-

1. * GB784763 (A)
Description: GB784763 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in temperature measuring apparatus
Description of GB784763 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Temperature Measuring Apparatus.
We, THE FOXBORO COMPANY, a corporation organized. and existing under
the laws of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, having a place of business at Neponset
Avenue, Foxboro, Massachusetts, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to gas-filled temperature measuring systems,
and particularly to a pressure-responsive element, and method of
making the same, used in such a system.
Gas-filled pressure-type thermometers operating on the principle of
Charles' Law, i.e., those thermometers referred to by the industry
generally as " Class III Systems", have been in use for some time,
particularly where there is a wide range of temperature fluctuations
and where linear characteristics are especially desired. Such
thermometers typically comprise a hermetically sealed system including
a thermometer bulb, for immersion in a medium whose temperature is to
be measured, which is connected through capillary tubing to a
pressureresponsive element such as a Bourdon tube, etc.. The entire
system is filled with an inert gas under pressure, for example several
hundred pounds per square inch at room temperature, and the movable
portion of the pressure-responsive element is connected to, or
otherwise associated with, some type of motion or force measuring
mechanism which translates the system pressure into a temperature
reading.
In operation, when the temperature of the bulb changes there will be a
corresponding change in the pressure of the thermometer system, due to

2. the essentially fixed relationship, in a gas, between its temperature
and pressure. The pressure-sensitive element will sense this pressure
change and, if the system is properly calibrated, will provide an
indication of the magnitude of the new temperature by means of the
associated measuring mechanism.
Even though such thermometers have been found to be suitable for
certain applications, there have been a number of long-standing
limitations which have prevented them from being broadly useful. For
example, the relationship between the pressure of the system and the-
temperature of the bulb is normally not strictly linear, as in the
ideal case This is partly because the pressure responsive element and
most, if not all, of the capillary tubing is out of contact with the
medium whose temperature is being measured, and hence the temperature
of the gas in the latter portions of the system will not ordinarily
change with changes in the temperature of the bulb. This non-linearity
must generally be accounted for in some manner, and various attempts
have been made to do this by means of special compensation
arrangements.
Further, it is apparent that any change in the ambient temperature
around the capillary tubing or the pressure-responsive element will
alter the pressure within the system and so give an erroneous
indication of change in the measured temperature of the thermometer
bulb. -Any such change in ambient temperature will also generally
affect the accuracy of whatever compensation is provided for the
non-linear effects referred to above.
Consequently, it can be seen that there are several factors leading to
inaccuracy of the gas-filled type of thermometer, and that these
factors result essentially from the necessity of having a portion of
the gas, in the system, out of contact with the medium whose
temperature is to be measured.
These errors can be minimized, in a practical sense, by employing a
bulb of very large volumetric capacity; however, this solution has not
been broadly satisfactory, primarily because the bulb size limits its
usefulness to applications where there is considerable space
available. Various ambient-temperature compensators'have been
suggested from time to time, but these also have been unsatisfactory,
partly because their operability is restricted to a narrow range of
ambient temperatures.
Attempts have also been made to use various types of
pressure-responsive elements, e.g.
diaphragms, etc., but, for a number of reasons, none of these has
provided a suitable solution to the problems.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a gas-filled
thermometer which has broad utility, and which can be used in

3. spatially restricted applications without deterioration of measurement
accuracy.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a
pressure-responsive element, for use with a gas-filled thermometer,
which is superior to prior arrangements, and which affords high
measurement accuracy and simplicity of construction. It is still a
further object of this invention to provide a simple yet precise
method offorming such a pressureresponsive element.
According to the invention, temperature measuring apparatus includes a
thermometer bulb arranged for immersion in a medium whose temperature
is to be measured, capillary tubing connected at one end to the
thermometer bulb, a pressure responsive bellows connected to the other
end of the capillary tubing, a filler plug positioned within the
bellows to reduce the volume thereof, the bulb, tubing and bellows
being hermetically sealed and filled with gas under pressure, the
folds of the bellows having an mternal spacing of between two and
three thousandths of an inch, the external spacing between adjacent
folds of the bellows being between four and six thousandths of an
inch, whereby the volume of gas in the bellows is minimized so as to
reduce errors in temperature measurement resulting from changes in
ambient temperature around the bellows, and position-sensitive means
associated with said bellows for producing a signal indicative of the
expansion or contraction thereof in response to pressure variations
caused by changes in the temperature of the bulb. The thermometer
bellows unit so formed is believed to be arranged in such a manner as
to provide minimum gas volume (and hence minimum measurement error)
consistent with superior operating characteristics when used in such a
temperature-responsive system.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is an elevation, partly in section, of a transmitter for
producing a pneumatic signal in accordance with temperature;
Figure 2 is a section (greatly enlarged) of a pressure-responsive
bellows used with the apparatus of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a detail, to scale, of a portion of the bellows of Figure
2;
Figure 4 is a vertical section of apparatus for forming the bellows of
Figure 2
Figure 5 shows the apparatus of Figure 4 with the bellows fully
formed; and
Figure 6 is a plan of one of the split rings used in the apparatus of
Figure 4;
Referring now to Figure 1, which shows apparatus often generally
referred to as a "temperature transmitter", in the upper right hand

4. corner thereof is a thermometer bulb 10 arranged to be immersed in a
liquid or other medium whose temperature is to be measured. This bulb
is of relatively small size, so that it may be inserted into siratally
restricted areas, and for example may have a length of 3 inches, a
diameter of -8 of an inch, and a total interior volume -of
approximately 0.21 cubic inches. Connected to one end of this bulb 10
is a capillary tube 12, having an extremely small inside diameter,
which leads through suitable fittings to the interior of a thermometer
bellows 14 within a cylindrical capsule generally indicated at 16.
The far right-hand fold of this bellows -14 seats against an inner
shoulder 18 within the capsule 16, and hence does not move with
changes in pressure within the bellows. The left-hand end of the
bellows is formed with a cylindrical cap 20, extending through a hole
in the capsule wall, and this cap is provided with a tip 22 of reduced
diameter that extends into a bore in a fitting 24 threadedly engaged
with the lower arm of a force bar 26. A bolt 28 is threaded into the
tip 22 to firmly press the cap 20 against the force bar 26, and the
fitting 24 is locked in place by a nut 30.
If the temperature of the bulb 10 increases, the pressure in the
bellows 14 increases and tends to move the lower arm of the force bar
26 to the left. The force bar is pivotally mounted on a pair of
cross-flexures generally indicated at 32, and hence this motion causes
the force bar to rock clockwise about the pivotal support.
The upper arm of the force bar 26- is provided with a small plate 34
adjacent to the mouth of a nozzle 36 which is connected through
passages in the interior the transmitter frame and a line restrictor
(i.e.. a pneumatic resistance) to a source of gas under pressure (not
shown). As the plate 34 approaches the nozzle 36. the flow of air
therethrough is reduced; hence, the pressure drop across the line
restrictor is reduced and the pressure in the nozzle is
correspondingly increased.
The nozzle 36 is also coupled through passages in the interior of the
transmitter frame and through a pneumatic relay 38 (which may be of
any type having suitable response characteristics, e.g., a relay such
as shown in the specification of British Patent
Application No. 15275/54 (Serial No.749,498) to a feedback bellows 40
which is mounted between an upstanding member 42 of-the transmitter
frame and the upper arm of the force bar 26. Thus,. 'as the
nozzle-pressure increases with clockwise motion of the force bar, the
pressure in - the feedback' bellow correspondingly increases until the
change in feedback torque exactly balances the change in torque
produced by the thermometer bellows 14. The pressure in the feedback
bellows is, therefore, a measure of the temperature of the bulb 10,
and-this pressure is coupled through interior passages in the frame to

