by
numeral 37, into the adjacent well form a- tion where a gamma ray as
indicated at 38 may be induced and likewise bombard the crystal 19.
Work in this field has indicated that the presence of certain fluids
in the well bore may deter movement of the neutron from the source 34
into the adjacent well formations, and under certain circumstances the
obtain ment of desirable results is materially interfered with. In
order to overoomr this problem, it is proposed in the present
invention to place an adjustable sleeve 39, as shown in dotted lines
in 1Fig. 3, around rhe exploration unit at the position, of layer 33.
This sleeve 39 will displace the well fluid at this- location and
facilitate entry of the neutrons into the adjacent bore formation.
This sleeve may be made of lead or constructed of other suitable
medium permitting passage of the neutrons therethrough.
As previously mentioned, the present invention lalso provides means
for cooling, protecting and keeping the crystal and the associated
sensing means in a dry condition and at proper temperature for
operating in a reliable manner without .causing drift
referring to Fig. 2, the construction of the cell 18 will now be
described in detail. The cell 18 comprises ian envelope formed by an

ansulating wall structure which may Ibe variously constructed, but is
shown herein by way
of illustration as being composed of vacuum bottles 40 'and 41 which
are supported with
their open ends m confronting relation and
sealed by an annular sealing member 42 of
cork or other suitable material. The vacuum
bottles respectively form compartments 43 and
44 which are in heat trasnfer relation with each other through a metal
body 45 which con
stitutes a thermal conductor ,and supports on
its periphery the sealing member 42.
The body 45, at its end which projects into
the compartment 43 is closed by an end wall
structure 416, and at its other end is provided
with a socket arrangement 47 for supporting
and making electrical connection with the photo-electric multiplier
tube 20. The lower
most end of the tube envelope is slightly bulged as shown at 48, this
bulge being in
intimate surface engagement with the adjacent
end of the crystal 19 which has its surface
ground or otherwise suitably conformed to the
bulged portion 48 in order to properly trans-
mit the scintililations from the crystal to the
tube.
The crystal 19 and tube 20 are housed with
in an enclosing cap container 49 which en
gages at its open end 50 with the outer surface
of the tube base, 51, as shown. The crystal and
tube are supported against vibration by means
of pads 52 of rubber or other suitable material
which are placed between the outer surfaces thereof and the wall of
the cap container 49.
The lowermost end, the closed end, of the cap
container contains a pad 53, of rubber or suit
able material, which cushions the crystal 19 in an endwise direction
and maintains it against endwise movement.
The assembly just described is retained in
position by an outer sleeve member 54 which is secured at one end to
the end of the metal body 451 which projects into compartment 44.
At its other end, the sleeve 54 is provided with an, internal end ring
55 which is removably retained by screws 5,6 in engagement with a
circumferentially extending offset shoulder '517 formed in the wail of

the cap container 49,
thus serving to mockingly retain the cap container in proper position
and prevent its de
tarhment. The closed end of the cap container @49 is resiliently
bushed within the vacuum
bottle 41 by means of an annular gasket 571 of rubber or other
suitable material, while the end is cushioned by an end pad 58. Adja-
cent the open end of the cap container, the container is sealed with
respect to the envelope of the tube 20 by means of anl 0Lring 59. The
remaining space between the cap container wall and the outer walls of
the crystal and tube 20 is filled with a suitable liquid 591 such as
silicone which will protect these devices against moisture.
Within the compartment 43, the end wall
structure 46 of the metal body 45 supports a cap container 60 having
an open end 61 inserted over the end of the metal body 45 and secured
as by screws 62. This end of the cap container is sealed with respect
to the adjacent body wall by an O-ring .63. The opposite end of the
cap container, the closed end, is supported in a pad cushion 64 which
extends over the container end and is interposed between. its end and
the adjacent wall of the vacuum bottle 40.
The cap container 60 forns a reservoir for a charge of cooling medium
being ad,apted through change of state to stabilize the operating
temperatures, such as ice indicated by numeral 65. A member 166, in
this case an elongate rod is secured at one end to the end wall
structure 46 of the metal body 45.
By this means, the heat transfer from the metal body to the ice is
facilitated.
The cell l & may be mounted in various ways within the tubular wall of
the exploration unit. In the present instance, the cell has been
mounted in a tubular liner 67 within which it may be secured as by the
utilization of glass wool 68 at the opposite ends and sides of the
cell. By utilizing a separate tubular liner, the cell and associated
batteries, control elements, etc. may be initially packed and inserted
as an assembled unit into the tubular wall of the exploration units,
which may be made up of sections which may be interconnecked to
include the additional attachments of insulated electrodes 32, and
neutron howitzer, as shown in Fig. 3, etc.
Various modifications may suggest themselves to those skilled in the
art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and
hence, we do not wish to be restricted to the specific form or forms
shown or uses mentioned, except to the extent indicated in the
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786195 (A)
Description: GB786195 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to fluid control valves
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 2, 1954.
786,195 No 19447/54.
11 Complete Specification Published: Nov13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 135, VE 1 K 2, VL 6 D.
International Classification:-FO 6 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to Fluid Control Valves We, HYDRA-POWER
CORPORATION, a Corporation organized and existing under the Laws of
the State of New York, United States of America, of 10-12 Pine Court,
New Rochelle, New York, United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to valve structures, and more particularly to
valve sealing means for preventing leakage at extremely high and low
fluid pressures.
According to the present invention there is provided a valve structure
comprising, in combination, a valve casing having a passage therein, a
valve element movable within and axially of the passage, a sleeve
member which is removably mounted in said casing within the passage
and is formed with a rigid ring, the external surface of this ring and
an adjoining end face on the sleeve member co-operating with the
surfaces of an internal annular recess in the valve casing to form an
annular chamber in the passage having a mouth opening into the latter,

and a deformable sealing annulus positioned in said annular chamber,
the valve element being insertible into the mouth of the chamber for
engaging a portion of the sealing annulus, and the casing having
within it an end face adjacent to and outwardly of the aforesaid
annular recess as measured along the axis of movement of the valve
element said last mentioned end face being enabled to engage the
aforementioned end face on the sleeve member to form a sleeve-casing
joint line coincident with the bottom of the annular chamber measured
outwardly along the longitudinal axis of the valve passage one side of
the deformable sealing annulus bearing on this joint line which is
axially removed from those areas of the said annulus which are
accessible to fluid under pressure.
lPrice 31/ 6 l By means of the invention it is possible to provide a
valve structure which is capable of successfully resisting extrusion
when subjected to extreme fluid pressure, and which also is capable of
successfully resisting so 50 called "washout" or forceful removal from
its retaining means caused by extreme turbulence or high rate of fluid
flow Such extrusion has occurred in certain devices of this type
heretofore suggested when the valve is 55 near or has reached a closed
position, and such washout has occurred in such prior devices when the
valve is open.
The rigid ring with which the sleeve member is formed may have a
surface which is 60 positioned so as to act as a stop face for the
valve element when it is moved into engagement with the sealing
annulus, this stop face also assisting in forming a sleeve or
ringvalve joint line 65 The portion of the valve element which can
engage the sealing annulus may be an annular corner of the valve
element formed by the periphery of thte element and a flat face
thereof, such a corner is sometimes 70 called a peripheral valve
corner.
The aforementioned sleeve-casing joint line may be at an outer corner
of the annular chamber, which corner is referred to as a sleeve-casing
corner, the latter being of 75 annular shape Said deformable sealing
ring is interposed between the mouth of the chamber and said
sleeve-casing corner whereby the sealing ring can be tightly thrust
against or across said corner to sealao same in response to pressure
upon the sealing ring by the peripheral valve corner The sleeve-casing
joint line within such annular chamber is at such a position that the
deformable scaling ring is thrust thereover 85 to seal same in
response to fluid under pressure acting upon those areas of the
sealing ring which are accessible to such fluid andlor to the
deformation of the sealing ring by the valve element The movement 90
786,195 of the valve element into engagement with said stop-face of
the rigid ring of the sleeve member forms the sleeve-valve joint line,

