Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
APPROACH TO SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS.pptx
1. APPROACH TO SYSTEMIC
MYCOSIS
MODERATOR
Dr. Rima Moni Doley,
Associate Professor,
Department of Medicine,
AMCH
PRESENTER
Dr. Swdwamshree Boro,
PGT 3rd Year,
Department of
Medicine,
AMCH
2. INTRODUCTION
• Mycosis refers to infection by fungal agents.
• Reasons for the recent rise in mycosis:
– AIDS pandemic
– Widespread use of antibacterial agents
– Cytotoxic and biologic use for autoimmune and
neoplastic diseases
– Hematopoetic stem cell transplantation
• Deep mycoses are caused by primary pathogenic
and oppurtunistic fungal pathogens
13. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
• Genus- Cryptococcus; Species- C. neoformans,
C. gattii
• RF-
– C. gattii in immunocompetent
– C. neoformans-
• Immunocompromised
• hematologic malignancies
• HIV (CD4+ <200/µl)
16. CANDIDIASIS
• Candida spp.
• Clinical manifestations
– Mucocutaneous
– Deeply invasive candidiasis
• Difficult to diagnosis
candidemia and
dissemination by blood
from local seeding
• CHROM agar- Selective &
differential media
Different Candida species in
CHROM agar
19. ALLERGIC BRONCOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS
• CF:
– Recurrent exacerbations of asthma
– Uncontrolled with usual anti asthmatic therapy
– Sputum- brownish mucus plugs, haemoptysis
• Diagnosis:
– Asthmatics
– Peripheral blood eosinophilia >500/microL
– Pulmonary infiltrates in chest radiograph
– HRCT thorax- string of pearl, signet ring
– Sputum culture +
– Total IgE against A. fumigatus >1000 IU/ml
• D/D- Pulmonary TB, Bronchiectasis, CAP
20. MUCORMYCSIS
• Order- Mucorales
• In uncontrolled diabetes, glucocorticoid use,
neutropenia
• Clinical Syndromes
– Rhino orbital cerebral
– Pulmonary
– Gastrointestinal
• GI bleed, pain and distension, may progress to perforation
• Endoscopy- Fungating mass in stomach
– Disseminated
21. Rhino orbital cerebral disease
• MC
• Eye/ facial pain, facial numbness, conjunctival
swelling, vision blurring, proptosis, chemosis,
necrotic ulceration in mouth
• Inspection- initially infected tissue looks
normal f/b erythematous phase with or
without edema f/b violaceous and finally
black necrotic eschar
• Blind bx of normal appearing sinus helps
22. • Diagnosis
– Culture
– Biopsy with Histopathology- Most sensitive and
specific
– Radiographic evidence
• Pulmonary
–Lobar consolidation
–Cavity
–Mass
23. When to suspect systemic mycosis?
• History
– Present
– Past History- Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Diabetes,
Malignancy on Chemotherapeutic drugs, Auto
immune diseases on immunosuppressants, Organ
and stem cell transplant
– Drug History
• Immunosuppressants, Chemotherapy drugs, Biologics
– Family History- Blastomycosis
24. • Exposure History
– Soil- Coccidiodomycosis, Aspergillosis,
Blastomycosis
• Travel History
• Occupational History
25. INVESTIGATIONS
1. Specimen collection- depends on the site
involved
2. Direct Microscopy:
a) Wet mounts:
• KOH- Yeast cells, hyphae, pseudohyphae
• Gram stain- yeast & yeast like fungus
• India ink- negative stain
–Cryptococcal capsule- CSF
• Calcoflour white stain- Blastomyces & mixed
infection
27. b) Histopathological examination:
• PAS, Gommori Methenamine silver, H&E stain
• Fungal elements from tissue biopsy
c) Frozen section Biopsy:
• Intra operative diagnosis of suspected
malignancy
d) Lactophenol cotton blue:
• microscopic appearance of fungi from isolates
grown in culture
28. 3. Fungal Culture- Blood, CSF, Sputum, BAL fluid
– Isolation and identification
– SDA (mc)