5. an- output conduit 44 for-transmission to remote indicating, recording
or control equipment.
Referring now to Figure 2; the thermometer bellows 14 is provided with
a filler plug 50 which occupies substantially all of the interior
space of the bellows (except between the folds) and thereby reduces
the volume of gas in the thermometer system that is subject to ambient
temperature changes. In accordance with one aspect of the present
invention, it has been discovered that there is an optimum bellows
configuration which provides minimum gas volume, yet affords superior
operational characteristics - when used with a temperature- measuring
system such as described above.
For example, referring now to Figure 3, it has been found that the
internal wall spacing 52, of a bellows constructed of typical material
such as brass or bronze, should be between two and three thousandths
of an inch. Correspondingly, the external spacing 54 between the
convolution walls should be between four and six thousandths- of an
inch.
Such dimensional ranges avoid contact between adjacent folds, and
consequent hysteresis effects, throughout the normal range of bellows
pressures encountered in
Class III temperature measuring systems, yet permit a -large - number
of convolutions per inch axially of the bellows so as to decrease the
bellows spring rate and reduce total space requirements.
Advantageously, the walls of the folds are substantially parallel,
except at the inner and- outer ends where the bends should be
essentially unifotm and gradual, especially to ensure that the
operation is linear and consistent. With such a bellows, a desirably
minimum spring rate can be achieved, yet with adequate pressure
capacity, with a wall thickness 56 between three and four thousandths
of an inch.
A highly satisfactory bellows of this type may be formed with an outer
fold diameter' between 0.30-0.35", and an inner fold diameter, (i.e. "
root diameter,') between 0.20-0.25". The axial length of such a
bellows preferably is between 0.25-0.30"and has about 18 to 22 folds.
Such a bellows provides extremely low internal volume, minimum spring
rate, adequate high pressure capacity, and essentially no hysteresis
or other non-linearity effects.
Reverting now 0 Figure 1, the bellows capsule: 16 is positioned within
a bore passing through a web 60 which is part of the transmitter
frame. The capsule is formed with a shoulder ring 62 which is pressed
against the right-hand surface of the web 60, and is firmly secured
thereto by a plate 64 bolted to the web. The reduced-diameter stem 66
of the capsule 16 extends through a hole in the centre of the plate
64, and is coupled at its right-hand end to the capillary 12.

6. The transmitter is also provided with a compensation bellows 70,
secured at one end to the frame member 42 and at its other end to the
force bar 26. This bellows 70 is slightly pressurized, and serves in
the usual way to counterbalance pressure changes in the thermometer
bellows 14 that result from changes- in ambient temperature.
Seated against the right-hand side of the force beam upper arm is a
bias spring 72 which tends to balance out the torque produced by the
thermometer bellows 14 (the internal pressure of which may be upwards
of several hundred pounds per square inch).
This spring 72 extends to the right, through the frame member 42, and
is seated at its far end against the bottom of a cylindrical cup 74.
Threadedly engaged with the cup 74 is an adjustment bolt 76 which
extends back through the frame member 42 and through a hole in the
force bar 26 to a cross-plate 78.
This cross-plate is fastened at each end (front and rear) to a post 80
extending out from the frame member 42, to form a yoke surrounding the
force bar 26 but permitting free movement thereof. Adjustment of the
bolt 76 varies the position of the cup 74 as well as the tensioning of
the spring-72, and thereby controls the temperature at which the force
bar 26 first starts to move toward the nozzle 36
A bellows like that mentioned above with reference to Figure 3 may
advantageously be formed by a crushing operation in a manner now to be
described. Figure 4 shows a press adapted to perform such an
operation, and which includes a circular, stepped base portion 100
having a cylindrical housing 102 seated on its outer and lowest step
104. This housing serves to guide the reciprocating movement of a
piston 106 slidable therein.
A previously formed bellows 108 e.g.
constructed of brass or bronze and of standard commercial
configuration with an outer fold diameter of about 0.32 inches and a
root diameter of about 0.22 inches, is mounted on the stepped base 100
with the neck portion 110 of the bellows engaging the vertical surface
of the third step 112, and the lower edge of the neck portion
extending down toward the flat horizontal surface of the second step
114. Surrounding the innermost step 116, which is in the form of a
boss, and pressed against the horizontal surface of the second step
112, is a circular 0being 118, for example formed of rubber or the
like. The outer edge
of this O-ring is in contact with the bellows neck portion 110, and
serves to hermetically seal the interior of the bellows 108 from the
outside atmosphere.
Positioned between adjacent folds. of the bellows 108 is a series of
annular spacer rings 120 which extend inwardly nearly to the root of
each fold, and which are formed with smooth and parallel horizontal

7. surfaces.
These rings have a thickness equal to the desired final external
spacing between adjacent folds, e.g. 0.005 inches, and are split into
sectional halves (120a and 120b) as shown in Figure- 6 to facilitate
assembly with the bellows 108 prior to the crushing operation.
Interleaved with this series of split spacer rings 120 is a second
series of spacer rings 122, the inner diameter of which is slightly
larger than the fold outer diameter, and-which have a thickness equal
to the sum of the desired final internal fold spacing (e.g.
0.002 inches) and twice the bellows wall thickness (e.g. 0.006
inches). The lowermost fold of the bellows 108 rests on an annular
base block 124, the upper flat surface of which serves, in a sense, as
an anvil against which the folds are crushed as will be explained.
Prior to the crushing operation, the bellows
108 is filled, by means of a pipe 126 leading from outside the
circular stepped base 100 through the inner central boss 116, with gas
under pressure, e.g. nitrogen at several hundred pounds per square
inch. This pressure is sealed within the bellows by the
O-ring 118, and provides an internal resistance to deformation during
the crushing operation which assures that the final fold configuration
conforms closely to the spatial arrangement of the spacer rings 120
and 122, and that the fold walls of the crushed bellows are
substantially parallel.
The piston 106 positioned above the bellows has an annular lower
surface with a central recess into which the cap 128 of the bellows
fits and which is sufficiently deep to prevent contact between the cap
and - the piston. The lower annular surface of the piston is
substantially flat and engages the upper wall of the top fold as the
piston is moved downwardly, for - example by hydraulic pressure means
not shown,
As the piston 106 moves down, it crushes the fold walls together
until, as shown in
Figure 5, both sets of spacer rings 120 and 122 are firmly engaged
with each other and are maintained in parallel relation by contact
between their corresponding upper and lower planar surfaces. Since at
this stage the spacer rings form, in effect, a solid mass, further
pressure on the piston will not cause any additional downward motion,
and the bellows walls will have been moulded into the desired
configuration.
Accordingly, it will be apparent that the invention disclosed herein
achieves the several objects set forth above. An optimum combinaflan
of the controllable bellows parameters produces minimum ambient gas
volume in the thermometer system, and at the - same time affords
superior operating characteristics over a wide range of temperatures

