This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terminology related to databases and discusses problems with manual databases. It describes the functions and advantages of DBMS, including data representation, transaction management, data sharing, and increased security. Examples of popular DBMS are provided, such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and MySQL. Database system architecture, data models, and the relational model are overviewed. Finally, entity relationship (ER) modeling is explained as a way to conceptualize data needs and design the database logically before implementation.

1. Introduction to DBMS
Rajeev Srivastava

2. ToC
• Basic Terminology
• Database & DBMS
• Problems in Manual Database
• Applications of DBMS
• Functions/Characteristics of DBMS
• Advantages of DBMS
• DBMS Examples
• Database Systems Architecture
• Data Models
• Relational Model
• ER Model
• Cardinality Ratio of a Relation
• Database Design
• ER Model
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3. Basic Terminology
• Data – Raw information,
A value representing an quality or quantity
A recorded fact.
• Information – Processed data
• Record – A collection of related data/information.
• Data Dictionary – Data dictionary is a detailed description of data objects exists in a system.
• Data Warehouse – Centralized repository of data from one or more sources and used for
reporting and data analysis.
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4. Database & DBMS
Database – A database is an organized collection of data, that can be easily accessed,
managed and manipulated.
OR
A database is a collection of interrelated data stored together without harmful or
unnecessary redundancy.
DBMS
A database management system(DBMS) is a software package used to store and manage
data.
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5. Problems in Manual Database
• No sharing
• Data isolation
• Diffused responsibilities
• Poor coordination
• Data redundancy
• Weak (data) integrity
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6. Functions/Characteristics of DBMS
• Data Representation
• Data Manipulation Management
• Performance
• Transaction Management
• Data Access Management
•Integrity Services
•Concurrency Control
•Catalogue Management
•Security Management
•Backup & Recovery Management
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7. Advantages of DBMS
• Storage and Data Redundancy Management
• Increased Security
• Faster Retrieval
• Analysis Summary Reports
• Restricted Access
• Centralized Management and Control
• Data Sharing
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8. Applications of DBMS
• Banking
• Railway
• Airlines
• Educational Organizations / University
• Data Warehouses
• And many more…
• Enterprise Business
• Manufacturing
• Sales
• Human Resource
• Payroll
• And many more…
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Find at least 3 more
applications of DBMS

9. DBMS Examples
• Oracle
• Microsoft SQL Server
• IBM DB2
• SAP Sybase ASE
• Microsoft Access
• Ingres (Open Source)
• PostgreSQL (Open Source)
• MySQL (Open Source)
• MariaDB (Open Source)
• SQLite
• Teradata
• NoSQL Databases
•Couchbase
•Google Firebase
•MongoDB
•Cassandra
•Hbase
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Find names of at
least 5 additional
popular DBMS
Find more about these
listed databases –
Type, Uses, Latest
Versions, Underlying
Data Modals, Owner
Companies etc.

10. Database System Architecture
Database System Architecture can be defined on three levels
• External Level (View Level ) – The way data will be represented to the end user. High Level
Architecture
• Conceptual Level (Logical Level) – Defines logical structure of the database in terms of
entities, relationships, attributes, datatypes etc.
• Internal Level (Physical Level) – Defines the way data is stored on physical storage. Low level
architecture.
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11. Database Design Goals
• Accuracy-Integrity
• Consistency
• Speed/Performance - for all crud
operations
• Persistency
• Backup & Recovery
• Extensibility
• Scalability
• Error Correction
• Robustness
• ACID Support
• Ease of Use
• Portability
• Security
• Sharing
• Ability to Perform Complex
Calculations

12. Understand User/System’s Requirements
• Functional
• Reports
• Data Flow
• Data Format & Validity
• Data Security
Create Use Cases and Identify Data Needs for each Use Case

13. Data Modelling
• A Data Model is a plan. It’s a blueprint for building a Database.
• Convert Data Needs into a Data Model ([Interface Model ->] ER Model)
• Convert the ER Model to Relational Model
• Implement the Relational Model using RDBMS of your Choice.
à SQL

14. Data Models
• Data models defines how data in a database system get stored and
represented.
• A data model uses a set of construct or rules to provide a
representation of data content, structure and constraints required by an application.
Network Model – Data is represented in collection of records and relationship among records is
in form of links (similar to pointers).
Hierarchical Model – Data is represented in collection of records, and relationship among
records is represented in form of hierarchical trees.
Relational Model – Data is represented in tabular format. A table is comprises of rows and
columns.
Object Oriented Model – Data is represented in form of objects and based on the concept of
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts.
Hybrid Models – Ex. Object Relational Database Management Systems
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Learn more about
these listed Data
Modals.
Find out few other
data models with
their examples

15. Relational [Database] Model
• First defined by Computer Scientist Edgar Frank Codd
in 1969.
• Mathematical model, based on Relational Algebra and
Predicate Logic.
• Very well defined and extremely mature model
in terms of data storage and representation.
• All RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) derived from Relational
model.
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16. Entity Relationship (ER) Model
• Proposed by Peter Chen in 1970s.
• An object model.
• Graphical representation of the logical relationship among entities (or objects).
• Describes data aspects of a system under implementation on abstract level.
• Conceptual Model representing logical design of a database.
• Notations
• Chen Notation
• Crow-Foot Notation
• Bachman Notation
• Martin Notation
• IDEF1X Notation
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17. Entity Relationship (ER) Model
Component Symbol Example
Entity Rectangle
Attribute Ellipse
Link between Entity and
Attribute
Line
Relationship Among Entities Diamond
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Learn about various
symbols available in
different ER notations.

18. Cardinality Ratio of Relationship
Relationship among entities can be represented in following three ways –
• One-to-one
• One-to-many or Many-to-one
• Many-to-many
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Find out at least 3
examples of each type
of Relationship in real
world

19. Simple ER Depiction
Employee Department
N 1
HODProject
M
N
1
1
EmpID
Name
Desig DeptID
DeptName
Location
Works
For
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Identify Entities, Relation
among entities and Attributes
in a System/Business and
create an ER Diagram.

20. ER Diagram….more
• Entities are generally Nouns. Relationships are Verbs
• If every entity in a relationship set is must participate in a relationship, its known as Full
Participation – represented by double line.
• If an entity can participate in at most one instance of the relationship set its called as a Key
Constraint - an arrow is used to connect entity to the relationship.
• If an entity must be involved in exactly one instance of a relationship set to indicate both
participation and key constraint, its indicated through a double or thick arrow.
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• Draw relationships from Left to Right and Top to Bottom. May be marked by arrow above/below the
relationship.
• Inheritance – is A – represented by a Triangle

22. • An entity that can not be identified by its attributes alone is called as Weak Entity. Its existence
depends on another entity – it is represented by double border rectangle.
• Multivalued attribute (an attribute representing more than one value for a single entity) is
represented by double line ellipse.
• Ternary or n-nary Relationship can be depicted in the same way as Binary.
• Notes and comments may be added to ERD. But it should be done in a clean way.
• The ultimate goal of creating an ERD is to help understanding the project. Hence easy
information representation should be given priority over technical correctness.
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ER Diagram….more

23. ER Model to Relational Mapping
Example
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24. Attributions:
• Database System Concepts – Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
• Beginning Database Design Solutions - Rod Stephens
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