This document provides a lab practical presentation on the topic of quantum physics. It includes the presenter's name, registration number, department, and institution. The introduction provides an overview of quantum mechanics, noting that it differs from classical physics in its treatment of energy, momentum, and other physical quantities at the atomic and subatomic scale. The document then discusses the historical development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century by scientists like Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and others. It provides examples of quantum mechanics applications in areas like electronics, cryptography, quantum computing, nanotechnology, and medicine. The document concludes by emphasizing that quantum mechanics has enabled many modern technologies and influenced fields like

1. LAB PRACTICAL PRESENTATION
NAME : ROOPAN R
REGISTER NO : 71762102044
DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY: ROOPAN R
SUBMITTED TO: R SUDHA MAM
SUBJECT : TECHNICAL ENGLISH
TOPIC : QUANTUM PHYSICS
INSTITUTION : COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,COIMBATORE.

2. INTRODUCTION :
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the
scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory,
quantum technology, and quantum information science.
Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a
bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization), objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle
duality), and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a
complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle). Quantum mechanics arose gradually from theories to explain observations
which could not be reconciled with classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem, and the
correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper which explained the photoelectric effect. These early
attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the "old quantum theory", led to the full development of quantum
mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and others. The modern theory is
formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical entity called the wave function
provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other
physical properties may yield. And after them many of the scientist around the world like Niels bohr, Einstien,thomas Alva
Edison,plank,schrodinger,de-broglie and many of the scientist like them made many attempts to find the mysterious phenomenon behinds
the every particles like all the four forces and many such things like gravitational force and conducted many experiments and made
observations then gave the details about them and developed and builded up many quantum theory from description of atoms to the
bulks materials and planets. Their efforts made us to develop their theories and their experiments {laws} to apply and invent many
technology.

3. Cont….
“Quantum physics is like an ocean it contains many things among that we know only small amount and there is lots of
things that we don’t know”
Quantum mechanics had influenced and influencing us by it’s wide applications around us. it helps us to know the
properties and principle behind microscopic structure to macroscopic structures.
“Life without quantum mechanics is like the missing piece in the puzzle”
Quantum mechanics has had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our universe, with regards to
small-scale and discrete quantities and interactions which cannot be explained by classical methods. Quantum mechanics is
often the only theory that can reveal the individual behaviors of the subatomic particles that make up all forms of matter
(electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and others). Solid-state physics and materials science are dependent upon quantum
mechanics.
In many aspects modern technology operates at a scale where quantum effects are significant. Important
applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, quantum optics, quantum computing, superconducting magnets,
light-emitting diodes, the optical amplifier and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor,
medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy.[32] Explanations for many
biological and physical phenomena are rooted in the nature of the chemical bond, most notably the macro-molecule DNA.
It has applications in various fields even from spectating to space science…….
Applications:
 Electronics
 Cryptography
 Quantum computing
 Macro scale quantum effects
 quantum clock
 supercharged computers
 quantum code breaker
 Nanotechnogy

4. Cont…
Quantum gravity
Medicines
Biomechnotronics
chemistry
space science
communications
It has so many applications everywhere in the world Universe.
Here . Let we know few of the applications of quantum mechanics (Physics) all over the world Universe
in details and their importance in our daily life and around the world.and how these applcations
influencing our life , Generations and the world.
As well, quantum physics studies the fields through which forces move and how these forces affect
subatomic entities. These forces include gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force (binds particles in the
atom’s nucleus) and the weak force (responsible for radioactive/beta decay).

6. ELECTRONICS:
Many modern electronic devices are designed using quantum mechanics. Examples include
the laser, the transistor (and thus the microchip), the electron microscope, and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). The study of semiconductors led to the invention of the diode and the transistor, which are
indispensable parts of modern electronics systems, computer and telecommunication devices. Another
application is for making laser diodes and light-emitting diodes, which are a high-efficiency source of light.
 Many electronic devices operate using the effect of quantum tunneling. It even exists in the
simple light switch. The switch would not work if electrons could not quantum tunnel through the layer of
oxidation on the metal contact surfaces.
 Flash memory chips found in USB drives use quantum tunneling to erase their memory cells.
 Some negative differential resistance devices also utilize the quantum tunneling effect, such
as resonant tunneling diodes. Unlike classical diodes, its current is carried by resonant tunneling through
two or more potential barriers (see figure at right). Its negative resistance behavior can only be understood
with quantum mechanics. As the confined state moves close to Fermi level, tunnel current increases. As it
moves away, the current decreases
 “Quantum mechanics is necessary to understand and design such electronic devices”

7. Apart from the above mentioned uses in electronics there s lot of uses including from our mobile
phones to electronic vehicles.
Toaster. The bread toast which you enjoy while sipping on your morning tea is able to make its way
to your plate only because of Quantum Physics. ...
Fluorescent Light, Computer & Mobile Phone ,Biological
Compass,Transistor,Laser,Microscopy,Global Positioning System (GPS).