8. without taking a permanent set or being subject to hysteresis effects.
Such a bellows is well suited for use in force-balance measuring
apparatus, since its relatively low effective area avoids the need for
complicated biasing arrangements, e.g. there is less normal force to
be balanced out than in prior constructions employing a conventional
diaphragm.
The spring rate of such a bellows is low, and since it has a
relatively large motion for a given pressure change, the need for
mechanical amplification is minimized. Further. the disclosed method
of forming such a bellows offers several marked advantages, especially
in providing a process, well adapted for commercial production, that
is capable of forming bellows walls with the desired close spacing yet
maintaining the walls essentially parallel.
What we claim is
1. Temperature measuring apparatus including a thermometer bulb
arranged for immersion in a medium whose temperature is to be
measured, capillary tubing connected at one end to the thermometer
bulb. a pressure-responsive bellows connected to the other end of the
capillary tubing. a filler plug positioned within the bellows to
reduce the volume thereof, the bulb, tubing and bellows being
hermetically sealed and filled with gas under pressure, the folds of
the bellows having an internal spacing of between two and three
thousandths of an inch, the external spacing between adjacent folds of
the bellows being between four and six thousandths of an inch, whereby
the volume of gas in the bellows is minimized so as to reduce errors
in temperature measurement resulting from changes in ambient
temperature around the bellows, and position-sensitive means
associated with said bellows for producing a signal indicative of the
expansion or contraction thereof in response to pressure variations
caused by changes in the temperature of the bulb.
2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, in which the walls of the bellows
are between three and four thousandths of an inch thick.
3. Apparatus according to Claim 1 or
Claim 2, in which the side walls of the bellows folds are
substantially parallel.
4. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, in which
the bellows has approximately twenty folds.
5 Apparatus according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the
outer diameter of each fold is between three hundred and
* GB784764 (A)

9. Description: GB784764 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in method for imparting durable lustrous finish effects to
fabrics
Description of GB784764 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,764 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept
22, 1955.
No 27070/55.
Application made in United States of America on Oct 18, 1954.
{Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 42 ( 1), A 4.
International Classification:-DO 6 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in method for finish effects We, JOSEPH BANCROFT & SONS
Co, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware,
United States of America, of Rockford, Wilmington, State of Delaware,
United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the
following statement: -
This invention relates to fabric finishing and is concerned with a
novel method for imparting what may be termed a subdued or subtle
luster finish effect to one or both surfaces of a textile fabric.
According to the present invention there is provided a process of
imparting a durable finish effect to fabric which has previously been
treated with an impregnant capable of fixing finish effects imparted
to the fabric by forming a thermoset resin or by reacting with the
fabric, involving passing said fabric while still moist through a drum
and belt or blanket type finishing machine and heating the fabric to
set or react the impregnant and fix the finish effect, characterized
in that the temperature of the drum and the contact pressure of the
fabric are specially adjusted to impart a subdued luster finish effect
to the fabric and that said fabric is thereafter heated in a separate
curing device to set or react the impregnant and fix said subdued
finish effect.
In carrying out the invention, the fabric is fed to a carrier blanket
which serves to carry the fabric to and in contact with the external

10. surface of a drying drum Various forms of equipment of this general
kind incorporating a carrier blanket are known and used in the textile
industry for purposes of effecting compressive shrinkage It is
important that certain operating conditions be established within
certain ranges, notably the pressure exerted by the blanket against
the drying drum (which also determines the lPrice 3 s 6 d l imparting
durable lustrous to fabrics pressure of engagement of the fabric with
the drum surface), and the temperature of the drying drum.
We have found that when observing the operating conditions referred to
above and 50 by subsequently heating the fabric to set or cure the
impregnant, a subtle or subdued luster finish effect is imparted to
the fabric and such effect is rendered highly durable.
Several embodiments of apparatus and 55 variations of the method are
described more specifically hereinafter with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in whichFigure 1 is a diagrammatic view
illustrating one form of equipment usable in the 60 practice of the
invention and further illustrating in a schematic manner the several
steps of treatment contemplated according to the invention; Figure 2
is an enlarged detail view of 65 certain portions of the equipment
incorporated in the embodiment of Figure 1:
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view of a second embodiment of equipment
for practicing the invention; and 70 Figure 4 is a diagrammatic view
of a third embodiment of equipment for practicing the invention.
In connection with all three embodiments, it is mentioned that the
forms of equipment 75 diagrammatically illustrated in the several
figures are representative of types of equipment incorporating carrier
blankets commonly used for the purpose of effecting compressive
shrinkage of fabrics It is 80 possible according to the invention to
concurrently effect at least some shrinkage while at the same time
imparting the durable lusterized effect herein contemplated However,
the preferred extent of lusterization is 85 achieved with operating
conditions, adjustments, and variations of the equipment itself which
will result in little, if any, compressive shrinkage; and, in
accordance with another aspect of the invention, it is contemplated 90
that the fabric first be passed through the equipment under the
operating conditions and adjustments effecting little, if any,
shrinkage, and after curing of the fabric the fabric be passed again
through the same or similar equipment under operating conditions and
adjustments adapted to effect appreciable compressive shrinkage.
With the foregoing in mind, reference is first made to the embodiment
illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
As indicated in Figure 1, the fabric F is delivered from the supply
roll 3 to a mechanism 4 adapted to apply an impregnant to the fabric,
for instance, a thermosetting resin precondensate Here the fabric

11. picks up the resin or other impregnant, preferably in aqueous
solution, and the fabric is then passed to a dryer 5 in which it is
dried to a moist condition The fabric is then delivered to the carrier
blanket and the associated equipment for imparting the luster, after
which it passes through a curer 6 being ultimately rolled up as
indicated at 7.
Since the equipment here used for imparting the luster may be of a
type known per se, it is not illustrated in detail herein However, it
is pointed out that a typical machine of this kind includes a carrier
blanket 8 traveling in a closed circuit and having a sharply curved
run established by a supporting roll 9, from which the blanket passes
around the periphery of a large diameter drying drum 10.
The blanket is delivered from the drum over the roll 11 and then
passes over a blanket drying drum 12, from which it returns over
suitable guides to the supporting roll 9 For the purpose of
maintaining tension in the blanket one of the guide rolls therefor,
for instance one of the rolls immediately adjacent the drum 12, is
adjustably mounted and preferably biased by weights, so as to tighten
the blanket In this way tension is set up in the blanket and blanket
pressure against the drum 10 is established.
A guide 13 serves to deliver the fabric to the blanket at the start of
the curved run around the blanket supporting roll 9, from which the
fabric passes around the drum with the blanket 8 in a position
interposed between the drum and the blanket A guide 14 provides for
delivery of the fabric away from the blanket and drum, for independent
travel to the fabric curer 6.
In the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2 one or more pressure shoes 15 are
arranged to engage the fabric as it passes with the blanket in the
sharply curved run established by the roll 9 While such shoes need not
necessarily be used, as will appear from the description of the
embodiment of Figure 3, where the shoes are used, they are preferably
arranged so that the toe of such shoe or shoes, as indicated at 16 in
Figure 2, extends around the run of the blanket over the roll 9
substantially all the way to the point of delivery of the blanket (and
thus of the fabric) to the exterior surface of the drum Appropriate
yielding mounts for pres 70 sure shoes of the kind just mentioned are
known and, therefore, need not be described in detail herein Heater
elements 17 may also be provided in the pressure shoes and are
preferably employed to heat the shoes 75 to a substantial temperature,
say from about 300 'F to about 400 'F.
We have found that by the above treatment a desirable type of subtle
luster effect is imparted to one surface of the fabric, 80 provided
certain conditions of temperature of the drying drum and of pressure
against the drying drum be observed Thus the pressure of the blanket