for example at the sleeve-valve corner (or ringvalve corner) This
latter corner also will be sealed as a result of the engagement of the
valve member with such sealing ring.
Fluid under pressure which acts to close said valve will tend tightly
to seal both of said joint lines by its action upon those surfaces of
the sealing ring which are exposed to such pressure.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same
may be carried into effect, reference -Drill now be made to the
accompanying drawings in which: Fig I is a longitudinal sectional
view, with parts broken away, illustrating a valve assembly embodying
one form of the invention; Fig 2 is a sectional view taken along line
2-2 of Fig 1; Fig 3 is a fragmentary sectional view of an enlarged
scale showing the details of the novel valve closure with the parts
thereof in one position; and Fig 4 is a view similar to Fig 3 but with
the parts thereof in a different position and taken substantially
along line 4-4 of Fig 2.
Referring to the drawings in greater detail, the novel valve seal is
shown in Fig.
l in connection with, for example, a shuttle valve indicated generally
at 10 having a valve body indicated generally at 11 which body
includes a valve casing 12 and so-called end plugs or sleeve members
13 and 14 each being provided with a passage therethrough, as at 15
and 16, respectively The sleeve members 13 and 14 are secured at
opposite ends of the valve casing 12 by means of external threads, as
at 17 and 18 respectively.
If desired, the internal surfaces of the sleeve members 13 and 14 may
be threaded, as at 19 and 20, respectively, to receive correspondingly
threaded conduits.
The passages 15 and 16, respectively, constitute inlet ports for the
passage of fluid to an outlet 21 via a valve casing passage genero
ally indicated at 22 The outlet preferably is centrally disposed and
can be supplied selectively from either of the inlets 15 or 16
depending upon the location of a shuttle valve element 23.
The shuttle valve element 23 is reciprocatively mounted in the valve
casing bore 22 by means of journal portions 24 and 25 having
cylindrical inner surfaces for embracing cylindrical portions 23 a and
23 b of the shuttle valve 23 The latter shuttle valve, in the absence
of fluid under pressure is urged towards either one or the other of
its extreme positions by means of a spring detent device consisting of
a rib 26 formed upon the shuttle valve element 23 intermediate the
cylindrical portions 23 a, 23 b, and a detent ball 27 which is axially
shiftable within a bore, as at 28, under the influence of a spring 29
which is held in operative position in the bore 28 by means of a
closure 70 cap 30 which is threadedly secured to casing 12 in a

well-known manner The spring 29 exerts pressure upon the ball 28
through the intermediary of a spring pin 31 Suitable packing is
provided, as at 32, to prevent leak 75 age between the casing 12 and
the closure cap 30 Other packing may be employed as desired The rib 26
preferably is in the form of a pair of frusto-conical members having a
common base 80 Located outwardly of the cylindrical portions 23 a and
23 b are valve elements 33 and 34, respectively, which are preferably
an integral part of the shuttle valve element 23 but which are
interconnected thereto by 85 relatively restricted portions, as at 33
a and 34 a Said portions 33 a and 34 a may be equal in diameter to a
central region of the shuttle valve, as at 26 a, from which the rib 26
protrudes The valve elements 33 and 34 90 are provided with flat outer
end faces 33 b and 34 b, respectively, for co-operation with and
acting as a part of the valve sealing means as will appear herebelow.
In view of the fact that the journal por 95 tions 24 and 25 embrace
the cylindrical shuttle valve portions 23 a and 23 b, it is necessary
to form slots in the latter, as at 23 d and 23 b', in order to permit
fluid flow therepast Any number of such slots may 100 be formed.
Each of the valve elements 33 and 34 is preferably cylindrical in
conformation and is movable to a position where it is embraced by its
respective cylindrical passage portion 105 (valve element chamber) as
at 35 and 36.
such portions being relatively of smaller diameter than adjacent
enlarged so-called flow chambers 22 a, 22 b below described.
The tolerance between the valve elements 33 110 and 34 and said
portions 35 and 36 is relatively close and is adequate to permit
pistonlike movement of said elements therein.
In the form shown, the passage 22 is provided with said enlarged flow
chambers 22 a 115 and 22 b into which the valve elements 33 and 34 are
respectively movable one at a time depending upon the axial position
of the shuttle valve 23 as a whole Movement of a valve element, as at
34 (Fig 1), fully 120 into its respective enlarged flow chamber 22 b,
of course, results in a full opening of the valve closure at the
righthand side di the valve structure (Fig 1) wherebv fluid entering
the inlet 16 may pass to the outlet '1 125 via said enlarged nassage
portion 22 b and slot 23 b'.
The novel valve sealina means will now be described in detail Only one
of the novel sealing means will be described as in 130 786,195 dicated
on the lefthand portion of Fig 1, it being understood that the sealing
means on the righthand portion is identical Referring to Figs 3 and 4,
the valve casing 12 is provided with the aforementioned relatively
restricted cylindrical passage 35 which embraces the periphery of the
valve element 33 and is separated therefrom by a preselected small
tolerance adequate to permit axial piston-like movement of the valve

element 33 in such passage A recess 37 is formed internally of the
valve casing next adjacent to said restricted cylindrical passage 35,
such recess being in the form of an internal groove coaxial with the
passage 35 The surfaces of the annular recess 37 form in co-operation
with the outer surfaces of a removably mounted rigid ring 38 (part of
sleeve 13) and annular chamber indicated generally at,40 for holding a
deformable annulus 41, the latter being preferably of synthetic or
natural rubber or some deformable rubber-like material The annulus 41
is also referred to as a sealing ring or an 0-ring and may be normally
of circular transverse cross section when removed from the chamber 40.
The recess 37 and ring 38 form said annular groove 40 as follows in
the form shown:
Recess 37 is provided with an inner end face 37 a and an outer side
face 37 b Formed in the valve casing 12 outwardly of said recess 37
and next adjacent said outer side face 37 b is a casing end face 12 a
designed for close engagement with a sleeve end face 13 a of the
sleeve member 13 The sleeve member 13 (peripherally of the rigid ring
38 thereof) is provided with annular faces 13 b and 13 c which
co-operate with faces 37 a and 37 b to form the annular chamber Faces
13 b and 13 c may be considered as one continuous face The face 13 b
may or may not be coplanar with the sleeve end face 13 a In order to
provide a limit-stop for axial movement of the valve element 33, the
rigid ring 38 is positioned in such a manner that its flat annular
face 38 a is in the path of the movement of said valve element and is
conformed to engage outer valve face 33 b in the manner well shown in
Fig 4.
The mouth of the annular chamber 40 is defined by annular lips 40 a
and 40 b, the former being formed by the intersection of the face 37 a
with the surface of passage 35 and the latter by the intersection of
the stopface 38 a and said annular face 13 c The width of such mouth,
that is, the distance between the lips 40 a, 40 b, is so selected that
it is impossible for the annulus 41 to be "washed out" of the chamber
40 in response to extreme turbulence or high flow in the passage 22
when the valve is opening or is fully open Nor is it possible for a
so-called wire drawing or extrusion effect to dislocate or damage the
0-ring 41 while the valve is progressively closing or opening and
after it is closed or open For example, the width of said mouth, as in
the form shown, is approximately one-half of the diameter of the cross
section of the 0-ring 41 70 The width of the annular mouth of said
annular chamber 40, together with the conformation of such chamber,
will prevent extrusion due to so-called wire drawing effect upon the
deformable 0-ring when the 75 valve is moved from an open to a closed
position and vice-versa, the danger of such wire drawing eflect
normally arising during the progressive closure of the valve The

danger of "washing out" of the 0-ring exists 80 not only when the
valve is undergoing closing but also when it is undergoing opening and
is open, for example as in the righthand portion of Fig 1, at which
time extremely high fluid flow and turbulence tends to have 85 this
effect.
As aforementioned, the cross section of the 0-ring 41 is preferably
initially circular and is somewhat greater in diameter than the width
of the annular chamber 40, as is 90 well shown in Figs 3 and 4,
wherein the normal circular cross section of such ring is shown by a
broken line The deformable 0-ring 41 preferably is initially
positioned surrounding the rigid ring 38 and thereafter 95 the latter
is positioned, as shown in Fig 3, whereby the deformable 0-ring is
squeezed into the annular chamber 40 and undergoes the deformation
shown in this figure wherein such annular chamber is substantially 100
filled by the 0-ring with the top portion of the latter, as viewed in
Fig 3, extending above the level of the stop-face 38 a whereby an
outer peripheral corner 33 c of the valve element 33 (peripheral valve
corner) can 105 engage same as will appear below.
Referring to Fig 4, it,has been found desirable to select the
dimension 42 (radial width of mouth) substantially less than the
dimension 43 (radial width of annular cham 110 ber 40), and in this
embodiment dimension 42 is less than one-half of dimension 43.
Such selection of dimensions will: (a) prevent the above-mentioned
"washout" of the 0-ring 41 as a result of high velocity fluid 115 flow
past such ring; (b) provide sufficient shielding to the 0-ring to
prevent extrusion of any part thereof during opening or closing of the
valve.
Thus the stop-face 38 o may be located 120 below the face 37 a and, of
course, as aforementioned below the top surface of the C-ring 41 (as
viewed in Figs 3 and 4) a sufficient distance to insure that the valve
element 33 will engage and be permitted to 125 thrust downwardly on
the C-ring in such a manner that it will deform substantially as shown
in Fig 4, thereby being urged and crowded down into the annular
chamber 40 into sealing relation with the sleeve-casing 130 786,195
joint line and the sleeve-valve joint line.
However, the invention is not limited to such relative location of
face 37 a Said sleeve-casing joint line (or ring-casing joint line) is
indicated at 44 and, in the embodiment shown, is formed along the
intersection of surfaces 13 b and 37 b (a corner), and the
sleeve-valve joint line is indicated at 45 and in the embodiment shown
is formed along the intersection of surface 13 c and 33 b (a corner)
Also a tight seal is formed between the valve element 33 and the
0-ring 41.
The sleeve-casing joint line 44 is located at a region Yf the annular