8. CRYPTOGRAPHY:
Cryptography is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the
sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Here, data is encrypted using a secret key,
and then both the encoded message and secret key are sent to the recipient for decryption.
“A technology that uses quantum physics to secure the distribution of symmetric
encryption keys”.”It works by sending photons, which are “quantum particles” of light, across an
optical link.”
Here also quantum mechanics come to play and very crucial role in designing such
software and to encrypt the data's of the users. Quantum cryptography allow guaranteed secure
transmission of information.
An inherent advantage yielded by quantum cryptography when compared to classical
cryptography is the detection of passive eavesdropping. This is a natural result of the behavior of quantum
bits; due to the observer effect, if a bit in a superposition state were to be observed, the superposition state
would collapse into an eigenstate. Because the intended recipient was expecting to receive the bit in a
superposition state, the intended recipient would know there was an attack, because the bit's state would no
longer be in a superposition.
Quantum cryptography, by extension, simply uses the principles of quantum mechanics
to encrypt data and transmit it in a way that cannot be hacked. So the users can send their information's
regarding some of their business and whatever is belongs to them personally.

9. QUANTUM COMPUTING:
The development of quantum computers, which are expected “to perform
certain computational tasks exponentially faster than classical computers” Instead of using classical
bits, quantum computers use qubits, which can be in superposition of states. Quantum programmers are
able to manipulate the superposition of qubits in order to solve problems that classical computing cannot do
effectively, such as searching unsorted databases or integer factorization.
 IBM claims that the advent of quantum computing may progress the fields
of medicine, logistics, financial services, artificial intelligence and cloud security.
 Another active research topic is quantum teleportation, which deals with
techniques to transmit quantum information over arbitrary distances.
 Some of the applications of quantum computer that enshines the development of humans to do tough tasks..
Cyber security
Drug Development
Financial Modeling
Better Batteries
Cleaner Fertilization
Traffic Optimization
Weather Forecasting and Climate Change
Artificial Intelligence
Solar Capture
Electronic Materials Discovery

10. Are used as primary standards for international time distribution services, to control the
wave frequency of television broadcasts, and in global navigation satellite systems such as GPS.

12. NANOTECHNOLOGY :
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, at dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
Nanotechnology is an application of Quantum physics, in a simple way, it is one of the
practical aspects of quantum theory, for example, the development of devices that are small, light, self-
contained, use little energy and that will replace larger microelectronic equipment depends on the nature of
quantum variance, scientists theorize that single-molecule sensors can be developed and that sophisticated
memory storage and neural-like networks can be achieved with a very small number of molecules.
Quantum theory and mechanics describe the relationship between energy and matter on the atomic and
subatomic scale.
The applications of nanotechnology, commonly incorporate industrial, medicinal, and
energy uses. These include more durable construction materials, therapeutic drug delivery, and higher
density hydrogen fuel cells that are environmentally friendly.
“Nanotechnology: a small solution to big problems”

13. “ Invisible particles that fight cancer cells,
faster microprocessors that consume less energy,
batteries that last 10 times longer or solar panels that yield twice as much energy”
These are just some of the many applications of nanotechnology, a discipline with all the ingredients to turn
into the next industrial revolution.
This field ,which flourished between the 60s and 80s, has surged in the last two decades with a
booming global market whose value will exceed 125,000 million dollars in the next five years according
to the Global Nanotechnology Market (by Component and Applications) report by Research & Markets
which presents forecasts for 2024.
TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
ASCENDING
DESCENDING NANOTECHNOLOGY
DRY
WET

14. APPLICATIONS:
 Electronics
Carbon nanotubes are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster and more
efficient microchips and devices, as well as lighter, more conductive and stronger quantum
nanowires. Graphene's properties make it an ideal candidate for the development of flexible touch screens.
 Energy
A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University makes it possible to manufacture solar
panels that double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology also lowers costs,
produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, improves fuel efficiency and, thanks to the thermal insulation
of some nanocomponents, can save energy.
 Biomedicine
The properties of some nanomaterials make them ideal for improving early diagnosis and treatment
of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. They are able to attack cancer cells selectively without harming
other healthy cells. Some nanoparticles have also been used to enhance pharmaceutical products such as
sunscreen.
 Environment
Air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for
heavy metals are some of its environmentally-friendly applications. Nanocatalysts are also available to
make chemical reactions more efficient and less polluting.
 Food
In this field, nanobiosensors could be used to detect the presence of pathogens in food or
nanocomposites to improve food production by increasing mechanical and thermal resistance and
decreasing oxygen transfer in packaged products.
 Textile
Nanotechnology makes it possible to develop smart fabrics that don't stain nor wrinkle, as well as
stronger, lighter and more durable materials to make motorcycle helmets or sports equipment.