12. against the drum should be of the order of from 3 5 ounces 85 to 3 lbs
per square inch, and the drying drum temperature should be of the
order of 230 'F to 300 'F The desired pressure may be established by
appropriate weight of the adjustable blanket guide roll above men 90
tioned, and the desired drum temperature may be established by
regulating the pressure of heating steam supplied to the drum.
Some variation of the extent of lusterization may be effected by
varying the pressure and 95 temperature within the limits just
referred to; and the pressure and temperature selected may also vary
somewhat according to the nature of the fabric and also the nature of
the impregnant applied to the 100 fabric.
It will be understood that the heating effect resulting from passage
of the fabric in contact with the drying drum will ordinarily result
in little, if any, actual 105 curing, the curing of the impregnated
fabric being effected subsequently in order to fix the luster effect,
as by heating in a curer or oven, in which the temperature of the
fabric may be raised to from about 260 'F 110 to 400 'F for a period
of about 1 minute to about 100 minutes The higher temperatures, of
course, require the shorter time.
Fabrics of a variety of types may be treated according to the method
of the 115 present invention, including both natural and artificial
cellulosic fabrics, and also fabrics made of synthetic linear
polyamides or other resin type materials.
The impregnant applied to the fabric may 120 either be of the
thermosetting type or may be of a type adapted to react with the
material of which the fabric is formed, so long as it is capable of
fixing the finishing effect after delivery of the fabric from the 125
carrier blanket, for instance, by passage thereof through the oven or
curer, such-as indicated at 6.
The specific form of impregnation equipment employed is not here of
concern, but 130 784,764 such shoes being present in Figure 1 but
absent in Figure 3 The pressure shoes are frequently employed in
compressive shrinkage operations and when operating in accordance with
Figure 1, some compressive 70 shrinkage may occur, although, as above
indicated, the adjustments of shoe pressure, fabric feed speed, drum
speed, etc, are preferably such as to impart little, if any,
compressive shrinkage even in the case of 75 use of such shoes, as in
Figure 1 In the arrangement of Figure 3 still less tendency toward
compressive shrinkage is present because of the spacing of the blanket
supporting rolls 9 a and 9 b so as to leave at 80 least some free run
of the blankets as they approach the surfaces of the drying drums.
Turning now to the embodiment of Figure 4, there is here shown a
machine of the type incorporating a carrier blanket or 85 belt 18 of
substantial thickness, say of the order of 2 ", constructed, for

13. example, of soft rubber This blanket or belt passes over a supporting
roller 19 and from there to the surface of the drying drum 20, and 90
thence over suitable rollers to complete the circuit back to the
supporting roller 19 In this instance the exterior surface of the
blanket or belt may be cooled as by the spray device 21 located at a
point beyond 95 the point where the fabric web leaves the blanket or
belt In common with the arrangement of Figure 1, the arrangement of
Figure 4 also provides for the imparting of the finish effect to one
surface only of the 100 fabric web.
The rubber blanket or belt type of machine may be used in combination
with one or more fabric type of blanket unit.
such as those shown in Figures 1 and 3, 105 the fabric being passed
sequentially through the rubber blanket or belt machine and then
through the other units In this way modified effects as to both luster
and also shrinkage are obtainable 110 As to both of the arrangements
of Figures 3 and 4, it should be understood that similar conditions of
blanket or belt pressure and drying drum temperature should be
employed With regard to the 115 matter of pressure it is to be noted
that ordinarily the type of blanket machine illustrated in Figures 1
and 3 would be operated to provide a blanket pressure against the
drying drum of the order of 120 from a few ounces per square inch up
to about 1 lb per square inch Where higher per square inch pressures
are desired, running for example, up to about 3 lbs per square inch,
these pressures may be obtained 125 by the employment of the rubber
belt or blanket type of unit generally illustrated in Figure 4.
Subsequent to the final curing step contemplated in accordance with
all embodi 130 it is desirable that following impregnation the fabric
be dried to a moist condition, for instance, to a condition containing
from about 2 % to about 18 % water, as compared with the bone dry
fabric Excessive moisture in the fabric delivered to the carrier
blanket is to be avoided, so as to minimize transfer of impregnant to
the blanket.
In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 3, the fabric F is fed to a
carrier blanket 8 a in the region of the supporting roller 9 a and
passes thence in contact with the surface of the drying drum i O a in
a manner similar to that described above with reference to Figure 1
Here, however, the shoes 15 referred to in the description of Figures
1 and 2 are not employed and the diameter of the blanket supporting
roller 9 a and/or the thickness of the blanket 8 a are so selected as
to provide some spacing between the blanket and the surface of the
drying drum in the region where the blanket passes from the supporting
roller 9 a to the drying drum 1 Oa.
In the embodiment of Figure 3, after delivery of the fabric from the
first drying drum ( 1 Oa), the fabric may be delivered to the blanket

14. 8 b of a second unit incorporating drying drum 10 b The blanket
supporting roller 9 b of the second unit and/or the thickness of the
blanket 8 b thereof is also selected to provide the spacing from the
surface of the drying drum aforementioned.
It will be observed from inspection of Figure 3 that the threading
path of the fabric through the two drying drum units is such as to
bring one face of the fabric into contact with drying drum i O a and
the opposite face of the fabric into contact with drying drum l Ob
Thus the arrangement of Figure 3 provides for the imparting of the
luster effect to both surfaces of the fabric.
If the finish effect is desired on only one surface of the fabric,
only one finishing machine of the kind shown in Figure 3 need be used.
It will be understood that as in the arrangement of Figure 1, the
fabric is preliminarily impregnated with the desired impregnant,
partially dried, and then delivered to the first
blanket-and-drum-unit, and also that following delivery of the fabric
from the second blanket-and-drum-unit, the fabric is passed through a
suitable curer in order to heat the impregnated and lusterized fabric
and thereby fix the lusterized effect.
In addition, it will also be understood that, as in the arrangement of
Figure 1, the desired blanket pressure against the drums l Oa and l Ob
may be established by appropriate adjustment of the blanket tension.
In comparing Figures 1 and 3 it should be observed that there is a
difference with respect to the use of the pressure shoes 15, 784,764
ments, the fabric may be passed through the same or a similar machine
with adjustments adapted to effect compressive shrinkage.
According to the foregoing, an attractive, durable, subtle or subdued
luster effect may readily be applied to a fabric by the use of known
and commonly available equipment.
Moreover, the invention not only provides for the imparting of a
durable lusterized finish but further provides for the production of
such a finished fabric having good shrinkage characteristics, as by
the subsequent passage of the surface finished and cured fabric
through a compressive shrinkage machine, which may even be the same
machine as employed to impart the luster.
The method of the invention may also be applied to fabrics which have
received a pressure mechanical finish treatment after the impregnation
and partial drying steps.
The pressure mechanical treatment mav consist of glazing, embossing,
or the like, and in this event the subtle luster effect is
superimposed upon the mechanical finish effect.
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* GB784765 (A)
Description: GB784765 (A) ? 1957-10-16
An improved method of and apparatus for the rapid and uniform heating of
industrial furnaces
Description of GB784765 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,705 Date of Application andfiling Compiete Specitifition Sept 27,
1955, No 27523155.
Application made in Germany on July 19, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 51 ( 1), BA 8 (A 1:B:B 5: G:K:L: M: R),
BA 26; and 75 ( 1), TA 2 (A 1: B 2: D).
International Classification:-F 23 c, d, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
An Improved Method of and Apparatus for the Rapid and Uniform Heating
of Industrial Furnaces.
We " OFU " OFENBAU-UNION, G M B H, of 67, Graf Adolf Strasse,
Dusseldorf, Germany, a Company organised under the laws 'of Germany,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:The invention
relates to an improved method of and apparatus for the rapid and
uniform heating of industrial furnaces of the kind wherein the heating
flames are directed along the furnace walls.
When it is necessary to heat articles of high quality, e g bundles of
laminations, rolls of wire, or to anneal boilers to relieve stresses,
the problem arises as how to heat the articles with a minimum of
damage and at the same time in an economical and time saving manner It
has, therefore, been suggested that the material to be heated should

