Cultivation of roses

1. CULTIVATION OF ROSES
8/23/2023 1

2. "BELLINDA BASE
8/23/2023 2

3. Importance and uses
• Traditional roses are mostly grown for garden
display purpose.
• They are widely used for edging and pot cultivation.
Roses especially damask rose, Red rose, Edward
rose are good source for the Extraction of rose
water, rose attar and rose oil (Otto of rose).
• Rose oil is commercially used for the preparation of
cosmetics, perfumes and flavors which are exported.
• R .hybrida which is having long stem called cut
flowers are shown under green house and exported.
• The miniature roses (or) Button roses are mostly
grown for indoor display and pot culture.
• Loose flower used for worship, garland, bouquets
and veni making.
8/23/2023 3

4. • Red: love, "I Love You"
• Pink: grace, gentle feelings of love
• Dark Pink: gratitude
• Light Pink: admiration, sympathy
• White: innocence, purity, secrecy, friendship, reverence and
humility.
• Yellow: often akin to joy and deep friendship or platonic love. In
German speaking countries, however, they can mean jealousy and
infidelity.
• Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love
• Orange: passion
• Burgundy: beauty
• Blue: mystery
• Green: calm
• Black: used to signify death (black being the color of death) often of
old habits. In a positive light it signifies rebirth after death. Also,
slavish devotion (as a true black rose is impossible to produce).
• Purple: protection (paternal/maternal love)
8/23/2023 4

5. RED ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Macdub
Type: Bright red
Common names: Dublin Bay,
Grand Hotel Colour:
A bright red climbing Rose with
small clusters of 25 petals.
Semi double cut flowers grows
from 8 to 12 feet. Good disease
resistant foliage, needs full sun.
Flowers are moderately
fragrant.
8/23/2023 5

6. RED ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Jacdew
Type: Floribunda
Common names: Impatient
Colour:
Orange Red Upright bushy
plant with semi double blooms in
cluster. 25 petals with light
fragrance. Good cut flowers,
grows to 4 feet and has good
disease resistance.
8/23/2023 6

7. RED ROSE
Type: Hybrid Tea/ Climber
Common names: Oklahoma,
Almost Black Colour:
Red/Black, Red /Purple
Very large, long lasting
flower with 48 petals.
Intensely fragrant rose. Plant
is a vigorous grower.
Grows to 4 feet.
8/23/2023 7

8. PINK ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Bridal Pink
Type: Common names: Rosa Bridal
Pink
Colour:
Pink blended with cream Bridal pink,
the upright bushy fragrant rose flower
looks like a painters brush spattered
darker pink on the bloom. It needs very
little care. Bridal pink is long lasting and
generally grows from 3 to 5 feet high.
8/23/2023 8

9. PINK ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa
Meldomonac
Type: Shrub roses
Common names: Bonica, Red
Bonica
Colour: Soft pink Bonica, an
ever blooming, dense, spreading
habit flower. It is an easy to grow
shrub which cover themselves
with large clusters of smallish
fully double flowers having a light
fragrance. This bushy plant
grows from 3 to 5 feet.
8/23/2023 9

10. PINK ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Bucbi Type:
Shrub Roses
Common names: Carefree beauty
Colour: Strong Pink An upright,
bushy shrub with rich pink flowers
having light scent. It generally grows
from 2 to 5 feet. Long buds in small
clusters which open into semi double
blooms. It blooms repeatedly all year
long. Glossy, dark green foliage. This
delight your garden throughout the
growing season
8/23/2023 10

11. WHITE ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Jacare
Type: Floribunda
Common names: Class Act, First
Class, White Magic
Colour: White to cream Medium
height plant grows from 2 to 2.5
feet. Good disease resistance.
Dark green leaves. Moderately
double flowers with fruity
fragrance.
8/23/2023 11

12. WHITE ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Jacven
Type: Floribunda
Common names: Evening Star
Colour: Pure White Medium size,
lightly fragrant flowers comes in
small clusters. Flower. Plant grows
from 2.5 feet to 4. Good disease
resistance. Healthy foliage.
8/23/2023 12

13. WHITE ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Lenip
Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Pascali,
Blanche Pasca
Colour: Warm white Tall
upright bushy plant with dark
green foliage. Vigorous, good
resistance grows up to 3 to 4
feet. Large flowers with 30
petals. Long lasting cut
flower.
8/23/2023 13

14. Scientific Name: Rosa Harroony Type:
Floribunda
Common names: Amber Queen,
Harmony
Colour:
Golden yellow Large, semi-gloss, fully
double magnificent flowers. Good as
cut flowers, they have a strong spicy
sweet fragrance. The plant is bushy
and needs full sun. Generally grows
from 3 to 3.5 feet, spreading habit, has
good disease resistance and dark
green bronze tinted foliage.
Orange Rose
8/23/2023 14