chamber 40 which has a substantial portion of said deformable 0-ring
41 interposed between it and those areas of such 0-ring which are
accessible to fluid under pressure and/or to the valve element 33 This
is accomplished by positioning sttch joint line 44 axially removed
from such pressure accessible areas of the 0-ring and coincident with
the bottom of such annular chamber 40 (viz measured along the
longitudinal axis of the valve passage).
Referring to Fig 1, the righthand side of the valve is open and the
lefthand side is closed The valve element 34 consequently is
positioned to the left of the cylindrical passage 36 and is in the
relatively enlarged flow chamber 22 b, fluid thus being permitted to
flow through the passage 16, the cylindrical passage 36, the flow
chamber 22 b, the slot 23 b' and thence to the outlet 21 When the
valve element 34 is shifted to the right to close the valve opening 16
it will be seen that fluid flow from the left side thereof will be
substantially entirely stopped by virtue of the movement of the
element 34 into the relatively restricted cylindrical passage 36
although it is possible for a relatively small volume of fluid to flow
in the passage between the periphery of element 34 and such closely
surrounding passage 36.
Nevertheless the bulk of the flow is shut off from such left side of
the valve element 34 before such element approaches closely to its
seated or sealing position in engagement with its 0-ring The same, of
course, is true -with respect to valve element 33 when it moves from
the flow chamber '2 a to the left, as viewed in Fig 1.
In operation, the sequence of events when a valve element 33 (Fig 3)
shifts axially from the enlarged flow chamber 22 a to the left into
the relatively restricted cylindrical passage 35 is as follows: The
bulk of the fluid flow from the high pressure side of the element is
shut off by the entrance of the valve element into said passage 35 The
element thereafter shifts downwardly, as viewed in Fig 3, for example,
from the position shown in solid lines to that shown in broken lines
whereby the first contact is made between the valve element 33 and the
top region of the 0-ring 41 Such engagement of the valve and the
0-ring is adequate immediately to prevent leakage of fluid between the
valve element and the sealing ring Such initial seal is assisted by
the force of the 70 above-described detent mechanism which urges the
valve element 33 downwardly by means of the spring '9 the ball 27 and
the rib 26 As the valve element 33 progresses downwardly it effects a
deformation of the 75 0-ring and simultaneously reduces the orifice
through which the latter ring might possibly be extruded The pressure
required to deform the sealing ring to the extent shown in Fig 4 when
valve element 33 is in engage 80 ment with stop-face 38 a is
relatively substantially lower than the maximum pressure which the

valve seal is capable of withstanding, that is, the valve closure is
capable of withstanding pressures greatly in excess of 85 the pressure
required to deform the annulus 41 to the extent necessary to seal said
sleevecasing joint line 44 and the sleeve-valve joint line 45.
There is thus provided a novel valve 90 structure having a deformable
sealing ring which is so disposed that it can successfully resist
extrusion or wire drawing effect and also can successfully resist the
tendency to thrust same out of the mounting therefor 95 due to extreme
turbulence andlor extreme fluid pressure The novel valve means are
extremely simple in construction are easily adapted to mass production
techniques and provide positive means for preventing fluid 100 leakage
at extraordinarily hibh fluid pressures.
Although only one embodiment of the present invention has been
illustrated and described in detail it is to be empressly 105
understood that the invention is not limited thereto For example
instead of employing the valve sealing means bas shown herein with the
shuttle valve the novel structures can be employed as well with other
forms 110 of valves, such as relief valves check valves.
poppet valves globe or needle valves When the invention is applied to
a needle valve, the long tapering closure portion of such valve may
conveniently be furnished and at its 115 appropriate end -wvitih a
shoulder adapted to enter the mouth of the hereinbefore described
annular chamber.
* Sitemap
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786196 (A)
Description: GB786196 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to apparatus for the measurement of radiation

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Apparatus for the Measurement of Radiation.
We, CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY, formerly BRITISH ELECTRICITY
AUTHORITY, a body corporate organised under the laws of Great Britain,
of British Electricity
House, Trafalgar buildings, London, S.W.1,
EDMOND FRANCIS HASLER and GEOFFREY
SPURR, both British Subjects, of Randall's
Farm Lane, Kingston Road, Leatherhead,
Surrey, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of radiation
having a wavelength not less than that of ultra-violet radiation. The
invention may be applied to the measurement of the intensity of
radiation at any time and also to the integral or total radiation over
a given period of time.
One of the applications of the invention when employed for the
measurement of light intensity consists in the measurement of daylight
intensity for assessing the demand for electric lighting. However,
there are many other applications of the invention such as the
continuous monitoring and recording of the content of solid particles
in flue gases, the remote measurement of the temperature of materials
above red heat derived from the measurement of their visible light
emission, the continuous examination of boiler feed water for
suspended solids by the measurement of reflected light, the provision
of a low level alarm for opaque liquids or finely divided solids and
the remote observation of water levels on a dial by utilising the
light reflecting and refracting properties of the water in a gauge
glass. Moreover, the invention may be applied in other fields
including those of meteorology, agricultural research, atmospheric
pollution research and obtaining holiday and health resort statistics.
However, in addition to the measurement of visible radiation, the
invention may be applied to the measurement of radiation at other
frequencies such as ultra-violet irradiation which may be employed in
a number of industrial and agricultural processes or infra-red
radiation from a body whose temperature is to be measured, say from
about 100 C. upwards. In fact, by utilising the invention, radiation
pyrometry is practicable for sources both below and above red heat.
It has previously been proposed in Specification Nos. 264,792 and
177,808 to subject ionisation chambers, connected in the grid circuits
of blocking oscillators, to X-rays, in order to provide a measurement

of the degree of ionisation in these chambers and therefore of the
intensity of the X-ray radiation.
The present invention consists in employing an electronic blocking
oscillator or squegging oscillator with a photo-sensitive cell which
contains a solid member responsive to the radiation to be measured and
which is connected in the grid or equivalent return path of the
oscillator in such a way that the resistance of the grid or equivalent
leak or the potential of a point to which that leak is returned is
varied by the radiation falling on the sensitive cell. The rate of
discharge of the grid or equivalent condenser of the oscillator is
varied by the incident radiation and the recurrence frequency of the
bursts of oscillation gives a direct quantitative representation of
the level of intensity of the radiation. In one form of circuit, the
sensitive cell is connected as the grid or equivalent leak of the
oscillator and is returned to a point of fixed potential and in that
event, the current flowing through the leak is controlled by a direct
variation of its resistance. In a second form, the grid or equivalent
leak is a resistor which has a fixed value during operation of the
instrument and the discharge of the grid condenser is still controlled
by the current allowed to flow through the leak resistor, the latter
being returned to one terminal of a radiation-sensitive cell and also
connected through another resistor to the negative side of the high
tension source of potential, the other terminal of the sensitive cell
being connected to the positive side of the high tension source; thus
the control of the discharge of the grid condenser is achieved by the
dependence of the potential at the first terminal of the sensitive
cell upon the radiation falling on that cell.
In other forms of circuit in which the grid leak return potential is
controlled by the sensitive cell, the above second form has the cell
and resistor transposed or the grid potential of a cathode-follower
tube or of a voltage amplifier tube is first controlled and the grid
leak of the blocking oscillator is returned to the output of the tube.
Thus the potential to which the grid leak is returned is determined by
the radiation falling on the sensitive cell and, in the case of a
cathode follower, a source of lower impedance is provided while with a
voltage amplifier, additional sensitivity can be obtained.
A blocking or squegging oscillator in which a thermionic tube is
employed, operates due to the negative charge which is buiIt up on its
grid condenser by the flow of grid current during the period of
oscillation and which carries the grid potential below the cut-off
value so as to produce the quiescent periods. Another burst of
oscillation occurs when the negative charge on the grid condenser has
leaked away sufficiently and then a further negative charge is built
up on the grid condenser and the operation thus goes on cyclically. So