16. be kept during annealing as much as possible away from the direct
action of the heating flames.
To this end, it has been proposed to construct the heating furnaces in
such a manner that the flames are directed along the furnace wall so
that they do not come into direct contact with the material being
heated.
Heating furnaces have been built with circular or slightly conical
apertures in their walls, within which are arranged burner nozzles
whose outlet openings are directed parallel to the furnace wall with
the-result that the heating flames are directed along the said wall
The disadvantage of this known construction is that the burner nozzles
are subjected to high furnace temperatures and are therefore prone to
breakdowns which are expensive.
According to the invention an industrial furnace for the indirect
heating of material in a closed chamber wherein the heating lPrice 3 s
6 d l flames are directed over the furnace walls is characterised in
that a 'burner is disposed 45 with its axis normal to the wall of the
chamber and the combustible media issues from the burner as a whirling
jet to the burner duct associated therewith said duct merging as a
continuous curve of increasing gradient into 50 the furnace wall so
that the core of t 1 d jet is of a low pressure and a reverse current
of furnace gases is thereby produced, the whirling movement imparted
to the combustible media and the form of the burner duct 55
stabilising the deflection of the flame and forcing it into contact
with the furnace wall.
The arrangement is preferably such that a number of burners are
distributed over the furnace walls in staggered formation 60 According
to a further constructional form of the invention a screen or wall
which forms an -obstacle to the direct issue of flames and to backflow
from the furnace chamber, is provided in the furnace chamber in front
of 65 the mouth of the burner duct The screen or wall can also
expediently be constructed as an annular disc, projecting partly into
the burner duct, in which case its surface lying opposite the mouth of
the burner duct is constructed 70 as curves of increasing gradient The
annular disc can be suspended so as to hang free.
According to a further preferred constructional form of the invention,
the axis of the burner duct can deviate from the direction 75 of the
burner axis in the form of any desired curve, e g with a gradient
which increases towards the outlet of the burner duct.
Further features of the invention will be explained in more detail
with reference to 80 Figure 1 to 7 of the accompanying drawings which
illustrate by way of example apparatus for carrying the method
according to the invention into effect Figure 1 is a side view, partly
in section, of 85 a burner arrangement suitable for carrying into

17. effect the method according to the invention Figure 2 is a sectional
view of a second constructional example showing the details of an
apparatus which is adapted to impart a rotary movement (whirling
movement) to the fuel for combustion.
Figure 3 is a sectional view of a part of Figure 2 taken along the
line III-III.
Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a third constructional
example of the invention.
Figure 5 is a view, partly in longitudinal section, of a fourth
constructional example.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal sectional view of a fifth constructional
example.
Figure 7 shows five cross-sections taken through the burner duct
according to Figure 6.
Figure 1 shows partly in section, part of the wall of an industrial
furnace adapted for carrying out the method according to the invention
The burner duct illustrated is conveniently duplicated and distributed
in staggered formation or other arrangement over the furnace wall
during its construction.
The fuel for combustion, e g fuel gas, oil, powdered coal and air and
hereinafter termed " fuel " is fed through connecting pipes 2 and 3,
the latter supplying the necessary combustion air to a burner I in
which a helical or spiral (whirling movement) is imparted to the fuel
From an outlet opening 7 the fuel passes in spiral form as at 11 into
a burner duct 8 bounded by a burner brick 5 The burner duct 8 is so
constructed that the boundary lines of the burner brick form, in
longitudinal section, curves of increasing gradient 6 which merge into
the furnace wall 4 The burner brick 5 is bedded into the furnace wall
4.
The curves of increasing gradient are preferably continuous, parts of
ellipses and cycloids have proved advantageous, but it is also
possible to employ other curves, e g.
arcs of circles, parts of parabolas of any degree, parts of
hyperbolas, and parts of logarithmic curves.
Owing to the whirling movement transmitted to the fuel and by reason
of the form of the burner duct 8 bounded by curves 6 of increasing
gradient, when the flames leave the burner duct they are directed
along the furnace wall so that they are not projected straight into
the furnace chamber to contact directly the material under heat
treatment.
The effect is achieved due to the fact that fuel issuing from the
burner duct with a whirling movement creates a suction effect which
sets up a back flow of atmosphere from the furnace in the direction of
the burner axis, such back flow being repelled in the mouth of the

18. burner duct.
Figure 2 is a sectional view of another constructional example,
showing a burner which is particularly suitable for carrying into
effect the method according to the invention.
This burner makes it possible to impart as constant whirl io the fuel
independently of the qquantity supplied 10 The burner in Figure 2
consists of the burner housing la with the gas pipe 2 and air pipe 3 A
sleeve 34 is mounted so as to be pivotable and axially displaceable
-in the interior of the housing la, its front end being 75 formed as a
gas nozzle with a nozzle portion 35. A rim part 37 forming the nozzle
mouth is integral with a tubular part 36 arranged between the burner
housing I a and the burner brick 5 80 The two oppositely disposed
nozzle parts and 37 are toothed at their edges in their plane of
division in the manner of a ratchet coupling The individual teeth
consist of a vertical or substantially vertical front face 38 85 and a
sloping tooth back 39 which is inclined at an angle with respect to
the general axis of flow and constructed to provide a helical surface
The front faces 38 can be radially directed, but preferably, and in
this particular 90 embodiment they are arranged at a definite pitch
angle in such manner that the planes of the front faces 38 lie
substantially parallel to the burner axis and are tangential to a
theoretical whirl circle 40 The crests and 95 valleys of the teeth can
also be directed substantially perpendicularly to the burner axis
without substantially impairing the effect according to the invention
As in the case of a claw coupling, both the front faces 38 and 100
also the backs 39 of the teeth contact one another when in full
engagement, and form a closed ring.
Since the tooth backs 39, always contact one another with a sealing
fit even when the 105 two nozzle parts 35, 37 are not completely
engaged, the two parts can be turned relatively one to the other so as
to adjust the area of the openings 55 between the faces of the teeth
according to the angle of turn Through 110 these openings 55 the air
flows in jets inclined with respect to the burner axis and
tangentially to the whirl circle 40 and are mixed with the axially
flowing gas.
The sleeve 34 can be rotated by means of 115 an operating lever 41
mounted on the free end of the sleeve, and can also be moved in an
axial direction A stud bolt 42 provided with nuts 43 is fixed to the
housing la, and a projection 44 of the lever 41 is guided on the stud
120 bolt 42 between the nuts 43 by means of an arcuate slot in the
projection 44 The nuts 43 serve at the same time for fixing the
operating lever 41 in a chosen position The sleeve 34 is provided with
a radial aperture 45 through 125 which the gas supplied through the
pipe 2 can be fed into the burner nozzle An annular packing 46 between