16. Cont…
By using quantum mechanics in medicine could provide disease detection in the early stages
or highlight risks of disease before they manifest themselves.
Quantum physics has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of everyday life, and
medicine and healthcare are no exception. The laws of quantum physics define the human body as a
quantum system, from the smallest vibrations and energy units that communicate with each other. Quantum
physics could be the key to solving the current issues in healthcare and bring in a new era of integrative
medicines: utilizing the complex rules of quantum mechanics, scientists aim to make medicine faster, less
painful, and more personalized.
Quantum technology could change how we think about healthcare and medical data, even
how we view our biology. Several cell processes occur at the nanoscale, in the domain of atoms and
subatomic particles - the realm of quantum. At this scale, matter ceases to behave according to the laws of
classical physics and instead starts displaying unique and often counterintuitive properties of quantum
mechanics.
Scientists hope to utilize these unusual properties to develop medical tools, diagnostics, and
treatments that are incredibly precise and ultra-personalized, tools that will ultimately improve and
lengthen lives. Using quantum mechanics in medicine could provide disease detection in the early stages or
highlight risks of disease before they manifest themselves.

17. 1) Improving the Sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
Bio-barcode assays, a relatively new method developed by scientists, could
improve disease screening and treatment. Gold nanoparticles are employed to detect biomarkers in the
blood and can be visualized using MRI machines; their unique quantum properties enable them to attach to
disease-fighting cells.
2) Single Cell Manipulation Using Quantum Nanodiamonds:
Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and his team incorporate single-atom
defects in the Nanodiamonds, exhibiting quantum mechanical behavior under ambient conditions. When
incorporated into living cells, these Nanodiamonds could be used to measure and control the temperature
locally inside the cells.
3) Smaller is better:
designed a patch that replaces a single syringe with many little polymer
nanofilaments that deliver medication through hair follicles. Nanject is capable of delivering cancer drugs
without harming healthy cells.
A similar concept, called Nanopatch and developed by Prof. Mark Kendall at
Queensland University in Australia, uses nanoparticles coated in antigens that can be introduced into the
bloodstream. Here, they can bind to cancer cells. An MRI scanner is then used to heat the nanoparticles,
which then destroy cancer cells; when the treatment is over, the nanoparticles cool down and can be
removed without harming the patient.

18. 4) Quantum Technology Can Help with Heart Condition Diagnostics
Researchers from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University College
London, led by Prof. Ferruccio Renzoni, have adapted a quantum sensing technique to image the
conductivity levels of live heart tissues at an unprecedented level of sensitivity. Conductivity was
monitored using Rubidium-based quantum sensors, which Prof. Renzoni's team developed specifically to
image live tissue accurately and consistently over several days.
5) Quantum Computing in Medicine:
Pharmaceutical and biomedical companies employ convolutional neural networks to
screen over 100 million potential drug compounds daily. Quantum computing could offer the possibility of
10 000-times faster drug candidate testing, thus reducing the months-long process to a single day.
DNA sequencing can also be achieved at a quicker rate; quantum computers could
help solve other big data problems. Faster genetic analysis could lead to more efficient screening for
genetic diseases and help design personalized medicine based on an individual's genetic composition.
Other than the above mentioned applications quantum mechanics have more applicatioins to amaze us
“Quantum physics has the potential to transform medicine and healthcare; by
studying and utilizing small-scale matter, scientists may have the ability to make healthcare quicker
and less painful. Furthermore, it could pave the way for more personalized medicine”

19. QUANTUM MECHANICS APPLICATIONS IN SPACE SCIENCE:
Basically, quantum mechanics is the backbone in space science or space related
researches or developments. In general without quantum mechanics space researches would be impossible for us till
now. Today’s scientific innovational development around the world in all over the fields and countries development
is only achieved by the quantum physics behind the things.
In General Relativity, matter and energy tell space how to curve, while curved
space tells matter and energy how to move. But in General Relativity, space and time are continuous and non-
quantized. All the other forces are known to be quantum in nature, and require a quantum description to match
reality.
SOME APPLICATIONS :
1) Nanobob: a Cube Sat mission concept for quantum communication experiments in an uplink configuration..
2) Q3Sat: quantum communications uplink to a 3U Cube Sat-feasibility & design.
3) Laser annealing heals radiation damage in avalanche photodiodes.
4) Mitigating radiation damage of single photon detectors.
5) To calculate the forces ,velocity of the rocket carrying satellites and other basic calculations like longitude,
latitude, angle subtended by the planets, motion of the planets the time at which the satellite will reach the
atmosphere of the target planets, mainly to launch a rocket without quantum mechanics it is impossible.

20. CONT…
6) Then to understand the various radiations that emitted by the planets, various black body
radiations, spectrum, space telescopes to study planets at longer distants,lighty year, time dilations
like many phenomenons are understood and understanding by the scientists to develop the
mechanics and world.
7) COMMUNICATIONS:
Quantum mechanics guarantee secure communication .Quantum
communication is a field of applied quantum physics closely related to quantum information processing
and quantum teleportation. Its most interesting application is ”protecting information channels against
eavesdropping by means of quantum cryptography.”
“Apart from the above mentioned applications of quantum physics in various field there are many more
applications are there to amze and develop the world”

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
WEBSITE: www.wikipedia.com , www.google.com , www.springler.com.
(ACTUAL AUTHORS : THOSE SCIENTISTS)

22. “”We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created
them.“ -Albert einstien.
"The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.“
"God tirelessly plays dice under laws which he has himself prescribed."