far as the oscillatory circuit is concerned, the essential difference
between a continuouswave oscillator of any type and the corresponding
type of blocking oscillator lies in the degree of coupling or positive
feed-back provided which is much greater in the case of a blocking
oscillator. In either of the forms of circuit referred to above, the
amount of radiation falling on the sensitive cell determines the rate
of discharge of the grid condenser and, therefore, also the recurrence
frequency of the bursts of oscillations or pulses. The output of the
oscillator is used to provide the desired measurements.
Thus when measuring intensity of radiation, the output may, for
example, energise an electro-magnetic relay the contacts of which
control a conventional telemeter link, or with a suitable circuit, the
pulses may be arranged to operate directly a suitable form of
indicating meter or even a control mechanism. Alternatively, the
output may operate a simple counter to count the total number of
pulses when measuring the integral of the radiation over a given
period of time.
Although so far, reference has been made to blocking or squegging
oscillator circuits in which thermionic tubes are employed, any
equivalent circuit in which cold cathode tubes or transistors are
employed, could be used.
It is convenient, when measuring radiation, to use a photo-electric
cell of the vacuum photo-emissive type. However, other types of
photo-cell may be employed in such cases, in particular gas-filled
photoemissive cells and photo-conductive cells.
Thus when measuring infra-red radiation, a lead sulphide or germanium
photo-conductive cell may be used. Radiation pyrometry is practicable
with such a cell used as the grid leak of the blocking oscillator,
with the latter arranged to give a fairly high recurrent or pulse
frequency and the output from the oscillator circuit integrated
directly on a moving coil voltmeter fed through a rectifier.
Change in the voltmeter reading then corresponds to change in the
temperature of the source.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, some examples of the apparatus according to the
invention will now be more fully described with reference to the
accompanying - drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of one form of the invention;
Figure 2 is an explanatory curve;
Figure 3 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of Fig. 1 for
providing an integration of light radiation over a period of time;
Figure 4 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the
connections to the grid of the blocking oscillator; and
Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of a modification in which a cold

cathode gas-filled triode is used as the blocking oscillator.
Referring first to Fig. 1, which shows the circuit of an instrument
suitable for operating a conventional telemeter, for example, over a
Post Office line, an indirectly heated triode consisting of the
left-hand side of a double triode 1 is connected as a blocking
oscillator with its grid and cathode circuits coupled by a transformer
2, so as to provide a cathode-coupled Hartley blocking oscillator. The
primary winding 3 in the cathode circuit is connected in the lead to
the cathode 4 and the secondary winding 5 is connected to the grid 6
of the triode through the grid condenser 7 which is charged nega
tively by the flow of current to the grid 6 during each pulse or burst
of oscillations.
The upper or grid side of the condenser 7 is connected to the cathode
8 of a vacuum type of photo-electric cell 9 through a filter
consisting of series resistance 10 and shunt capacitance 11. The cell
9 serves as the grid lead for the blocking oscillator. The said filter
prevents the sudden rise in voltage which appears at the grid 6 on
oscillation being set up from being applied to the cell 9 and thus
avoids any possible damage to the cell due to reverse voltage. The
anode 12 of the cell 9 is connected to a tapping in a
potential-dividing resistance RI, R2 connected between a stabilised
positive line SHUT + and the negative earthed line HT -.
The line SHT+ may be at 150 volts stabilised by a neon tube NT shunted
by a condenser 14 and the tapping 13 may be for example, at a positive
potential of 30 volts above the line HT- to increase the definition of
the point at which oscillation commences. By the choice of suitable
values for the circuit components, it may be arranged that the maximum
rated current flowing through the photo-electric cell 9 gives a pulse
rate of just over one per second, while, with the cell 9 entirely
covered up, a minimum pulse rate may be obtained corresponding to an
interval between pulses of more than two hours.
In Fig. 2, the curve A shows the voltage at the cathode 4 plotted
vertically against time plotted horizontally. The duration of each
pulse or burst of oscillations is shown at t and the interval between
pulses at T.
In the example just considered, T may be made to vary from just less
than one second to more than two hours by varying the intensity of
light applied to the cell 9. Such a maximum period between pulses
represents a resistance - of the cell 9 of the order of 40,000 megohms
so that it is desirable to minimize the effects of stray leakage
resistance. Thus the triode 1 which is a tube of the type ECC81 having
a low value of grid current when cut off, may be mounted in a holder
insulated with polytetrafluorethylene.
For a similar reason, the parallel connection of the grid condenser 7

is chosen in order that any leakage resistance between the windings
and frame of the transformer 2 is not included in the grid leak
circuit. The photo-electric cell 9 is also mounted on a base of
polytetrafluorethylene. Metallised paper condensers of the type
normally used in radio circuits are adequate for the purposes of such
an instrument, but when the leakage resistance is required to be still
higher, plastic film condensers may be used.
The anode 15 of the blocking oscillator is also supplied from the
stabilised line SHT + and this ensures that the charge on the grid
condenser 7 is the same for each pulse. The anode 15 is connected to
earth through a decoupling condenser 16. The potentialdividing
resistance is formed of two high stability resistors R1, R2 but it is
not necessary in this example to stabilise the heater supply to the
double triode 1 against normal variations in the heater voltage
supply, The heater supply is not shown in the drawing.
In the particular case under consideration, the duration t of each
pulse from the oscillator is about one millisecond and the usable
portion of the quiescent interval T between successive pulses already
referred to is from 0.9 seconds to several minutes.
A standard form of telemeter recording equipment, however, requires
pulses having a mark to space ratio of substantially unity with the
duration of mark or space a minimum of 0.9 seconds for full deflection
of the recorder and therefore a binary divider stage is provided with
a second triode to operate an output relay O-R. This triode is the
right-hand unit of the doubie triode 1 and the winding of the output
relay O-R is included in the lead to the cathode 17 of this second
triode.
The relay O-R has one set of change-over contacts o-r 1 connected to
the telemeter by way of a line 18 in the usual manner. It has a second
set of change-over contacts o-r 2 provided for operating the binary
divider from the pulse output taken from the point 19 in the cathode
lead of the blocking oscillator triode. These output pulses are
rectified by contact rectifiers 20, 21 and applied respectively to the
lower and upper fixed contacts 22, 23 of the contact set o-r 2 and the
moving contact 24 is connected by way of a lownpass filter consisting
of series resistance 25 and shunt capacitance 26 to the grid 27 of the
second triode.
Initially, the grid 27 is connected to earth through the lower fixed
contact 22 as shown in Fig. 1. Under these conditions, the current of
the anode 28 is too small to energise the relay O-R. However, the
first pulse from the point 19 is rectified at 20 so as to apply a
positive potential to the lower fixed relay contact 22 and this
positive potential is transmitted to the grid 27, thereby rendering
the anode 28 conductive so that a relatively heavy current then passes

through the winding of the relay O-R. This relay is thereby energised
and changes over its contacts o-r 1 and o-r 2. As a result, the grid
27 is connected to the upper fixed relay contact 23 which, due to the
potential divider R3, R4 is about 20 volts positive to the earth line
HT - so that sufficient current passes through the valve from the
anode 28 to maintain the relay O-R in the energised condition.
The next pulse from the point 19 is rectifled at 21 to apply a
negative potential to the upper relay contact 23 and the potential of
the grid 27 is depressed below the cut-off value with the result that
the relay O-R is de-energised and its contacts are changed back so as
to connect the grid 27 to earth at the contacts 22, 24. This cycle is
repeated on the occurrence of each subsequent pulse so that one
change-over operation occurs at the relay contacts o-r 1 for each
pulse from the blocking oscillator.
Thus the instrument illustrated in Fig. 1 yields a response of the
recorder which is essentially linear with the rate of the blocking
oscillator pulses and therefore with the intensity of the illumination
falling on the photo-electric cell 9. It is sometimes required for the
lower levels of the intensity of illumination to appear fairly well up
on the scale of the telemeter instrument while higher levels are of
comparatively little interest. For such a case, the scale of the
instrument can be spread at the lower end by increasing the size of
the aperture through which the photo-electric cell 9 is illuminated
and the scale is closed up at the top end by including a limiting
resistance 29 between the cell 9 and the tapping point 13 in the
potential divider RI, R2.
In Fig. 3, a simple modification of the instrument is shown to provide
for measuring the integral of the daylight energy over a long period
of time. Fig. 3 shows a circuit similar in many respects to that of
Fig. 1 and where appropriate, the same reference characters are
employed for corresponding parts.
However, the following changes have been made. First, the limiting
resistance 29 is omitted since, for integration purposes, a linear
response is essential. Secondly, the output relay O-R is replaced by a
suitable pulse counter P-C such as the ordinary Post
Office message register. Thirdly, the binary divider stage is also
omitted since the mark to space ratio of the pulses is no longer of
importance.
Actually, the pulse output from the point 19 in the cathode lead of
the blocking oscillator is rectified at 20 to apply a positive
potential through a low-pass filter 25, 26 to the grid 27 of the
second triode so as to lengthen the pulse sufficiently to operate the
counter P-C. Each succeeding pulse causes a further operation of the
counter