– niger seed agar- selective media for cryptococcus
– CHROM agar- selective & differential media for
Candida species
29. 4. Immunological methods
– Antibody detection- ELISA, Agglutination test, CFT
• Prognosis & response to anti fungals
– Antigen detection- Latex agglutination
* In early stages & impaired immunity or immunity not
sufficient to raise significant antibody levels
• Cryptoccus- Serum, CSF
• Blastomyces- Urine, blood, CSF, BAL fluid
• Aspergillus- BAL
• Histoplasma
30. – Immunohistochemistry-
• Ag detection on the cells of tissue sections
4. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
5. New Techniques
– AccuProbe
– PNA Fish
– MALDI TOF mass spectrometry
34. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION TREATMENT
Asymptomatic infection None
Focal primary pneumonia Fluconazole/ Itraconazole 400mg/d X
6mths
Diffuse pneumonia AmB f/b Triazole x6mths to a yr
Chronic pneumonia Triazole X 1 y
Meningitis Lifelong triazole
35. BLASTOMYCOSIS
• Immunocompetent
– Mild/moderate- Itraconazole X 6mths
– Severe-
• Lipid AmB (until clinical improvement) f/b Itraconazole
X 6-12 mths
– CNS – Lipid AmB x 4-6 wks f/b Itra-/flu-/vori- x
12mths (at least)
37. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
• Immunocompetent-
Pulmonary Chronic meningoencephalitis
Fluconazole (200-400 mg/d) x
3-6 mths
• AmB (0.5-1 mg/kg/d)
+ Flucytosine (100mg/kg/d) x 6-10 wks
• Alt- AmB + Flucytosine x 2 wks f/b
Fluconazole (400mg/d) x 10 wks
38. • HIV – Induction & lifelong maintenance phase
1. Without CNS
• Fluconazole+ Flucytosine x 10 wks f/b lifelong
fluconazole
2. With CNS
• AmB (0.7-1 mg/kg/d) + Flucytosine x 2 wks
F/b Fluconazole (400mg/d) for 10 wks
F/b 200 mg/d lifelong
• Alt: Fluconazole (400-800 mg/d) + Flucytosine x 6-10
wks
F/b Fluconazole (200 mg/d)
39. CANDIDEMIA & SUSPECTED
DISSEMINATED CANDIDIASIS
• Amphotericin B-
– Deoxycholate- 0.5- 1 mg/kg/d
– Lipid formulations- 3-5 mg/kg/d
• In echinocandin resistance in C. auris
• Azoles
– Posaconazole- prophylaxis in neutropenic
– Fluconazole- MC used
– Voriconazole
40. • Echinocandins
– First choice if concern for resistance
– First line for multi drug resistant C. auris
– Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Micafungin
• Candida meningoencephalitis
– Polyene+ flucytosine
41. ASPERGILLOSIS
Primary treatment Secondary treatment
Invasive Vori-, isa-, posa- Lipid AmB, Caspofungin,
micafungin
Prophylaxis Posa-, itra- Mica-, aerosolised AmB
Chronic
pulmonary
Vori-,itra- Posa-, IV Mica-, IV AmB
Fungal asthma Itra- Vori-, Posa-
Single
aspergilloma
Surgical resection Itra-, Vori-, AmB
intracavitary
*Oral corticosteroid is the cornerstone of ABPA
42. MUCORMYCOSIS
Drugs Dose
Amphotericin B deoxycholate 1-1.5 mg/kg/d
Liposomal AmB 5-10 mg/kg/d
AmB lipid complex 5 mg/kg /d
First line anti fungal
Second line anti fungal
1. Isavuconazole
2. Posaconazole
44. • 38 YO male, CRPF by occupation came with
– Weakness of all the limbs for 1 month which was gradually
progressive
– Urinary and stool incontinence for 15 days
– Fever and headache for 15 days
• ICTC positive
• CSF – raised protein, lymphocyte pleocytosis
• Serum Cryptoccal antigen- positive
• MRI Brain with screening of whole spine- Toxoplasmosis and
Syrinx formation
• Diagnosis- CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
CASE DISCUSSION
45. • He was started on Amphotericin B1 mg/kg/day
IV for 2 weeks and Tab Trimethoprim+
Sulphamethoxazole followed by Tab
Fluconazole 400 mg/ day for 8 weeks.
• ART was started after 1mth
• He could slowly walk with residual weakness
post therapy after about 3 weeks with a
walking stick.