15. Orange Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa Korgane
Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Las Vegas
Colour: Orange- gold
blend Upright bushy habit plant
grows medium height of 3.5 feet.
Medium sized flowers with 26
petals with golden yellow petal
backs. Shapely pointed buds,
strong fragrance and glossy
foliage
8/23/2023 15

16. Orange Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa
Arocad
Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Brandy
Colour: Bronze-apricot Large
broad 28 petal flower with mild
fragrance. Semi glossy, dark
green foliage. Plant is medium
tall, vigorous bush. Good
disease resistance needs
good soil.
8/23/2023 16

17. Yellow Rose
Scientific Name:
Type: Hybrid tea/ climber
Common names: Summer
Sunshine
Colour: Deep Yellow Upright
spreading plant reaches height
from 3 to 3.5 feet. Very large
flowers with 25 petals. Lightly
fragrant. Glossy green leaves
have a bronzy tint.
8/23/2023 17

18. Yellow Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa
Tanolg Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Oregold'
Miss Harp, Silhouette
Colour: Saffron-
yellow Upright medium
bushy plant grows from 3 to
4 feet. Lightly scented large
oval flowers with 40 petals.
Dark glossy leaves.
8/23/2023 18

19. Yellow Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa New
Day
Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: New Day'
Mabella
Colour: Soft Yellow Upright,
bushy fairly thorny plant of
height 4 feet. Leathery gray-
green foliage. Large double
high centered blooms. Tapered
buds. Spicy fragrance.
8/23/2023 19

20. Scientific Name: Rosa Angel
Face
Type: Floribunda / climber
Common names: Angel Face
Colour: Rosy lavender edged with
crimson Low, upright, spreading
plant flowers heavily. Grows from 3
to 3.5 feet. Flowers with 30 petals
blooms in clusters. Good disease
resistance with strong
fragrance. Good cut flower.
Glossy leaves.
Lavender Rose
8/23/2023 20

21. Lavender Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa Jacum
Type: Floribunda
Common names:Intrigue
Colour: Purple-red Upright
bush of medium height from 2
to 3 feet. Powerful citrusy
fragrance. Large attractive
flowers, purple red in colour of
25 petals each. Good foliage
8/23/2023 21

22. Lavender Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa Wezip
Type: Hybrid Tea/ climber
Common names: Paradise,
Passion, Burning Sky
Colour:
Medium lavender with ruby
edging Upright bushy medium
plant of height 3 feet. Double
blooms. Flowers with 28
petals. Fruity fragrance. Green
foliage; does poorly in cold,
wet conditions; needs full sun.
8/23/2023 22

23. Miniature
Scientific Name: Rosa Spicup
Type: Miniature- pink
Common names: Cupcake
Colour: Frosting pink Long
lasting, free flowering, bushy plant.
Well-shaped blooms with sweet
fragrance. Glossy leaves
8/23/2023 23

24. Miniature
Scientific Name: Rosa Beauty
Secret
Type: Miniature-red
Common names: Beauty
Secret
Colour: Cherry red buds Bushy
habit plant. Lovely small flowers
with 20 petals. Long pointed
buds open to semi double
blossoms. Strong fruity
fragrance. Dark green foliage.
8/23/2023 24

25. Miniature
Scientific Name:
Type: Miniature-yellow
Common names:
Yellow Doll
Colour: Light Yellow
Spreading habit flower
with 50 petals. Double,
fairly large blooms.
Flowers are moderately
fragrant
8/23/2023 25

26. Climbing Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa Blaze
Type: Climber
Common names: Blaze,
Flaming Fury
Colour: Red An everlasting free
flowering plant. Grows from 12 to
15 feet. Double flowers with 25
petals. Slight fragrance. Shiny
leathery dark green leaves.
8/23/2023 26

27. Climbing Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa Royal
Sunset
Type: Climber
Common names: Royal
Sunset Colour: Deep apricot,
yellow pink blend, orange
blend Plant grows from 8 to 10
feet. Dark glossy green leaves.
Strong fragrance
8/23/2023 27

28. Climbing Rose
Scientific Name: Rosa
Macha
Type: Climber Common
names: Handel, Haendel
Colour: Creamy white and
rose-pink Tall plant grows
from 12 to 15 feet. Flowers
with 25 petals. Colour is
creamy pink, with petal
bordered in bright rose pink.
Double blooms. Light
fragrance. Dark bronzed
green leaves
8/23/2023 28

29. MULTI COLOUR ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa
Burway
Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Broadway
Colour: Pink Yellow
blend Tall upright habit plant
grows from 4 feet. Dark green
leathery leaves. Large double
blooms with 35 petals of pink
and yellow, with pink tones
intense at edges. Spicy
fragrance.
8/23/2023 29