P-C and the total number of pulses which represents the total amount
of light received by the photo-electric cell 9 over any period of time
can be obtained from the increase in the reading of the counter P-C
over that period.
In both of the forms of the invention shown in Figs 1 and 3, the
photo-electric cell 9 is itself the grid leak of the blocking
oscillator and is returned to a point 13 of fixed potential so that
the current through the grid leak is controlled by a direct variation
in its resistance which, of course, in turn depends upon the intensity
of radiation impinging on the cell 9. In a modification shown in Fig.
4, a similar result is obtained by maintaining the resistance of the
grid leak constant and causing the potential of the point 13 to which
the grid leak returns to vary in dependance upon the intensity of the
illumination of the photo-electric cell 9. To that end, the input
connections to the grid 6 are changed as follows. The photo-electric
cell 9 is connected as one section of the potential divider and the
constant resistance RI is connected as the grid leak. Thus as the
radiation on the cell 9 changes, its resistance also changes but as
the resistance R2 is constant, this results in a change in the
potential at the tapping point 13 and therefore a corresponding change
in the current flowing through the grid leak R1. The remainder of the
components may be connected as in Fig. 1 or Fig. 3 and then the
instrument operates in a similar way as before.
As a further modification, the arms of the potential divider in Fig. 4
formed by the photo-electric cell 9 and the resistance R2 may be
transposed, such that R2 is then connected from the line SHT + to the
point 13 and the cell 9 from the point 13 to the negative line HT-,
the remaining comFoments being connected as already described and
shown. Then the instrument still operates in a similar manner except
that an increase in the illumination of the photo-cell now produces a
decrease in the pulse repetition rate.
Again, if in Fig. 4, the resistance R2 is replaced by a second
photo-electric cell, with equal illumination on both cells, a certain
pulse repetition rate exists, whereas a difference in the illumination
of the two cells produces either an increase or a decrease of the
repetition rate dependent upon which cell is receiving the higher
illumination. In these cases, where the effective resistances of the
photo-cells are not negligible in relation to the fixed resistance of
the grid leak R1 it may be of assistance to interpose a
cathode-follower stage of conventional pattern between the point 13
and the leak resistance R1; this cathode follower then serves as an
impedance transforming device in that its grid may be controlled by a
voltage from a high impedance source while the output from its
cathode, of substantially the same voltage, appears as from a low

impedance source. Alternatively to increase sensitivity, a voltage
amplifier could be used in the place of the cathode folIower. In
addition, the zero repetition rate may be off-set from either zero or
maximum illumination by returning the lower end of the potentiometer
R1 R2 in Figs. 1 and 3 and the cell 9 and resistance R2 in Fig. 4 to a
point of bias potential instead of to the earth lineHT-.
As already indicated, it is possible, to use other devices than
thermionic tubes as the blocking oscillator such as cold cathode tubes
or transistors. As an example, such an alternative using a
cold-cathode gas-filled triode 1 is shown in Fig. 5. In this triode 1,
the grid of a conventional valve is replaced by a trigger electrode
6a. The function of this electrode 6a is to initiate the main
discharge between the anode 15a and the cathode 4a through the tube by
producing a small ionising discharge from the electrode 6a to the
cathode 4a. The operation of this circuit is fundamentally similar to
that of the blocking oscillator described in that at the instant when
triggering is initiated by the electrode 6a, the anode current causes
a further increase in the potential at 6a by the coupling action of
the blocking oscillator coupling coils 3 and 5 by way of the condenser
7, causing a further flow of current between the electrode 6a and the
cathode 4a.
This charges up the condenser 7 until the oscillatory swing on the
anode 15a of the cold cathode triode 1 reduces the potential below the
maintaining voltage when the main discharge is extinguished. The tube
1 then remains non-conducting until such time as the charge stored on
the condenser 7 has leaked away through the photo-cell 9, in the same
manner as already described. Due to the time required for the
deionisation of the gas filling, usually of the order of half a
millesecond, the anode voltage must be maintained below the striking
value for at least this period. This is accomplished by means of a
resistance 30 in conjunction with the condenser 16. For the same
reason, a limiting discharge rate must be imposed on the condenser 7
and this is provided by the additional resistance 29a.
If a transistor is employed instead of a thermionic tube as the
blocking oscillator, a similar circuit may be used as shown in
Fig. 1, Fig. 3 or Fig. 4. Thus in the case of an NPN junction type of
transistor, a circuit similar to that shown in Fig. 4 is suitable with
the resistance R1 and the condenser 7 connected to the base of the
transistor, but with the collector of the transistor connected through
the winding 3 of the transformer 2 to the high tension supply. The
coupled winding 5 is connected between the condenser 7 and the emitter
of the transistor which corresponds to the cathode 4 in
Figure 4. Then the condenser 7 is charged by current drawn on the base
of the transistor from the emitter during an oscillation period and

due to the coupling by the transformer 2, the base is driven more
positive and therefore takes more current until cutoff is attained as
in the above examples. A contact rectifier is connected across the
transformer winding 5 as a safety precaution to ensure that the back
voltages on the electrodes of the transistor are not exceeded during
oscillation.
If a PNP type of transistor is employed, it will be understood that
the positive and negative lines would have to be interchanged.
What we claim is : -
1. An instrument for the measurement of the intensity of
electro-magnetic wave radiation having a wavelength not less than that
of ultra-violet radiation, comprising an electronic blocking or
squegging oscillator and a photo-sensitive cell which contains a solid
member responsive to the radiation to be measured and which is
connected to the grid or equivalent return path of the said oscillator
in such a way that the resistance of the grid or equivalent leak or
the potential of a point to which that leak is returned is varied by
the radiation falling on the sensitive cell, whereby the rate of
discharge of the grid or equivalent condenser of the oscillator is
varied by the incident radiation and the recurrence frequency of the
bursts of oscillation gives a direct quantitative representation of
the level of intensity of the radiation.
2. An instrument according to Claim 1, in which the leak of the
blocking or squegging oscillator comprises the sensitive cell itself
and is returned to a point of constant potential.
3. An instrument according to Claim 1, in which the said sensitive
cell or a number of such cells constitute one or more sections of a
potential divider and in which a resistor forming the leak of the
blocking or squegging oscillator is returned to the voltage at a tap
of the potential divider.
4. An instrument according to Claim 1, in which the potential to which
the leak of the blocking or squegging oscillator is returned is
controlled by a potential divider which includes one or more sensitive
cells, a tap in the potential divider being connected to the input of
a cathode follower or voltage amplifier to the output of which the
said leak is returned, and which transforms the impedance level or
increases the sensitivity respectively.
5. An instrument according to Claim 2 including a recording instrument
receiving the bursts of oscillation, in which a limiting resistance is
included between the sensitive cell and the return point of constant
potential in order to modify the scale of the recording instrument at
its upper end.
6. An instrument according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, in which the
electronic oscillator includes a thermionic triode, the output from

the cathode circuit of which is applied to a binary dividing circuit
from which is derived the grid potential of a further thermionic
triode which is connected
* GB786197 (A)
Description: GB786197 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to containers for fluids
We, JET TANKS LIMITED, of 3 Red Place,
London, W 1, a Company registered under the laws of Great Britain, do
hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to containers for fluids and in particular but
not exclusively to drop tanks for aircraft, while the object of the
invention is to provide simple and economical means for constructing
such containers from a number of separate parts.
It is well known to provide a tongued and grooved joint between
members in a number of forms of construction to prevent the members
moving relative to one another.
For example, tongued and grooved joints are often used between floor
boards and in boards of wall coverings to hold the boards in one
plane, the edge of one board being provided with a continuous tongue
which engages with a continuous groove in the adjacent board Such a
joint prevents relative movement of the boards in directions parallel
to the abutting surfaces of the boards and at right angles to the
surfaces of the boards.
For the purpose of preventing relative movement between members in a
direction away from one another it is well known to provide tongued
and grooved joints in surfaces parallel to the direction of said
movement For example, in a wall covering consisting of sheets of
material, part of each of the sheets overlap at their meeting edges
and are provided at said overlap with a continuous tongue on one

member which engages in a continuous groove in the other member, thus
preventing one member from lPrice 3 s 6 d l moving away from the other
member in the direction of the plane of the members.
It has also been proposed to provide connecting means, for uniting
prefabricated sections, having square or rectangular recesses or
grooves in each member, the mouths of which open out across the linear
edges of the abutting surfaces of the sections, and taking the form of
two squares or rectangles joined together at one corner in cross
section and engaging in the said grooves and which thus serve the
purpose of a loose double tongue Consequently the sections and the
tongues may be brought into and out of engagement with one another in
either of two directions parallel to the sides of the said squares and
the joint is not self-positioning in the absence of any supporting
means for the sections to retain them in the same plane.
Now it is proposed to provide containers for fluids constructed of a
number of separate parts joined together, so that the said containers
will occupy little space during transport or in storage while apart
and which may be assembled easily when required One application of the
invention is the provision of drop tanks for aircraft, but it is to be
understood that the invention is not limited to such application, as
will become apparent from the following description.
It is convenient to divide a dro D tank into say three Parts
longitudinally, a central cylindrical portion and two end conical or
otherwise shaped end portions, and to divide these portions again by
longitudinal joints, the cylindrical part into three like parts and
the end portions into four like parts The present invention is
particularly concerned with the manner of forming these longitudinal
joints.
7869197 PATENT SPECFICATlON Inventor:-LAURENCE WILLIAM ANDERSON.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 17, 1955.
Application Date: Aug 6, 1954 No 22891/54.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Class 69 ( 1), J( 3 C: 4 X).
International Classification:-B 64 d B 65 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Containers for Fluids.
65, so 786,197 The forces applied to the tank resulting from the
presence of the joints comprise principally forces acting radially
which result in tensile stresses at the longitudinal joints The two
members meeting at a longitudinal joint have the tendency firstly to
move radially inwards and outwards in opposite directions and secondly
to be separated from one another by the resultant tangential stresses
It is therefore proposed in accordance with the invention to provide
longitudinal tongued and grooved joints which resist both these

