This document provides information on performing various urinary procedures including intravenous urography (IVU), nephrotomogram, cystography, and voiding cystourethrography. It describes the anatomy demonstrated, technical factors, positioning, and views for each procedure. Key views include the AP projection with scout and series for IVU, nephrotomogram, oblique positions like RPO and LPO, and the postvoid image. Shielding of gonads and positioning of the patient and part are emphasized to obtain diagnostic images of the urinary system.
2. AP PROJECTION (SCOUT AND SERIES): INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY)
UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Scout demonstrates abnormal calcifications that may be urinary calculi. After
injection, the AP projection may demonstrate signs of obstruction,
hydronephrosis, tumor, or infection.
Intravenous (Excretory) Urography—IVU
BASIC
• AP (scout and series)
• Nephrotomogram
• RPO and LPO (30°)
• AP—postvoid erect or recumbent
4. Technical Factors
• Moving or stationary grid
• 70 to 75 kV range
• Minute markers where applicable
• IR size—35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), lengthwise; for nephrogram—
28 × 35 cm (11 × 14 inches), crosswise
5. Shielding
Shield gonads on males, keeping the shield below the superior margin of the
symphysis pubis. Shield both males and females for nephrogram.
Patient Position
Situate patient supine, with pillow for head, arms at sides away from body,
and support under knees to relieve back strain.
Part Position
• Align midsagittal plane to center line of table and to CR.
• Ensure no rotation of trunk or pelvis.
• Include symphysis pubis on bottom of IR without cutting off upper kidneys.
(A second smaller IR for bladder area may be necessary on hypersthenic
patients.)
6.
7. Central Ray
• CR is perpendicular to IR.
• Center CR and IR to level of iliac crest and to midsagittal plane.
• Minimum SID is 40 inches (100 cm).
Collimation
Collimate to IR or smaller if possible.
Respiration
Suspend respiration on expiration and expose.
Note: Have patient empty bladder immediately before beginning exam
so that contrast media in the bladder is not diluted. Explain procedure
and obtain clinical history before injecting contrast media. Be prepared
for possible reaction to contrast media.
8.
9. Radiographic Criteria
Structures Shown: • Entire urinary system is visualized from upper
renal shadows to distal urinary bladder. The symphysis pubis should be
included on lower margin of the IR. • After injection, only a portion of the
urinary system may be opacified on a specific radiograph in the series.
Position: • No rotation as evidenced by symmetry of iliac wings and
ribcage.
Collimation and CR: • Collimation borders to IR margins on top and
bottom to prevent cutoff of essential anatomy. • Complete arch of
symphysis pubis visible on bottom margin of radiograph, with center of
image at level of iliac crest.
Exposure Criteria and Markers: • No motion due to respiration or
movement. • Appropriate technique with short-scale contrast
demonstrating the urinary system. • Minute markers and R or L markers
visible on all series radiographs.
10. NEPHROTOMOGRAM AND NEPHROGRAM: INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY)
UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Nephrogram or nephrotomogram demonstrates conditions and trauma to the
renal parenchyma. Renal cysts and/or adrenal masses may be demonstrated
during this phase of the IVU.
A nephrogram involves a single AP radiograph of the kidney region taken
within 60 seconds following injection.
11. Technical Factors
• Linear tomography
• IR size—24 × 30 centimeters (10 × 12 inches), or 28 × 35 centimeters (11 ×
14 inches), crosswise
Shielding
Shield gonadal area for both males and females.
Patient Position
Position patient supine, with pillow for head, arms at side away from body, and
support under knees to relieve back strain.
Part Position
• Align midsagittal plane to center line of table/grid.
• Ensure no rotation of trunk or pelvis
12. RPO AND LPO POSITIONS: INTRAVENOUS (EXCRETORY) UROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Signs of infection, trauma, and obstruction of the elevated kidney are shown. Also
demonstrates trauma or obstruction of the downside ureter.
RPO—30°. Inset, 30° LPO
14. Postvoid
Pathology Demonstrated
Position may demonstrate enlarged prostate (possible BPH) or prolapse of
the bladder.
The erect position demonstrates nephroptosis (abnormal positional change
of kidneys).
15.
16. AP PROJECTION • LPO AND RPO POSITIONS • LATERAL
POSITION (OPTIONAL): CYSTOGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Signs of cystitis, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and bladder calculi are
visualized. Lateral demonstrates possible fistulas between bladder and
uterus or rectum.
Cystography
BASIC
• AP (10° to 15° caudad)
• Both oblique positions (45° to 60°)
19. Posterior Oblique Positions:
• 45° to 60° body rotation. (Steep oblique positions are used to visualize
posterolateral aspect of bladder, especially UV junction.)
RPO (45° to 60°).
21. RPO (30°) POSITION—MALE • AP PROJECTION—FEMALE:
VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
Pathology Demonstrated
Functional study of the urinary bladder and urethra determines cause
of urinary retention and evaluates for possible vesicoureteral reflux.
Voiding Cystourethrography
BASIC
• Male—RPO (30°)
• Female—AP
22. Male:
• Oblique body 30° into the RPO position.
• Superimpose urethra over soft tissues of
right thigh.
23. Female:
• Position patient supine or erect into the
AP position.
• Center midsagittal plane to table or film
holder.
• Extend and slightly separate legs.
