Anthropogenesis is the genesis or development of the human race, especially as a subject of scientific study. Hominization, also called anthropogenesis, refers to the process of becoming human and is used in somewhat different contexts in the fields of paleontology and paleoanthropology, archeology, philosophy, and theology.

1. ANTHROPOGENESIS
Student : Armenag Seropian
Teacher : Mrs. Mariam Ohanyan
School : Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum
Group : 1191
Date : 02/14/20

2. What is anthropogenesis ?
■ Anthropogenesis is the origin and development of humans
(Figure1)
Figure 1A : “Phylogenetic Tree of Hominid Evolution -
Google Search: Human Evolution, Phylogenetic Tree,
Evolution.” Pinterest,
www.pinterest.com/pin/397583473337157467/?lp=tru
e.

3. Stages of human
development
Figure 1B :“The Story of Creation (17-C): Evolution and Spreading of Early Humans after
Adam...” The Story of Creation (17-C): Evolution and Spreading of Early Humans after Adam...,
debatewithatheist.blogspot.com/2012/05/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html.

4. Australopithecine stage
■ The Australopithecine stage is the first stage of human development, it
occurred about 5 million years ago, in Africa
■ Characteristics and facts :
- Bipedal (walked on 2 feet)
- Small brains like apes
- Canine teeth
- Large cheeks
- a low forehead
- bony ridge over the eyes
- a flat nose and no chin
- Females were smaller than males.
History, Ancient. “FIRST HUMANS: OLD STONE AGE.” FIRST HUMANS: OLD STONE
AGE, 1 Jan. 1970, ancient-history-to-1800.blogspot.com/2010/10/first-humans-old-stone-
age.html.

5. Homo Habilis stage
■ The homo habilis stage is the 2nd stage of human
development, occurred 2 million years ago, in Africa
■ Characteristics and facts
- Large head
- Flat nose
- Narrow but canine teeth
- Small jaw
“S 2 Reconstruction of the Skull of Homo Erectus.” Biomedical Models,
biomedicalmodels.com/product/s-2-reconstruction-of-the-skull-of-homo-erectus/.

6. Homo Erectus stage
■ Homo erectus stage is the third stage of human
development, occurred about 1 million year ago, in Africa
and Eurasia
■ Characteristics and facts
- Stone tools and broken animal bones were found
- Walked upright
- Wide jaw
- Wide nose
- Small head
- Large teeth
Funkhouser, David. “Did Climate Change Shape Human Evolution?”
State of the Planet, 27 Apr. 2012,
blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/04/20/did-climate-change-shape-
human-evolution-2/.

7. Neanderthal Stage
■ The Neanderthal stage is the fourth stage of human development,
occurred in Eurasia, Atlantic regions and central Asia 1-2 Hundred
thousand years ago.
■ Characteristics and facts
- Complex stone tool technology
- Culture started to form
- Plant collection
- Big jaw bones
- Medium sized head
- Curvy chin and forehead
- Large brain space

8. Homo sapiens stage
■ The homo sapiens stage is the final stage of the human
development
■ Characteristics and facts
- Growth in intelligence
- Ability to create
3d_molier, and 13484 products. “Neanderthal Skull.” Max Neanderthal Skull Anatomy, 25 May 2013
www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/max-neanderthal-skull-anatomy/761916.

9. How did we get here
■ First let’s talk about earth
Earth was formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago , it went through
a couple of stages
- Stage 1 : Black earth
Volcanoes erupted which cooled the earth
- Stage 2 : Gray earth
The increase in clay and granite
- Stage 3 : Blue earth
Presence of water and gold containing heavy zircon crystals

10. Earth and life formation
Timeline (Figure2)
Figure 2 : “Earth Artifact.” Graphic Design Reserch, gerardas94.wordpress.com/tag/earth-

11. What is evolution
■ Evolution is a cumulative change in the genetically
controlled characteristics of a population (Figure3)
Figure 3 : “r/Evolution - Evolution Question Concerning Apes?” Reddit,
www.reddit.com/r/evolution/comments/666q25/evolution_question_concerning_apes/.