movements simultaneously.
The invention consists in a container for holding fluids under
pressure and constructed in two or more parts forming the walls of the
container and which are joined by tongued and grooved joints which are
subjected to forces transversely of the joint and the surfaces of the
parts and to forces tending to separate the edges characterised in
that the tongue, or tongues on the one part, and groove, or grooves on
the other part are positioned in the inter-engaging edges of said
parts such that, to bring the co-operating tongue and groove or
tongues and Grooves into engagement or out of engagement, said edges
must be moved relatively in a direction at an angle to the direction
of both transverse and separating forces in the planes of these forces
and without sliding the members relative to one another longitudinally
of said joint.
The invention still further consists in a drop tank for aircraft
generally of cylindrical shape, with cone-like ends, the cylindrical
part having longitudinal tongued and grooved joints of the kind set
forth in the preceding paragraph.
The invention still further consists in a container for fluids as set
forth above in which the members are formed in a synthetic resin.
By way of example of the different forms of tongued and grooved joints
that may be used in accordance with the invention, reference is made
to the form of dro D tank for use on aircraft comprising a hollow o
cylindrical-like body terminated at the ends by cone-like or similar
streamlined shapes.
The cylindrical central part is jointed at its ends to the front and
rear terminals and in itself is divided into three like Darts by
longitudinal joints parallel with the axis and spaced equally around
the periphery.
In one form of construction in which the parts are moulded in a
suitable synthetic resin, each part is provided with a butting joint
with the adjacent part so that each part has a tongue at one edge and
a groove at the other edge, so that when assembled the three Darts
complete an annulus having three joints in it.
The magnitude of the radial and tangential forces may each vary
depending on the load of fuel contained in the tank and wind pressure
and so on, but it is found in practice that the resultants of such
forces lie on an average in planes which make 45 ' 7 a O with the
radiating planes passing through the axis of the tank and the joint,
and it is therefore proposed in accordance with the invention to
provide the abutting edges of the parts of the cylinder with surfaces
7 3 which lie in a plane at 450 to the said radial planes and to
Drovide a tongue upon one of said surfaces and a groove in the other
of said surfaces, the plane of the tongue and groove being at right

angles to said 80 surfaces If both the tongue and groove are
rectangular in cross section, then the edges will be engageable or
disengageable only when moved relatively at 45 ^ to the direction of
both radial and tangential forces 85 It is not always desirable for
practical reasons relating to methods of manufacture to make the
tongue or groove precisely rectangular in cross section, and it is
found desirable when moulding synthetic resin, to 90 make the tongue
or groove semi-circular in cross section, or intermediate a
rectangular and semi-circular cross section, for example, rectangular
with the corners rounded It may be appreciated that a large number of
9 '5 different shaped tongues may be used which will comply with the
requirements of the invention and restrict the relative movement of
the meeting edges of the members to the required direction relative to
the forces 10) applied to the joint.
It is not essential that the groove should be a close fit on all sides
of the tongue so long as the movement of the tongue within the groove
is restricted to the general direc 10.
tion above referred to.
The parts of the structure may be assembled by merely sna Dping the
tongues into the grooves in the direction indicated and consequently
where this is the case the 110 parts may be dis-assembled by movement
in the reverse direction so long as the radial and tangential forces,
or corresponding forces, are not being applied, and therefore in order
to make the structure self-support 115 ing under these circumstances
cement or glue may be applied to the joints which in itself is
adequate in the absence of these forces, and which in the Dresence of
these forces makes but a small contribution to the 120 retaining of
the members in relative position while the shape of the joint
contributes a greater degree of strength.
In one forin of construction it is found more convenient for
assembling the joint to 12 provide castellations or rectangular teeth
longitudinally of the joint, whereby the teeth upon the one Part may
be inserted in the space between the teeth on the other part and the
parts moved longitudinally of 130 786,197 the joint so that the
tongues enter the grooves from the ends and not from the sides as
previously descifbed By this means long joints may be more easily and
v rapidly assembled.
Perhaps the simplest and most useful form which the joint takes is
that previously described in which the planes of the abutting edges
are at 450 to the general plane of the sheet-like members, or 45 to a
tangent at the joint where the structure is curved, while the tongue
is at right angles to the edge of one sheet and the groove is at right
angles to the edge of the other sheet, the cross sectional shape of
the tongue being such that the relative direction of movement of the

tongue into and out of the groove must make an angle both with the
plane of the sheets and the radial plane at 0 the joint where the
sheets are curved, or the corresponding direction when flat The two
sides of the tongue are therefor important, the one to resist movement
in the plane of the sheets and the other to resist transverse
movement, and it can therefore be appreciated that the nearer these
sides become parallel to the direction of the force in the two cases
the less is the resistance to movement, and therefore in the case of a
tongue having parallel sides the greatest resistance to movement in
both directions is provided by a tongue the sides of which bisect the
angle between the forces acting to separate the edges.
It has been assumed heretofore that the edges lie wholly in one plane,
but this is not necessary and the surfaces of the edges may be curved
or in steps, apart from the configuration of the tongue and groove
thereof and it can therefore be seen that a number of different forms
may be provided which meet the requirements set forth above For
example, the tongue may be set centrally of the thickness of the
sheet-like member or may be positioned adjacent one or other of the
faces, so long as sufficient material is provided at the side of the
groove to resist the thrust of the tongue Also part of the two members
may be made to overlap in a rebated fashion to give added surface for
adhesive purposes, while a tongue is provided on the meeting surfaces
to increase resistance to movement in accordance with the invention.
The accompanying drawing shows, by way of example only, a number of
embodiments of the invention in which:Figures 1 to 4 show cross
sections through four joints formed in accordance with the invention.
Figure 5 shows an isometric exploded view of Dart of a dro D tank for
an aircraft.
The sides of the container are thickened about the joint as shown so
that adequate cross sectional area of material is provided in the
tongue and the material surrounding the groove t-o resist the stresses
likely to be met Furthernore, the additional thickening adds to the
area of meeting surfaces so that adequate adhesion may be obtained 70
when the joint is reinforced in this manner.
Figure 1 shows a simple and effective joint in which the tongue and
groove are rounded for the sake of ease of manufacture, the abutting
surfaces 1 and 2 being in one 75 plane and at an angle of 450 to the
plane of the Darts, 3 and 4 Figure 2 is a modification in which the
tongue and groove are rectangular while the abutting surfaces have an
additional member 5 which adds resis 80 tance in a direction parallel
to the abutting surfaces.
Figure 3 shows, by way of example, how the surface area of the
abutting surfaces may be substantially increased by the addi 85 tion
of the overlapping member 6 to which adhesive may be applied to hold

the parts together in the absence of the radial and circumferential
forces as previously mentioned 90 Figure 4 shows a simple tongued and
grooved joint in which the two parts 1 and 2 of the abutting surfaces
are not in one plane, while the corners of the tongue and groove are
rounded for ease of manufacture 95 It is to be understood that the
forms of sections given above are by way of example only and that a
large number of alternative arrangements can be provided within the
scope of the invention 100 Figure 5 shows the arrangement referred to
in which the tongue on the one member and the portion to one side of
the groove on the other member are cut away to form castellations or
rectangular teeth 7 between 105 which the portions of the teeth-like
tongues 8 are inserted and then slid longitudinally in alignment with
the grooves The memn ber 9 is the conical end of the drop tank 110 It
was previously stated that one side of the tongue is important to
resist movement by a force in one direction while the other side of
the tongue is important to resist movement by a force in the opposite
direc 115 tion, and so long as adequate resistance is thus afforded
the tongue or the groove may be cut away at other places so as to
leave a space in order to facilitate the entry of the tongue into the
groove 120 It is to be understood that the embodiments above described
are by way of example only and that the tank or other container may be
divided both longitudinally and circumferentially into any desired 125
number of Darts and that it is within the scope of the invention to
provide two or more tongues and two or mnore grooves where desired and
that other details for carrying the invention into effect may be 130
varied without departing from the scope of the invention claimed.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786198 (A)
Description: GB786198 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Detection system for nuclear explosions

PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,198 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 10,
1954.
No 23233154.
/ A Application made in France on Sept2, 1953.
i Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 40 ( 1), N 1 A( 1:-3 A:3 B), N 357 (C:F);
and 40 ( 3), A 5 (B 23 84 t M 3).
International Classification:-C 08 c.
COMPLETE SPE CIFIC ATION Detection System for Nuclear Explosions We,
SOCIETE NOUVELLE DE L OUTILLAGE A.B V ET DE LA RADIO-INDUSTRIE, 43-45
Avenue K 16 ber, Paris 16 me, France, a Body Corporate organised under
the laws of France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to apparatus for the detection of nuclear
explosions, particularly for those caused by bombs.
When an atomic explosion occurs it is essential that the operators in
the atomic shelters should know, without delay and without having to
step out of the shelter, the probable centre of the devastated zone
and the importance of the explosion.
According to the present invention we provide an apparatus for the
detection of nuclear explosions comprising an explosion proof shelter,
a light detecting device sensitive to the light and the direction of
the light wave, and a pressure sensitive device for detecting the
shock wave of said explosion, placed outside said shelter, and
calculators and indicating instruments inside said shelter for
determining the range, position and power of said explosion, from
electrical signals delivered by said light detecting device and said
pressure sensitive device.
The light detecting device may comprise a plurality of radiation
detectors and directional means for enabling each detector, to receive
radiation from a discrete number of solid angles each of which has
different angular co-ordinates.
The calculators for determining the range of the explosion may
comprise a time interval counter, having means for starting said
counter in response to an output signal from said radiation detector,
and means for stopping said counter in lPrice 3/6 l response to an
output signal from said pressure sensitive device.

