This document contains 16 questions about various topics in biology: 1. Deuterostomes and protostomes are concepts that describe whether an embryo's first opening is the mouth or anus, and they are useful for understanding early development. 2. Seeds had advantages like dispersal and dormancy over earlier plant structures. 3. Homologies and analogies reveal information about the evolutionary history of life on Earth based on shared and convergent traits. 4. Plants were necessary for animals to evolve by producing oxygen and providing a food source. 5. Extinctions have been caused by events like asteroid impacts, climate change, and disease. Periods after mass extinctions saw changes like the rise of new dominant

1. A few sentences/single paragraph for each item should be
sufficient, in addition to including each item above its answers.
1. What are deuterostomes and protostomes, and how are these
concepts useful in biology?
(
Forget which opening comes first in development.
The concept is much more profound than that!)
2. What are seeds and some advantages of seeds, compared to
what predated them?
3. what are homologies and analogies?
What do they teach us about the history of life on earth?
4. In what respects have plants been necessary for animals to
evolve?
5. what have been some causes of extinctions in the history of
life on earth?
What5happens after mass extinction?
6. Locate "neoteny" and "heterochrony"
on the web; provide examples
and relate them to this part of the course (evolution).

2. 7. What laboratory research has been done to examine the
spontaneous development of early life forms or life-related
molecules?
8. How would you distinguish bryophytes from seedless
vascular plants in their natural habitats?
9. Describe how the science of clasdistics is used to produce
cladograms.
10. What is plate tectonics and how does it relate to the earth's
land masses and the fossil record?
11. Contrast fertilization of female gametes in bryophytes,
seedless vasculars, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
12. How does
“
endosymbiotic evolution
”
relate to organelles?
13.
What is a likely scenario for how the first plants arrived on land
and were able to survive there?
14. Discuss how animals that have a notochord are chordates,
but some of them are NOT vertebrates.
15. Examine the importance of jaws in fishes, as it related to
evolution.

3. 16. Describe segmentation in animals’ body plans. Which
creatures show segmentation?