30. MULTI COLOUR ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa Peace
Type: Hybrid Tea/ Climber
Common names: Peace, Beke,
Fredsrosen, Gioia, Mme A
Meilland, Mme Antoine Meilland
Colour: Yellow and Pink
blend Bushy habit plant of medium
height grows from 5 to 6 feet. Large
double blossoms with pink rimmed
yellow petals. Dark green glossy
leaves. Disease resistant and
makes good cut flowers
8/23/2023 30

31. MULTI COLOUR ROSE
Scientific Name: Rosa
Aromiclea Type: Hybrid Tea
Common names: Voodoo
Colour: Orange, Yellow and
Pink blend Tall, bushy upright
plant with plenty of dark bronze
green, glossy foliage. Richly
fragrant blossoms that soften to
yellow and peach shades, then
finally fade to pink. Good cut
flower.
8/23/2023 31

32. SOIL
• Ideal soil - medium loam having sufficient
organic matter with pH  6-7.5.
• The land, where drainage is poor, should
not be selected.
• In very heavy soil gravel and sand can be
mixed to allow proper aeration.
• Land with high water table is also not
suitable
8/23/2023 32

33. CLIMATE
• Roses need bright sunshine and free
ventilation. - 6 hours for better growth
optimum day temperature is 260C, night
temperature is 150C.
• Night temperature - falls below 8-110C, the
time taken for flowering will be more (75-
90 days),
• Night temperature is around 150C it is 45-
60 days only.
8/23/2023 33

34. SEASON
• Planting time depends on climatic
conditions of region.
• In general roses can be planted at any
time except hot summer and heavy rain.
• Winter months are best and safest.
• The time of flowering in India is during
September, October.
• In hills it is during either November or
February, March.
8/23/2023 34

35. PLANTING
• In thoroughly prepared and well ploughed
soil, mark spot and prepare pits with
diameter of 20-30 cm and depth 30cm.
• Planting is done in such a way that the
bud union is about 2.5-5 cm above the
ground level
8/23/2023 35

36. PROPAGATION
• Propagated by cutting, grafting, budding,
ground layering, tissue culture.
• Modern roses cannot grow well when they
are propagated by cuttings so grafting and
budding is done.
• Popular method is budding
8/23/2023 36

37. BUDDING
• ‘T’ budding or shield budding or patch budding
are commonly done.
• For T or shield budding incision in the form of ‘T’
is given on the rootstock.
• The bark is slightly lifted and the scion or bud is
gently inserted and tied with polythene strip.
• Budding is done is lower portion of rootstock to
arrest growth or sprout of rootstock.
• Root stock
8/23/2023 37

38. SPACING
• Different spacings are adopted for different type of roses.
For eg.
• For production of cut flowers – a closer spacing 60 x 30
cm
• For production of higher essential oil – a spacing of 2.5 x
0.5 m is recommended
• Vigorous growing cultivars like ‘Golden giant’, ‘ First
prize’, a wider spacing of 75 x 75 cm. For polyanthas 45
cm apart is enough. For miniatures 30 cm apart, climbing
roses 3 m or more apart, is needed.
• For commercial production of Andhra red, Edward roses
2 x 1 m is recommended
8/23/2023 38

39. MANURES AND MANURING
• 16 elements -essential
Tamil Nadu -- dose is followed for Edward
rose and Andhra red is.
• N, P, K dose of 6 : 6 : 12 g / plant
• 8 : 8: 16 g / plant is recommended for
Hybrid Teas and Floribundas.
• The above dose is applied at 3 month
interval
8/23/2023 39

40. TIME AND METHOD OF
APPLICATION
• The fertilizers are applied in three split roses.
• First application is given 15 days after pruning,
when new growth has just started.
• After first harvest of flower is over, second dose
of fertilizer mixture is applied.
• When 2nd bloom is over, 3rd application is
given.
• Pruning done in October – November
8/23/2023 40

41. FOLIAR FEEDING
• It is becoming popular in recent years as
additional method to improve yield of roses.
• Soil deficit in micronutrients - must to
supplement micronutrients along with a spray of
foliar application of mixture containing 15g
MgSo4, 20 g MnSo4, 10 g FeSo4 and 5 g Borax
at the rate of 2g/litre.
• This has been found very effective for obtaining
brighter colour in flowers and foliage.
• Concentration of spray should not be more than
0.3%.
8/23/2023 41

42. IRRIGATION
• Frequency of irrigation depends on stage of
growth, soil texture, climate etc.
• In lighter soils more frequent irrigation is needed
than in heavy soils.
• After manuring each time watering is necessary.
• Generally plants are not watered before and
after pruning.
• Thereafter watering once in 10 days is
recommended.
8/23/2023 42

