Instrumentation and control

1. 311
Index Term Links
A
Absolute pressure, 62
Air Quality Index, 243
Air quality standards - U.S., 241
Airborne contaminants, 245-248
ANSI/ISA-75.01.01-2002, 101
Approximate plant calculations -
‘old timer’s’ tips, 116
Aqueous solutions - electrical
conductivity, 98
B
Bernoulli’s equation, 84
Bridges - measuring inductance &
capacitance, 267-269
C
Communications - topologies, 183
Control valves - sizing, 101
D
Dalton’s Law, 255
Density - Mercury & distilled
water, 45
Density of an imperfect gas, 59
Dielectric constants, 172-176
Differential
pressure, 63
pressure measurements, 46
pressure meters -
compensation for, 79
E
Elbow meter, 84
Electrical conductivity - liquids, 99
Electrical measurement, 259
dc bridges, 263

2. 312
Index Term Links
geometric mean distances, 276
principles of, 261
series voltmeters, 263
shunt resistance, 263
Electrical power - determining
gain or loss, 265
Electrical units - conversion table, 270-274
English & SI units, 61
English to metric conversions, 12
English to SI conversions, 10
English unit conversions, 15
Environmental measurement, 239
F
Fieldbus Foundation - standard unit
codes table, 189-209
Flow
English & metric units, 62
inferential methods, 58
mass methods, 60
principles of, 57
velocity methods, 59
volume rate, 75
volumetric methods, 61
conversion table, 64
measurement, 55
nozzle, 83
Flow rate - hole in tank, 85
Flowmeter
rate of heat loss, 95
temperature rise, 95
accuracy, 76
accuracy rotameters - effect of fluid
properties on, 80

3. 313
Index Term Links
elements - head type, 80
performance - viscosity influence, 73
Flowmeters
differential pressure, 80
magnetic, 59 97
target, 94
ultrasonic, 60
ultrasonic, 100
vortex shedding, 59
Fluid density, 63
Fluid pressure, 62
Fluids & gases -
physical properties, 61
Flumes, 91-93
Fraction to inch to mm
conversions, 17
ft-lb to Joule conversions, 42
Fundamental constants & conversion
factors, 62
Fundamental physical constants, 20
G
Gas compressibility factors, 70
Gas expansion factor, 77
Gases - critical values, 71
Gauge pressure, 62
Geometry measurements, 22
Glass tube meters - typical pressure
ratings, 96
Greek alphabet, 3
H
Hagan-Poiseuille Law, 304 305
Head losses in pipes, 73
Head type flowmeter elements, 80

4. 314
Index Term Links
Humidity - psychrometric chart, 258
Humidity & moisture conversion
table, 256
Humidity measurement, 251 253
Humidity measurement -
principals of, 254
I
Inches to mm to fraction
conversions, 17
Incompressible fluids, 84
Inductance measurement, 275-298
Industrial communications
buses, 181
Industrial networking
technologies, 185
Inferential mass flow, 58
J
Joule to ft-lb conversions, 43
K
kg/mm2 to psi conversions, 38
ksi to Mpa conversions, 40
L
lb-force sec/ft2 to Pa/sec conversion
table, 309
Level
bubblers, 164
conductance, 168
differential pressure, 164
displacers, 164
electrical measurement, 169 171
float switch, 168
floats, 164
head level measurement, 169

5. 315
Index Term Links
hydrostatic measurement in
open tank, 170
hydrostatic pressure, 167
magnetostrictive, 167
nuclear, 166
radar, 166
RF , 165
TDR, 167
ultransonic/sonic, 165 179
measurement, 161
measurement - principles of, 163
Linear volumetric meter signals -
compensation of, 77
Liquids - conductivity, 99
M
Manometers - equations, 44
Metals - total emmissivities, 159
mm to inches to fraction
conversions, 17
Mpa to ksi conversions, 41
Mutual inductance, 285
O
Ohm’s Laws, 262
Open channel flow, 85
Orifice plate, 81
Oscilloscopes - principles of, 264
P
Parshall flumes, 91
Pitot tube, 83 84
Planck’s radiation law, 156 158
Plant calculations - ‘old timer’s tips’
to approximate, 116
Platinum - resistance vs.

6. 316
Index Term Links
temperature, 149-153
Poise to lb-force sec/ft2
conversion table, 308
Pressure
absolute & gauge examples, 33
fundamental constants & English
conversions, 32
fundamental constants & metric
conversions, 32
measurement types, 31
principles of, 31
some units &
conversions, 34
units of, 32
Pressure measurement, 29
psi to kg/mm2 conversions, 38
Pyrometers, 160
R
Reactive environments -
classification of, 249
Reynolds numbers, 75
Rotameter signals - compensation
of, 78
Rotameters - effect of fluid
properties on , 80
RTD material resistivity, 148
S
Safety, 211
Groups, 217
Hazardous Classes & Zones, 213
Integrity Level Verification (SIL)
(SIF), 221
ISA-TR84.00.02.2002 - Part 2 221-237

7. 317
Index Term Links
Self inductance, 285 298
SI to English conversions, 10
SI units
Classes, 4
definitions, 5
Sizing control valves, 101
Specific heats - fluids & gases, 74
Steam tables, 47
Stefan-Boltzmann law, 157
Stoke’s Law, 305
T
Temperature
heat transfer, 127
IPTS-68 vs. ITS-90 vs. EPT-76, 121 123
°C to °F conversion table, 134
°F to Kelvin
conversions, 132
°F to °C conversions, 129
relation of scales, 125
Temperature conversion
equations, 125
Temperature conversion table, 131
Temperature measurement, 119
Temperature measurement -
principles of, 121
Thermistor, 154
Thermocouples, 136
limits of error, 147
Type E voltage, 139
Type J voltage, 141
Type K voltage, 143
Type T voltage, 145
Thermometers

8. 318
Index Term Links
comparative characteristics of, 122
vapor pressure, 156
Tube flow rates - typical range, 96
Turbine meters, 60
U
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 241
Units of measurement, 1
Universal gas constant - values, 70
V
Venturi tube, 83
Viscosity
common units, 303
conversion table, 307
dynamic, absolute, simple, 302
influence on flowmeter
performance, 73
principles of & definitions, 301
Viscosity measurement, 299
W
Water - weight at various
temperatures, 177
Weir
Cipolletti, 90 91
rectangular, 87 88 89
triangular, 86
triangular (V-notch) sharp crest, 85
Wheatstone Bridge, 154
Wien’s radiation & displacement
laws, 157