19. the burner housing, and the sleeve 34 provides a gas-tight closure At
the end of the sleeve 34 remote from the 130 184,165 relieving
furnace, further modification is expedient ' Such a constructional
example of the present invention for use with stress-relieving
furnaces is illustrated in Figure 5, wherein it 70 is assumed, as in
Figure 4, that liquid fuel is to be used.
In the constructional example of Figure 5 an annular disc 60 having a
central opening 61 'arranged concentrically with the burner 75 axis,
is disposed in front of the burner duct.
If a baffle wall arranged as a simple plate were used, the return flow
Would pass into the burner duct fron the side, thus producing flow
condition's in which it would still be 80 possible to a slight extent
for the material being annealed to undergo the risk of small local
overheating.
With the use of the annular disc 60, the return flow is how introduced
into the burner 85 duct through the central opening 67 according to
the arrows 61 and 62 from the centre of the said disc; from here the
gases are again led out from the mouth of the burner duct as shown by
the arrows 63 and 64 As is shown 90 in the drawings, the gases which
are aspirated from the furnace chamber, as shown by arrows 63, 64, 61
', 62 ', wash the baffle wall on all sides It is thereby protected
from being, overheated to an unallowable extent, 95 whilst at the same
time it covers the zones giving the greatest heat radiation The
radiation which enters the furnace through the central opening 67 in
the annular disc 60 has no harmful affect since the radiation of the
100 whirling core of the flame is very slight.
As is shown in Figure 5, the annular disc can project partly into the
burner duct 8 and its surfaces which lie opposite the curves 6 of the
burner duct 8 are expediently con 105 structed as curves of increasing
gradient.
The annular disc 60 can be suspended and so arranged that in one
position'it enters into the burner duct so that it allows only a
narrow annular gap through Which the flame can 110 issue all round the
said disc When the output of the furnace increases the annular disc
moves outwards in the axial direction (in the drawing: towards the
right) and provides a wider annular gap through which the corm 115
bustion gases can issue.
It should, however, be stressed that the aforedescribed construction
of the burner duct according to the invention in itself generally
guides the flame so effectively along 120 the furnace wall that in
normal annealing furnaces it is only very rarely necessary to provide
a baffle wall in front of the burner duct If the wall 10 (Figure 4) or
disc 60 (Figure 5) is mounted so as to be inter 125 changeable or
removable, it is advantageously possible to provide a multi-purpose

20. furnace which can be used both as an annealing furnace and also as a
so-called stressrelieving furnace,',,' ' 130 g:upp 13 nozzle there is
provided a' cleaning opening with closure plug 47.
A third constructional example is illustrated in Figure 4 ' This
apparatus is adapted to carry ihe method according to the invention
into effect when a liquid fuel is being used.
The liquid fuel is fed through a pipe 15 and a feed pipe 17 to an
atomising cup 18.
Through a stub pipe 19 having a throttle valve 20, air passes into a
blower 21 and then through an annular passage 22 to the nozzle outlet
and assists the atomisation of the liquid particles which are
projected from the atomising cup 18 'The blower 21 is driven by a
motor 16 through a hollow shaft 23 mounted in anti-friction bearings
24 Air is introduced through the pipe 3 into an annular chamber' 27,
is given the desired whirling movement in an_ adjustable
whirl-imparting device 25 and passes through an annular channel 26 to
the nozzle outlet Here the air imparts its whirling-movement' to' the
air fuel mixture'issuing from 18 and 22, so that, in co-operation with
the burner duct constructed according to the invention, the flames are
directed along the furnace wall.
A baffle wall or screen 10 can be arranged in the furnace chamber in
front of the burner duct in order to prevent the flames from acting
directly on the material under heat treatment.
A wall or screen 10 of this kind may be expedient if it is feared that
in certain operating conditions the whirling movement of the fuel
might not be sufficient to direct the flame reliably along the furnace
wall, e g when -the input is reduced very considerably or when the air
supply fails owing to operational faults, etc The effect of the baffle
wall 10 in these cases is to protect particularly delicate material
from being damaged In addition, with burner arrangements according to
the invention a return flow is set up in the core of the flame so that
during the heating up stage, particularly in the case of oil burners,
owing to the cold state of the furnace chamber there is a danger that
cold furnace gases may enter the burner through the return flow and
cool down the flames so considerably as to cause incomplete combustion
and thereby to endanger the material being heated.
The use of a baffle wall ensures that during the heating up period
only hot gases can flow back into the burner duct, so that efficient
combustion can take place directly after the flame has been ignited.
When the invention is used with annealing furnaces of all kinds, the
invention provides completely satisfactory results when the aforesaid
constructional examples are used But if the invention is to be used
for the stressrelieving annealing of very delicate material at
relatively low temperatures, e g 'up to approximately 600 'C in a

21. so-called stress784,765, z A further possible construction of the
burner duct for carrying into effect the method according to the
invention is shown in Figure 6.
As seen in longitudinal sectional view the interior of the burner duct
is again bounded by curves of increasing gradient which merge into the
furnace wall, but the cross-sectional views taken through the burner
duct no longer represent concentric circles, as has been hitherto
assumed, but form eccentric circles (Figure 7).
In the arrangement according to Figure 6, the flames travelling along
the furnace wall are, above all, guided towards the upper part of the
furnace Other constructions are also conceivable in which, for
example, the flames are guided downwards, to the right or to the left,
or in any oblique direction Likewise, the individual cross-sections of
the burner duct may be, not circles as illustrated, but shaped in the
manner of ellipses.
The method which has been described has the advantage, as compared
with known methods, that all the delicate parts of the burner are
arranged some distance from the hot furnace chamber The known
advantages of radiant heating by means of wall surfaces heated to a
very high degree-i e very rapid heating of the material in the furnace
and no direct flame action on the said material-are here combined with
the advantage of a simple design which is very trouble free A further
advantage is that, as the flame flows very smoothly into the furnace,
as compared with known methods, even temperature is provided along the
whole furnace wall, thus preventing irregular heat distribution.
The method is particularly suitable for use in forging furnaces
furnaces for the stressrelieving and annealing of welded constructions
in order to heat material very rapidly, uniformly and without damage.
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* GB784766 (A)
Description: GB784766 (A) ? 1957-10-16

22. Improvements in cubicles housing drawout type switchgear
Description of GB784766 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
v 784,766
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
October 13, 1955.
A t 'i i ^ l No29228/55.
Application made in United States of America on October 25, 1954.
0 DY Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), B 2 B( 9: 10: 15), 53 (A 3: K).
International Classjification:-HI 01 n H 02 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Cubicles Housing Drawout Type Switchgear We,
ALLIS-CHALMIRS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, a Corporation organised under
the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Post
Box 512, Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention comprises improvements in cubicles housing drawout type
switchgear.
It is customary in both indoor and outdoor switchgear equipment to
provide metal cubides for housing the various switchgear components,
such as switches or circuit breakers and the like It is further usual
to provide a panel door for each switch enclosed in a switchgear unit.
When the panel door is closed, energized portions of the switch are

23. enclosed for the protection of operating personnel and to maintain
acceptable atmospheric conditions.
In some types of drawout switchgear, when equipped with a conventional
door hinged at a fixed position onto the cubicle, it is necessary to
open the door in order to move or withdraw the switch on its mounting
to a disconnected position In the disconnected position the switch
then projects beyond the door hinge making it impossible to close the
door This situation is highly undesirable as the energized portions of
the switchgear are then exposed and present dangerous areas to
possible contact by the operating personnel.
Attempted solutions of this problem have included provision for a
cubicle large enough to permit withdrawal of the switch to its fullest
extent without requiring opening of the panel door This solution is
unsatisfactory for two reasons First space is at a premium requiring
minimal sized cubicles and second, in the operating position of the
switch the manual control means will be (Price spaced at a
considerable distance from the door Operation of the operating
portions or manual control means on the switch becomes difficult and
unsafe This condition necessitates addition of linkage means be 50
tween the door and manual control means on the switch Such linkage
systems have been used commercially but their application involves
complications in design and in operation and maintenance Further, when
it 55 becomes necessary to replace the switch by one of a rating other
than the original, a complete new set of linkages may have to be
designed and built to effect proper operation Accordingly, this
aproach is com 60 mercially unfeasible.
An object of the present invention is to overcome these disadvantages
by providing a cubicle which will permit operation of the switch
whilst furnishing maximum protection 65 to operating personnel.
According to the present invention there is provided, in drawout
switchgear, the combination comprising a cubicle housing the
switchgear, a door hingedly mounted on the 70 cubicle and comprising a
panel having a dished portion formed with a cutout section for
receiving switchgear components, and means for selectively mounting
the panel door on the cubicle with the dished portion 75 facing
towards the interior of the cubicle or facing outwardly from the
cubicle.
Also according to the present invention there is provided in drawout
switchgear, the combination comprising a cubicle housing 80 the
switchgear, a door hingedly mounted on the cubicle, said door
comprising a door frame and a reversible panel adapted to be mounted
on the door frame, the panel having a dished portion provided with
cutout 85 sections for receiving switchgear components, and means for
selectively mounting the panel on the door frame so that the dished