One embodiment of the present invention will now be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 50 Fig 1 is a block
diagram of the apparatus.
Fig 2 is the plan of a dial bearing upon its circumference a double
graduation, in time and distance, and inside the 55 circle a series of
curves relating propagation times with shock-wave pressures and
explosion power.
Fig 3 is an embodiment of an optical search unit 60 Fig 4 is another
embodiment of the same.
Fig 5 shows one disposition of the bearing sectors and of the site
bands of the optical search units 65 Figs 6 and 7 give the indications
shown ,y the dials of bearing and site, respectively.
Fig 8 is a general detailed circuit diagram of the blocks in Fig 1 70
According to a particular feature of the invention, the fact that a
nuclear explosion is characterized by a very intense flash is taken
into account, the energy of this flash being sufficient to set the 75
apparatus into operation This flash may thus set in action a
relatively robust light detector, used as a search unit, this detector
being designed so as to transform directly the light energy preferably
into 80 an electrical signal, which itself can set in motion the
comparatively more delicate meters without the help of an external
energy source, such as a battery of accumulators or a pile, which are
always 85 in danger of being discharged when the explosion occurs.
It is to be noted that these instruments will be located in the
nuclear explosionproofed shelter, and that, consequently, 90 wkr 24
786,198 even if the optical search detectors are afterwards destroyed
by the explosive shock, they nevertheless will have performed their
duty, for the case considered.
The basic principles of the layout of the complete assembly may
readily be understood from the following description.
It is of the utmost necessity that reliable information be obtained
about 1 o the characteristics of the explosion even under the most
unfavorable conditions To this end, detectors or suitable meters of
the different characteristics of the explosion, as robust as possible,
and preferably needing no external supply, are set outside the
shelter, while relatively more delicate instruments, such as
amplifiers, recorders and so on, which may require external supplies,
are set, in connection with said detectors, inside the shelter, to
avoid any possible cause of trouble, or so that, should such troubles
occur, they will not interfere with the correct operation of the
meters.
The detection of a nuclear explosion characteristics is obtained by
collecting the following instruments in an observation post provided
with an explosionproofed shelter:

1 An instrument to indicate the bearing and elevation of the
explosion, 2 An instrument to indicate the distance of the explosion.
3 An instrument to indicate the power of the explosion.
All the information given by the said instruments is readable inside
the shelter; these instruments comprise, as mentioned, parts both
inside and outside the shelter.
Means for measuring the bearing and the elevation will be dealt with
hereinafter It is, at the moment, sufficient to know that they include
optical detectors outside the shelter and recorders inside.
In order to evaluate the distance to the explosion centre, at least
one light detector is connected with at least one shock wave detector,
or pressure detector, and with means such as e g a seconds counter,
for so the determination of the time elapsed between the occurrence of
the light wave due to the nuclear explosion and the occurrence of the
consecutive shock wave or pressure wave.
5.5 Indeed the occurrence of the light wave is practically
instantaneous, while, on the contrary, the shock-wave is propagated
with a speed, which may be calculated from a well known formula.
Consequently the transit time of this wave is indicated on the seconds
counter as this instrument is set into operation byv the light wave
and stopped by the shock wave, and thus gives an indication of the
distance of the explosion The time counter may be directly graduated
in distances, as shown on the circumference of the dial shown on Fig
2.
The power of the bomb is estimated by siniultaneous measurement of the
shock 70 wave pressure and of its propagation time and by entering
these values in a calenlator which, from these two values, deduces the
power It may also he measured by the total radioactivjitx emitted
during said 75 propagation time These two types of measurements are
complementary and both mav advantageously be employed since
radioactivity measure cannot be used for long distances (over about 1
kilometer) 80 and, at short range the instruments for pressure
detection run the risk of being damaged by the strength of the
explosion.
Fig 1 shows the possible layout at an observation post
diag-rammatically 83 Line X-X diagranmmatically indicates the wall of
the shelter A liglht detector system I comprising a plurality of
deteetors outside the shelter deteets the incoming wave and its
direction It feeds these 90 data to a direction finding repeater V,
inside the shelter, provided, for instanve, with several lamps or
slits, which on a dial or a panel show the hearing and the elevation
of the explosion 95 Repeater V starts a power and distancee calculator
VI anda recorder of gamma radiation quantity VIII A pressure detector
II sensitive to the shock wave stops the operation of calculator VI

while mano 100 meter III feeds peak detector VII, the output of
-wnhichl is also fed to the calculator VI Radioactivity detector IV
controls recorder VIII which sums up the radiation quantity of gamma
rays received 105 during the time interval between the occurrence of
the light and pressure waves.
One or several supply sources IX energize meters V to VIII The
eircuits, as already mentioned, are desioned so that 110 the
information will be displayed irrespective of the destroying effects
of the shockwave on any of the sensing units I to IV.
The optical search detectors which trigger the measuringg units into
action are 115 designed according to the following rules derived from
the special nature of the operating conditions.
In the first place photovoltaic searl 11 cells are used as the
external light detec 120 tor I so as to lie free from any supply
source The signal issued by these cells operates low powver relays
whieh control power relays loeated inside the shelter according to a
well known technique As 125 wras said above it is preferred to use a
plhrality of photo-jotaic elels wlich triggaer eold catlcde discharge
deices (so as to avoid a filamellt requiring a beating current and so
tbat they should remain 130 786,198 switched on after the signal has
disappeared) The glow of the discharge tells which tube is triggered,
so that the discharge tubes controlling a luminous panel and suitably
connected to the different search cells, will show roughly the
direction of the incoming light wave.
The relays or cold cathode tubes control the switching on of lamps
gathered behind a panel made of translucent numbered compartments,
each compartment corresponding to a particular direction By looking at
said panel the operators are informed of the angular co-ordinates of
the explosion centre.
The total space surrounding the shelter is divided into a plurality of
solid angles, preferably regularly distributed in bearing and
elevation and the number of search cells is much less than the number
of solid angles, so as to allow for a reduction of the number of
active units and, therefore, of risks of misworking, while saving
parts Each cell searches in several different solid angles.
Fig 3 and 4 show two embodiments in which cell 15 searches two or
three of these solid angles.
In Fig 3 the solid angles are focused 3 ( through lenses 16 and 16 a
on translucent screens 17 and 17 a, the outlines of which are
delineated by opaque screens so that a flash of light only in one of
the solid angles searched by the cell will produce a light spot on the
screens and be transmitted to cell 15.
Fig 4 shows an elevation search arrangement Lenses 16 are replaced by
simple screens 18 ring shaped, for instance.

Fig 5 shows how to divide the portion of sky which surrounds the
observation point into symmetrical bands of constant elevation and
variable bearing, the cosines of the elevation difference between two
adjacent bands varying by regular steps.
Said space has been divided into 14 bearing sectors numbered from G,
to G 14 and into eight elevation bands (band S,:
elevation cosine btween 0 9 and 1; band S,: elevation cosine between 0
8 and O 9 and so on band S,: elevation cosine between 0 2 and 0 3 and
band SO:
elevation cosine between 0 and 0 2) In band S, and S, the bearing
sectors cover only the site elevation angles less than 78030 ', that
is to say the cosine of which is greater than 02 For higher site
elevation angles, no tube will be triggered.
Thus, if an explosion occurs in zone S, that is to say less than 11 30
' from the zenith, its bearing will not be known, which is immaterial
owing to the distance.
In any case, it would not be possible to know it precisely.
Three cells X, Y, Z are provided, to search the 8 elevation bands, and
four cells A, B, C, D to search the fourteen bearing sectors As was
said, each particular zone is characterized by a known combination of
output signals from the 70 search cells X, Y, Z and A, B, C, D.
Except in the elevation band So, at least one cell searches each
bearing sector, which leads to a limit, for G cells, of 2 G_ 2 for the
number of distinctive bear 75 ing sectors.
Any binary code may be used for securing correspondence between the
elevation (or bearing) cells and the corresponding angular position
However, the reflex 80 binary code is used, for it shows the following
favorable characteristic: transition from one zone to an adjacent one
results in the modification of the output signals from one cell and
one only, so 85 that an optical inaccuracy on the borders of a zone
may only lead to an inaccuracy of a single unit in the corresponding
coded number Reflex binary codes are known from the prior art The
application of 90 this code to the identification of the elevation and
of the bearing sectors is shown on Figs 6 and 7; -the visible numbers
are those of the bands or sectors which are not searched by cells X,
Y, Z or A, B, C, 95 D; the missing numbers are those which are
searched The illumination of a cell results in the reversal of the
invisible and visible numbers for the corresponding horizontal band,
shown oln Figs 5 and 100 7 As soon as the elevation is lower than 78
30 ' and whatever the direction, there is always at least one bearing
information.
Obviously, with a greater number of cells it would be possible to
carry on the 105 subdivision further For obtaining the same degree of
precision it is necessary to use S elevation search cells for 25 + 1