12. Types of evolution
■ Macroevolution : Refers to large scale changes that occur
over extended periods (new species)
■ Microevolution : Refers to small scale changes that affect
just one or a few genes (skin color, fur color, eye color)

13. Proof of evolution
■ Fossils
■ Homologous structures (Pentadactyl limb)
■ Biogeography
■ Antibiotic resistance
■ Adaptive radiation
■ Artificial selection
■ Molecular evidence

14. Proof of evolution by fossils
■ Fossils are preserved remains of traces of an organism in
the past includes footprints, toothmarks
■ Fossils show changes in life over time. Animals and plants
that lived in the past leave some sort of trace like a
footprint or a shell or a bone when they die. Using fossils
we can compare them with what he have now to see the
differences that occurred with time

15. Proof of evolution by
homologous structures
■ Homologous structures are a certain skeletal structure or
organ that is related in different animals for example the
flipper of a whale and the wing of a bat
■ Homologous structures are evidence of evolution because
they are proof that different organisms evolved from a
common ancestor (Figure4)
Figure 4 : Cerezo, John. “Homologous Structures: Evidence for Evolution.”
BetterLesson, BetterLesson, 29 July 2015,

16. Proof of
evolution by
Biogeograph
y■ Biogeography is the
study of the distribution
of life forms over
geographical areas.
■ During the distribution
of species different
species with different
features mate and by
genetics the offspring
will have the
characteristics of the
parents , this shows
that with time species
evolve from one
another (Figure5)
Figure 5 : mrtangextrahelp Follow. “02 Evidence of Evolution Biogeography.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 12 Dec. 2013,
www.slideshare.net/mrtangextrahelp/02-evidence-of-evolution-biogeography.

17. Proof of evolution by
antibiotic resistance
■ Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of
an antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that
reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents
designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply
causing more harm
■ Antibiotic resistance in bacteria remains among the strongest bits of evidence for
evolution and proof that mutation can increase information in the genome. (Figure6)
Figure 6 : Williams, Margaret. “Antibiotic-Resistant Superbugs May Be Closer to Home than We Think.”
Mountain Xpress, 11 Feb. 2016, mountainx.com/living/antibiotic-resistant-superbugs-may-be-closer-to-home-
than-we-think/.

18. Proof of evolution by
adaptive radiation
■ Adaptive radiation describes the evolutionary
diversification of a single ancestral line
■ According to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, living
organisms change their physical and anatomical structures
over a long period of time for better adaptations to the
changing environment. (Figure7)
Figure 7 : “r/ApexOutlands - Some LC OC That Some People Need to Hear.”
Reddit,
www.reddit.com/r/ApexOutlands/comments/b3cg94/some_lc_oc_that_some_pe

19. Proof of
evolution by
artificial
selection
■ Artificial selection
allows rapid changes
in a species ,
artificial selection
happens when man
decides which
species should mate
with each other
■ These rapid
changes give us the
ability to see how far
evolution can go in
just a few thousand
years.(Figure8)
Figure 8 : Bio1110, bio1110.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch12/artificial_selection.html.

20. Proof of evolution by
molecular evidence
■ Molecular biology investigates life at the molecular level.
This includes genetics and most of biochemistry.
■ Molecular biology shows us the same thing that all other
disciplines in biology and paleontology show: a prevalence
of strongly convergent phylogenies from independent
assays of features of organisms, a fact that can only be
explained by common descent

21. Sources
■ Cline, Austin. “The Science of Biogeography Provides Evidence of Evolution.” Learn Religions, Learn Religions, 3 Jan. 2019,
www.learnreligions.com/how-biogeography-supports-evolution-249883.
■ “Antibiotic Resistance: Questions & Answers.” RxList, RxList, 12 May 2017, www.rxlist.com/antibiotic_resistance/drugs-condition.htm.
■ “Antibiotic Resistance and Evolution.” Proof of Evolution, www.proof-of-evolution.com/antibiotic-resistance-and-evolution.html.
■ Admin. “What Is Adaptive Radiation? - Definition and Examples.” BYJUS, Byju's, 31 Dec. 2019, byjus.com/biology/adaptive-radiation-evolution/.
■ “Artificial Selection.” Proof of Evolution, www.proof-of-evolution.com/artificial-selection.html.
■ “What Is Molecular Biology and How Does It Support the Theory of Evolution.” Answers, Answers Corporation,
www.answers.com/Q/What_is_molecular_biology_and_how_does_it_support_the_theory_of_evolution.
■ Johanson, Donald C., and Henry McHenry. “Australopithecus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Nov. 2018,
www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus.
■ Rightmire, G. Philip. “Body Structure.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2 Dec. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-
habilis/Body-structure.
■ Tobias, Phillip Vallentine, and G. Philip Rightmire. “Homo Erectus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Jan. 2020,
www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-erectus.
■ Trinkaus, Erik, et al. “Neanderthal.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Neanderthal.