24. portion faces towards the interior of the cubicle or faces outwardly
from the cubicle 90 784,766 Other features of the invention will
hereinafter be described and referred to in the appended claims.
The invention is illustrated, by way of example in the accompanying
drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a side elevational view of a switchgear
cubicle embodying the invention; Figure 2 is a frontal view of the
switchgear cubicle of Figure 1; Fig 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view
in elevation showing the door frame mounting a reversible panel
therein, Fig 4 is a view in section along line IVIV of Fig 3; Fig 5 is
a view in section along line V-V of Fig 3; Fig 6 is a modification of
Fig 5 showing the reversible panel dished outwardly from the
switchgear; Fig 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a modification of
means for mounting and fastening the reversible panel in the door
frame; Fig 8 is a view in section along line VIII-VIII of Fig 7; Fig 9
is an enlarged view in section of the seal means carried by the
cubicle, Fig 10 is a fragmentary view in elevation of a modification
of the invention in which the door frame and panel are integral; and
Fig 11 is a view in section along line XI-XI of Fig 10.
Figs 1 and 2 of the drawings show an arrangement of low voltage
switchgear The illustrated switchgear includes three circuit breakers
or switches 10, 11 and 12 movably mounted in a cubicle 13 having a
front 14 and a rear 15.
Switches 10, 11 and 12 are movably mounted in cubicle 13 by supporting
means which wholly supports an individual switch 10, 11 or 12 and
permits movement of the switch relative to cubicle 13 Any known type
of supporting means may be utilized to effect the required movement
The present arrangement utilizes pairs of conventional pantographs 16
The pantographs 16 are pivotally attached to cubicle 13 and switches
10, 11 and 12 Accordingly, an individual switch may be moved from its
normal operating position as shown by switch 10, to a disconnect
position as shown by switch 11, or to a test position such as shown by
switch 12, supported by pantographs 16 and moved by any suitable means
for actuating the supporting means to bodily shift the switch from the
energized or connect position into the test position or into the
disconnect position.
The means for actuating the supporting means may include any suitable
known drawout structure such as screws 17 which are threaded through a
portion of individual switch 10, 11 or 12 and journaled and carried by
cubicle 13 Screws 17 may be rotated by a crank (not shown) which may
be fitted and detachably connected to a squared portion 18 normally
accessible at front 14 of individual switches 10, 11 or 12 in cubicle
13.
Operation of screw 17 permits individual 70 switches 10, 11 or 12 to
be bodily shifted from the energized or connect position of switch 10

25. into the deenergized or disconnect position of switch 11.
The several positions of an individual 75 switch 10, 11 or 12 permit
selective placement of primary and auxiliary contacts 21, 22 of switch
10, 11 or 12 with respect to circuit fixed primary and auxiliary
contacts 23, 24 80 A schematic showing is made of the connections of
primary and auxiliary contacts 21, 22 connecting individual switches
10, 11 and 12 to circuit primary contacts 23 presented by the circuit
to be protected and to 85 auxiliary contacts 24, respectively The
circuit primary contacts 23 are shown connected to representative
three phase bus bars connecting the circuit with switches 10, 11 and
12 Circait auxiliary contacts 24 are 90 provided for the various
control signals and responses necessary to operate switch 10, 11 or
12.
In all positions of switch 10 11 or 12, the contacts 21 and 22 thereof
are in alignment 95 with their mating contacts 23, 24 Contacts 21 and
22 are adapted to be connected to contacts 23, 24 by sliding
frictional engagement therewith Switch 10 illustrates the connect
position in which both primary and 100 auxiliary contacts 21, 22 23
and 24 are connected Switch I 1 illustrates the position of the switch
in the disconnect position with all contacts open And switch 12
illustrates the test position wherein the primary con 105 tacts 21, 23
are disconnected, but the auxiliary contacts 22, 24 are still
connected The test position permits actual operation of the control
circuits of switch 10, 11 or 12.
The requirement of being able to position 110 switch 10, 11 or 12 in
three positions with respect to the primary and auxiliary contacts 21,
22, 23 and 24 gives rise to the present invention Each individual
switch is provided with a panel door 28 mounted on 115 cubicle 13 to
provide a anens of access to switch 10, 11 or 12 Panel door 28 shown
in detail in Figs 3, 4, 5 and 6, includes a door frame 29 carried on
cubicle 13 and a reversible panel 30 mounted in and carried by 120
door frame 29 Means are provided for selectively mounting and
fastening reversible panel 30 in door frame 29 These means may include
a plurality of thumb screws 32 as shown in Figs 5 and 6 or a plurality
of 125 spring clips 33 as shown in Figs 7 and 8.
Door frame 29 is further mounted by means of hinges 34 to cubicle 13
and is held in closed relation with cubicle 13 by closure screws 35
130 the disconnect position by rotating screw 17 with pantographs 16
supporting switch 10, 11 or 12 in horizontal travel, as shown in Fig 1
This movement effects separation of primary and auxiliary contacts 21,
22, 70 23 and 24, the switch then being in the disconnect position
Door 28 is then reclosed.
To effect the test position as illustrated by switch 12, it is merely
necessary to move the switch by means of screw 17 from the 75

26. disconnect position toward rear 15 of cubicle 13 until auxiliary
contacts 22 contact the circuit auxiliary contacts 24.
Figs 10 and 11 show a modification of the invention in which a panel
door 128 has its 80 door frame 129 made integral with reversible panel
130 The door 128 is carried by its hinge members 134 which in turn are
carried in hinged relation to cubicle 113 by hinge supports 136
presented by cubicle 113 The 85 panel door is fastened to cubicle 113
by thumb screws 132 Panel 130 is provided with a modified cutout
section 143 for receiving the desired switch gear components.
Panel door 128 is illustrated as being dish 90 ed inwardly Should it
be desired to reverse the dishing thereof, door 128 may be removed by
disengaging thumb screws 132 and lifting hinge members 134 from hinge
supports 136, turn the door end over end so 95 that it dishes
outwardly and reinsert members 134 in supports 136.
It is evident that the described invention provides a simple solution
of the problem of enclosing drawout type switchgear for all 100
positions of a switch In addition, it provides an inexpensive and
practical means without resorting to complicated linkages or other
devices necessary when a single hinged panel is utilized 105
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* GB784767 (A)
Description: GB784767 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Belt grinding machine for woodworking
Description of GB784767 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,767 4,> ' Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
Oct 28, 1955.