43. AFTER CULTIVATION
• Light hoeing is very effective to improve
moisture retention capacity.
• Shallow hoeing is given because deep
cultivation destroys rootlets.
• Roses are shallow rooted plants
8/23/2023 43

44. PRUNING OF ROSES
• In roses, it is an important operation for maintenance of
flower quality along with the vigour of the plant.
• The pruning consist of two operations
1) Thinning out
2) Shortening of stems
• Thinning out comprises of removal of old, weak, dried
and diseased branches from the point of origin.
• Whereas the shortening of remaining shoots aim at
cutting down of last year growth to a desirable height.
8/23/2023 44

45. WEED CONTROL
• Manual weed control is effective but
chemical method is economical,
convenient and efficient.
• Weedicides like Simazine, Atrazine,
Cyanazine are found to be promising
8/23/2023 45

46. HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST
TECHNOLOGY
• The stage at which the flowers should be cut
either for decoration or for despatch is tight bud
stage i.e when the bud shows full colour but the
petals are not yet started opening or unfolding. If
harvested at this stage, the longer stems during
transportation will retain colour and shape.
8/23/2023 46

47. HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST
TECHNOLOGY
• Flowers cut in early morning before sunrise or late in
afternoon when sun is about to set so as to avoid
damage of buds due to high temperate. Late harvest
results in shorter vase life of cut flowers and low oil
content in loose flowers.
• For cut flower, the stem length should be 60 cm length
and bear good number of leaves. The cut should be
always above healthy, outward pointing bud.
8/23/2023 47

48. HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST
TECHNOLOGY
• The general rule is to allow two fine leaflets to remain below the
cut end.
• stem is dipped in clear water kept in a bucket upto the neck or
base of flower bud.
• Delay - cause air entry - vascular blockage. Re-cut
• If they are not required for immediate use the cut flowers along
with stems dipped in water is stored at low temperature of 4.4 –
7.2 C for about 6-12 hours to harden the buds and this
enhances the keeping quality. (Also called as pulsing). The
pulsed and precooled roses have longer shelf life and disorder
called ‘bent-neck’ is prevented.
• The flowers which are uniform in colour, stem length and
development are grouped together and despatched within 24
hours after cutting and should reach destination in another 24-
30 hours.
8/23/2023 48

49. PACKAGING
The cut blooms are packed in boxes of 100 cm
length, 32.5 cm width, 16.5 cm height
accommodating 80 roses having 65-70 cm long
stems.
The inside box is lined with thin polythene and very
fine moist tissue paper shavings are spread at each
end of the box to provide cushion effect to the
blooms. The upper half of each bundle having the
flower buds are wrapped in a paper which is fixed
with an adhesive tape or gum tape and labelling of
the cultivar is also made on paper.
• .
8/23/2023 49

50. PACKAGING
• The bundles each having 20 flowers are
placed opposite to one another along the
length of box in such a way that their flower
buds face the sides of the box and their stem
ends towards the centre of box. The side
ends of two bundles of either side are
secured firmly with a wooden stick fixed
along the width of the box.
• The box is finally closed after putting
enough tissue paper on inside of the box.
Each box of 80 flowers with 60-75 cm long
weight about 5-6 kg
8/23/2023 50

51. 8/23/2023 51

52. VASE LIFE
• When the stems are immersed in a preservative
solution the vase life of flowers can be extended
upto 16 days at room temperature. The cut ends of
the stems are immersed for 3-4 house before putting
in a vase.
• The preservative solution is prepared with 1-3 %
sugar (sucrose) to provide energy, 100-200 ppm of
8-quinoline citrate + Aluminium sulphate + Citric acid
or silver nitrate or silver thio sulphate.
8/23/2023 52

53. VASE LIFE
• The another combination, 4 % sucrose, 0.2%
of AlSo4 and K2So4 and 0.02% of KCl.
Sucrose is a must and it makes the flower
brighter and
• there is a positive correlation between fresh
weight increase and longevity of flower. (the
products that have high moisture content will
go to senescence soon – flowers – petals
have more moisture content).
8/23/2023 53

54. YIELD
• Yield of cut flowers depends on number of factors like cultivar,
plant density / unit area, pruning and fertilizer etc.
• In western countries, cultivars of H-teas, floribundas grown in
glasshouses are known to yield 144 cut flowers / sq.m per year.
• In India where roses are grown in open field condition the yield
is 13.5 / sq.m/ year.
• On an average about 120000 cut flowers of exportable quality
from an area of 1 ha can be obtained by following close
planting and providing plastic covers to the plants during
November – February. The weight of cut flowers is 6-7.5 tonnes
/ha or 15-30 kg / plant /year.
8/23/2023 54