elevation bands and Cr bearing search cells, for 2 G_ 2 bearing
sectors, which, 110 finally, leads to a division of the surrounding
space into 2 S ( 2 Q 2) + 1 elementary solid angles.
Fig 8 shows a detailed circuit diagram of the blocks in Fig 1, and
shows the 115 whole setup of a nuclear explosion observation post The
Roman numerals indicate the position of the blocks of Fig 1.
A particular elevation search cell 19 and a particular bearing search
cell 20 120 are shown It will be understood from what has been said
that, three elevation cells and four bearing cells will be used.
The cells not shown are connected in the same way as cells 19 and 20
The cells 125 are of the photovoltaic type _Under the powerful flash
caused by the explosion, each cell feeds the energizing coil of post
office relays 21 and 22 The make-contact 21 a, 22 a of each relay
closes the supply 130 786,198 circuit of a power relay 24, 2 '5 to
supply source 26 a each of vwhich carries tw-o contacts 24 a, 2 5 a,
24 b, 25 b which are open in the de-energized position and one contact
24 c, 25 c which is closed in the de-energized position The contact 24
a or 25 a provides an independent supply to the corresponding relay
from the battery 26 a, as well as the lighting up of any nunlifer of
signalling lamps 27 a, which are shunt connected, whilst the contact
24 c or 2 e controls the lighting, up of signalling lamps 27 b The
lighting up of lamps 27 a indicates that the explosion occurs in the
sector searched by the corresponding cell As long as lamp 27 b remains
lit up, an explosion has not occurred in the corresponding sector.
The observation of the lamps, illuminated or not, which provide
bearing or elevation display, make it possible for the operators to
find out the sector or zone where the explosion occurs by translation
from the above-deseribed code This is made easier by the use of strips
made of a translucent material divided into numbered compartments, in
front of the lamp panel, such as shown on Figs 6 and 7 Under each
strip, opa(lue shields separate the groups of compartments "yes" from
the groups of compartments;no', and small lamps 27 a for "yes", 27 b
for "no" are set in proper number for lighting up the corresponding
group of compartments By compartment 'yes" we mean the compartment
corresponding to a unit digit in the code number and liv compartment
"no", wye mean the compartment corresponding to zero in the code
number In the embodiment shown on Figs 6 and 7, 27 miniature lamps are
required for illumination of the different compartments Simple optical
means known per se make it possible to light up several groups of
compartments having the same signification with the same lamp.
The bearing or elevation sector, the numbler of which is lighted up on
all the strips, is the one in -which the explosion has occurred In
Figs 6 and 7, showing thle appearance of the device at rest, all the
strips are shown as lighted np by the no" lamps that is to say by

lamps of the 9-7 b category According to the chosen code, no bearing
sector is illuminated, wvhliich shows that there is no explosion.
In Fig 8 contacts 241), 25 b of the relays 24 25 are all connected in
parallel: they control the energization of a circuit breaker or of a
relay 28 Relay 28 comprises two contacts 2 Sa and 28 c which are
normally closed in the de-energized position and two make-contacts
281) and 28 d, normally open in the de-energized position.
When no photocell is illuminated, both contacts 2 'sa and 2 sc are
ldosed and batteries 26 a and 261) are connected respectively to the
rectifiers 29 a and 29 h by means of these contacts When coil 2 ' is
energized both contacts 2 'Sb and 28 d are 70 closed The batteries are
isolated from the mains so as to avoid any discharging of the
batteries by the reverse current through the rectifiers in case of
trouble in the main supply due to the explosion 75 The make-contact
291 S connects lbattery 26 a to an alarm hell 36 and provides ftor
holding the relay 2)8 energized It supplies heating current to
oscillator 30 and amplifier 31 hiv means of lead 30 a 80 and connects
the positive terminal of battery 26 a to terminal A of a balanced
Wlheatstone bridce comulprisino resistors 37 a 37 b, 37 c and 9 c by
means of lead b Eesistor 38 is outside the shelter and 85 close to a
pressure responsive detector or switch:39 which may lhe closed Ilv the
shock-wave pressure p Terminal B of the bridge is connected to earth
through contact:34 a 90 The contact 28 d supplies hirrh nositive
voltage from battery 26 h to oseillator 3 and amplifier 31 which W ill
hereinafter be described Both circuits may comprise transistors so
that the batteries 26 a and 95 26 b supply only operating v oltages to
the electrodes of the transistors If tubes are used, they should be of
the direct heatinlg type Battervy 26 a supplies heating current and
battery 261-, supplies anode 100 voltage Actuating coil 2 '2 ' of an
electromaglnet 32 a, is connected across terminal A B of the
Wheatstone 1)ridne The current which ilows thlroutgh coil 32 will
attract arm 032 a of the target thereliy 105 releasing tinie
counter:'Jd (Ojerating coil 44 of relay 44 hereinafter described is
connected together with eoil j 4 of the switch or circuit breaker
lbetw eeu opposite termanal C and D of the hridae 110 The sheoc-wve
deteetinfr derice is a pressure sensitive mechianial unit sulcih as a
piezo detector:39 which acts as a switch connected in shunt with
resistor:'9 of the aboye-mentioned Wheatstone hi irdie The 115 bridge
is balanced with resistor 8 The operation of the switch 219, its
destructi()ii or the breakhing off or the short-circuit of its leads,
will modify the value of the resistance between terminals C' and B of
120 the bridge and destroy the balance of said bridge Any unhialance
of the hrid<ie causes:,4 and 44 to lie energized This ray be provoked
by the piezo detector ',9 acting as a switclh It comprises an elastic

125 metallic film connected to one termiial of resistor 38 Tllder the
shock-wave pressure, the film is pushed agaiiist fixed metallic parts
connected to the other terminal of resistor 38 Resistor 3 S is 130
7866198 thereby short-circuited As was said, resistor 38 is outside
the shelter.
Unbalance of the bridge occurs also if resistor 38 is damaged by the
explosion, or if the bridge connecting wires are torn out or short
circuited When circuit breaker 34 is energized, core 34 b is
displaced, thus providing the opening of the mobile contact 34 a, by
balancing the stress due to spring 34 c which maintains contact 34 a
closed when the relay is not energized The energizing circuit for the
bridge is thereby opened The electromagnet 32 is no longer energized,
and moving arm 32 a is dropped Time counter 33 is stopped It is then
possible to read the propagation time or transit time of the shock
wave and to deduce therefrom the explosion distance (or else the dial
is directly graduated in distances as indicated in Fig 2) The
shock-wave peak pressure and the propagation time are measured
simultaneously and these two values are fed to a power calculator This
calculator includes a second 'measuring bridge comprising resistors
40, 41, condenser 42, and a pressure variable impedance 43, such as a
manometer working as a condenser, the capacity of which varies under
the influence of pressure Metering element 43 may be an extensometer
with resistive wire for instance, or a magnetic circuit with a movable
core controlled by a balanced bridge The bridge parts could be
replaced by any circuit which would control the variation of the time
frequency of a self-oscillating circuit, or any other type of peak
detector could be used.
The manometer bridge 40-43 is fed by oscillator 30 so that when the
bridge is unbalanced an output signal is amplified by amplifier 31 The
output signal from amplifier 31 is proportional to the pressure or a
known function of this pressure It is fed through contact 44 a and to
a peak voltage detector or electrometer 46, shunted by a condenser 47
through rectifier 45 To allow an easy reading and to avoid any
discharge of condenser 47 through rectifier 45 the inverse resistance
of which, though hig'h, is not infinite, the delayed contaet 44 a of
relay 44, controlled by the Wheatstone bridge 37 a-37 c, 38 and
thereby indirectly operated by the shock-wave, opens the circuit of
condenser 47 The electrometer 46 maintains its reading as long as it
is not discharged by external control.
The power of the bomb may be calcu601 ated or graphically determined
from the shock-wave transit time, given by instrument 33, and from the
peak pressure value given by instrument 46; but it is also possible to
combine these two instruments into a single unit Fig 2 shows the dial
of a composite instrument comprising both a time counter, and a range

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