27. t | i F r No30961/55.
Application made in Germany on Dec 15, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 60, D 1 (A H 4).
International Classification:-B 24 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Belt Grinding Machine for Woodworking.
We, PAUL B 6 TTCHER, ERNST BOTTCHER, MAX BUTTCHER, all German
citizens, trading as Bottcher & Gessner KG, of Gasstrasse 18-20
Hamburg-Bahrenfeld, Germany, do hereby declare the invention for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement-
In known belt grinding machines, furnished with a long grinding belt a
relatively short pressure shoe executes a reciprocating movement
parallel to the running of the belt, when the object worked Upon is
moving perpendicularly to said'belt.
Such a pressure shoe, reciprocated from one end to the other of the
workpiece, does not produce everywhere an even machining, because the
single parts of the surface stay a longer or shorter time beneath the
shoe, dependent on the co-operating of the workpiece's transverse and
the shoe's longitudinal movement.
Even if pressure shoe and workpiece move automatically, the
reciprocating pressure shoe returns only periodically to the same spot
during each stroke while meanwhile the workpiece, even if it advances
uniformly is pushed forward a correspondent step relative to the shoe
A smooth even shadeless finish is therefore very difficult and depends
on the skill of the attendant Compared with a cylinder grinding
machine, working continually over the whole width of the machine, the
belt grinding machine has only a -small efficiency When the shoe is
operated by hand, the moving of the shoe also requires great bodily
strength.
The object of the invention is the construction of a belt grinding
machine, in which, similar to a cylinder grinding machine, the
abrasive is continuously in contact with the surface of the workpiece
all over the whole width of the work table of the machine to produce a
uniform coherent surface, when lPrice 3 s 6 d l the workpiece is
moving onward.
A simple lengthening of the pressure shoe all over the width of the
machine does not present any useful results because of the big lengths
of the workpieces 50 The contact length between a grinding belt and
the surface being worked upon is limited by the filling-up of its
abrasive graining with grinding dust A satisfactory grinding effect at
the leading end of the workpiece would 55 already diminish in the

28. middle part and almost disappears totally at the trailing end.
The capacity of the grinding belt would be overcome by the necessary
high grinding pressure and power requirement necessary 60 for the
large pressure surface Besides this the grinding belt is working blunt
on a great part of its way in consequence of the accumulation of dust
and therefore produces too much heat 65 These difficulties are
overcome by this invention by providing a long stationary pressure
beam extending over the whole width of the work table of the machine,
each grinding grain however sweeping only over a part of 70 the length
of the beam This is attained by mounting a comparatively narrow
pressure beam slantwise to a corresponding wider grinding belt Thus
the length of the grinding path for each grinding grain is no longer
75 determined by the length of the pressure beam, but by its width in
connection with its slanting position, and all over the length of the
pressure beam sharp grinding grains uniformly come to action The thus
obtained 80 shorter grinding path may further be shortened at pleasure
by notching the correspondent parts of the pressure beam.
With such a method a continuous grinding effect is achieved over the
total length of the 85 pressure beam without excessively lengthening
the path of the grinding grains below the pressure surface or the
latter itself The slanting position of the pressure beam is chosen
such, that the grinding belt attacks 90 uniformly all over its width
and over the whole length of the workpiece.
The known advantages of the belt grinding machine can be maintained
with such a long and stationary pressure beam only in case the latter
is pressed on to the belt over the whole length equally elastic and
soft To this end the pressure body of the beam may be constructed of
any material with appropriate natural elasticity or may also be
assisted in its elasticity by additional elastic elements (e.g
pneumatic means) Such construction is no essential part of the
invention.
The invention is illustrated, merely by way of example, in the
accompanying drawings, in which:Fig 1 shows a scheme of the new
operation of the belt grinding 'machine, Fig 2 shows a section of the
pressure beam in the plane II-II of Fig 1, Fig 3 shows a front
elevation of the machine, Fig 4 shows a plan view of the same machine.
In Fig I the new position of workpiece, grinding belt and pressure
beam to one another are shown Over two pulleys I and 2 is running a
grinding belt 3 in the common way This belt 3 in its middle part is
shown broken away to make visible the parts lying beneath On the belt
3 at an angle W obliquely to its running direction is arranged a
pressure beam 4 Beneath the belt lies the workpiece which is arranged
such in regard to the pressure beam, that its feed as shown by the
double arrow occurs right-angled to the pressure beam.

29. Fig 2 shows in section a simple embodiment of beam 4, consisting of
pressure case 6 and a pressure body of two parts 7 and 8 The pressing
is done by the lower part 8 of the body, consisting of a material
flexible in longitudinal direction and somewhat stiff in transverse
direction The real high elasticity of the whole beam is effected by
part 7, which is mounted between pressure case 6 and the lower part 8,
and consists of high elastic material As shown in the Figure the
pressure surface of part 8 is provided with notches 9 and 10, so that
the longitudinal ribs 11, 12 and 13 only do the real work In order to
obtain better conditions regarding friction and heat the surface of
part 8 in a known way is covered with a layer of felt 14 or some
similar substance.
As shown in Fig 1, grinding belt 3 has a width a, while the obliquely
lying pressure beam 4 has the considerably smaller width b.
The slanting position is chosen such that the pressure beam though
being small in width, nevertheless covers the whole width of the
grinding belt, so that the latter does its work in full width A
grinding grain moving in the direction of the arrow on the belt from
right to left over the total length of the workpiece travels under the
pressure beam over a distance c, being considerably shorter, than the
length of the workpiece This effective path c is not determined by the
length of the workpiece, but by the width b of the pressure 70 beam in
connection with the angle is Sinde the pressure surface of the beam is
provided with notches 9 and 10 (Fig 2) the grindihg grain really
grinds only while passing ovdr the ribs 11, 12 and 13 and the
distances'd, e 75 andf Instead of a grinding path equal to the length
of the workpiece, by the new arrangement a considerably shorter
grinding path is obtained, consisting of the three sections d e, andf
80 Fig 3 and 4 show a belt grinding machine operating according to the
method described above.
The machine frame consists of a left and right pillar 15 and 16 and a
top and bottom 85 traverse 17 and 18 At the left-hand side of the
machine is mounted an electro motor 19 with the driving pulley 20 A
suction hood 42 is provided to suck off the dust On the right hand
side of the machine an idler 90 pulley 22 is mounted to a tensioning
device 21 of the usual kind A grinding belt 23 is running over the two
pulleys 20 and 22.
Angle levers 24 and 25 with stationary shafts 26 and 27 are pivotably
mounted in the upper 95 traverse 17 To the horizontal arms of these
angle levers 24 and 25 is articulated a pressure beam 28 The vertical
arms of the levers 24 and 25 are connected by a bar 29 so that the
beam 28 swings up and down in its horizontal 100 position when the
levers 24 and 25 swing out.
Beneath the beam 28 a pressure beam case 31 is mounted pivotably round

30. bolt 30 by means of screws 32 and 33 Slots 34 and 35 permit the beam
case 31 to swing round bolt 30, 105 dependent on the width of the
grinding belt and the length of the workpiece 36 Further at point 38 a
hand lever 37 is mounted pivotably to the upper traverse 17 By means
of this lever 37 pressure beam 28 is pressed 110 down to workpiece 36
The weight of this pressure and suspension system is counterbalanced
by a spring 39 arranged within the upper frame 17 between a nose 40 on
the bar 29 and a stationary bolt 41 115 In a vertical guide 43 on the
bottom traverse 18 is arranged a guided rest 44 on to which a
supporting frame 45 is mounted.
This frame 45 bears two round bars 46 and 47, which serve as a guide
way for the rollers 50 120 of the worktable consisting of a frame 48
and the ledges 49 screwed to it Furthermore at the front side of frame
48 a round bar 52 is arranged on three supporting noses 51 on which
bar a fence 53 is attached which may be 125 shifted as required A
hand-wheel 54 serves to keep the fence stationary in a desired
position The workpiece 36 will be aligned along fence 53 on the ledges
49 Rest 44 together with the whole work table can be 130 784,; 1 i; 7
784,767 adjusted according to the thickness of the workpiece by means
of a threaded spindle 55, bevel gears 56 and 57 and a positioning
shaft 58 rotated by a hand-wheel 59 By turning the rest 44, the
direction of the feed of the workpiece can be kept at right angles to
the respective position of the obliquely arranged pressure beam case
31.
In the shown example the feed of the workpiece is effected by a
reciprocating work table.
This table may be reciprocated by any known automatic means and may
also be replaced by continually driven endless chains or caterpillar
chains.
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