Axiomatic and hypnotic drugs
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most useful way to learn Axiomatic and hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepin, Benzodiazepin, antagonist Barbiturate, Non Barbiturate Anxiolytic Drugs, Other Anxiolytic Drugs and Other Hypnotic drugs. By: Dr. sayed naeem sadaat
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examples of Drug metabolism
Few examples of specific drug metabolism. useful for undergraduate and post graduate students of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and medicinal chemistry
Gaba & benzodiazepines
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It counteracts the effects of glutamate by allowing chloride ions to pass through postsynaptic neurons, making them less responsive to excitatory signals. This gives GABA a calming effect on the brain. People with phobic disorders may have GABA deficiencies due to stress, diet, caffeine, or drugs like cocaine. Benzodiazepines mimic GABA's effects, allowing more chloride ions into postsynaptic neurons and calming overly active physiological responses caused by phobic stimuli, similar to how alcohol works.
Neurotransmitters
This document discusses neurotransmitters, including their classification and the synthesis of dopamine. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons through synapses. They are classified into amino acids, peptides, amines, and others based on their chemical structure. Dopamine is an amine neurotransmitter that is synthesized through specific pathways in the brain. Dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, where there is degeneration of an area of the brain called the substantia nigra resulting in decreased dopamine production and characteristic motor symptoms.
Dopamine, dopaminergic system, parkinson's disease, pharmacotherapy and modul...
Dopamine, dopaminergic system, parkinson's disease, pharmacotherapy and modul...Dr. Siddhartha Dutta
Complete synopsis of Dopamine, neuro degenerative condition, dopaminergic system, dopaminergic pathways its modulation and pharmacotherapy, parkinsons disease, parkinsonismdopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement, cognition, pleasure, and motivation. Regulation of dopamine levels is crucial for mental and physical health. Some drugs like cocaine work by preventing dopamine reuptake in the brain, leaving more dopamine in the synapse and flooding neural areas linked to pleasure. Over time this can lead to addiction as the brain builds up a tolerance and releases less dopamine in response, causing the person to constantly seek out the drug to feel the initial pleasurable effects.
Dopamine gaba glutamte
This presentation summarizes key information about four major neurotransmitters: dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and glycine. It describes how each neurotransmitter is synthesized, the receptors it acts on, its functions in the brain and body, and potential implications when levels are too high or low. Dopamine is involved in reward and motor control and impacts conditions like Parkinson's and schizophrenia. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and prevents overexcitement. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter influencing cognition and memory. Glycine also acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is used in various biosynthesis pathways. References are provided at the end to cite sources of information.
Dopamine
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in many functions including movement, learning, sleep and reward pathways. It is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and metabolized by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. There are five types of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors which are located throughout the brain and body. Dopamine pathways include the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways which are involved in reward, cognition and movement respectively. Dopamine dysregulation is implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction.
Dopamine
This document provides an overview of dopamine, including its history, synthesis, receptors, functions, pathways, and relevance to various psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some key points:
- Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. It acts through D1-D5 G protein-coupled receptors.
- Major dopaminergic pathways include the mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular pathways which are involved in cognition, reward, movement, and prolactin regulation respectively.
- Dopamine plays a role in schizophrenia, mood disorders, attention deficit disorders, substance abuse, and movement disorders like Parkinson's disease
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Gaba & benzodiazepines
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It counteracts the effects of glutamate by allowing chloride ions to pass through postsynaptic neurons, making them less responsive to excitatory signals. This gives GABA a calming effect on the brain. People with phobic disorders may have GABA deficiencies due to stress, diet, caffeine, or drugs like cocaine. Benzodiazepines mimic GABA's effects, allowing more chloride ions into postsynaptic neurons and calming overly active physiological responses caused by phobic stimuli, similar to how alcohol works.
Neurotransmitters
This document discusses neurotransmitters, including their classification and the synthesis of dopamine. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons through synapses. They are classified into amino acids, peptides, amines, and others based on their chemical structure. Dopamine is an amine neurotransmitter that is synthesized through specific pathways in the brain. Dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, where there is degeneration of an area of the brain called the substantia nigra resulting in decreased dopamine production and characteristic motor symptoms.
Dopamine, dopaminergic system, parkinson's disease, pharmacotherapy and modul...
Dopamine, dopaminergic system, parkinson's disease, pharmacotherapy and modul...Dr. Siddhartha Dutta
Complete synopsis of Dopamine, neuro degenerative condition, dopaminergic system, dopaminergic pathways its modulation and pharmacotherapy, parkinsons disease, parkinsonismdopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement, cognition, pleasure, and motivation. Regulation of dopamine levels is crucial for mental and physical health. Some drugs like cocaine work by preventing dopamine reuptake in the brain, leaving more dopamine in the synapse and flooding neural areas linked to pleasure. Over time this can lead to addiction as the brain builds up a tolerance and releases less dopamine in response, causing the person to constantly seek out the drug to feel the initial pleasurable effects.
Dopamine gaba glutamte
This presentation summarizes key information about four major neurotransmitters: dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and glycine. It describes how each neurotransmitter is synthesized, the receptors it acts on, its functions in the brain and body, and potential implications when levels are too high or low. Dopamine is involved in reward and motor control and impacts conditions like Parkinson's and schizophrenia. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and prevents overexcitement. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter influencing cognition and memory. Glycine also acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is used in various biosynthesis pathways. References are provided at the end to cite sources of information.
Dopamine
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in many functions including movement, learning, sleep and reward pathways. It is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and metabolized by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. There are five types of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors which are located throughout the brain and body. Dopamine pathways include the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways which are involved in reward, cognition and movement respectively. Dopamine dysregulation is implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction.
Dopamine
This document provides an overview of dopamine, including its history, synthesis, receptors, functions, pathways, and relevance to various psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some key points:
- Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. It acts through D1-D5 G protein-coupled receptors.
- Major dopaminergic pathways include the mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular pathways which are involved in cognition, reward, movement, and prolactin regulation respectively.
- Dopamine plays a role in schizophrenia, mood disorders, attention deficit disorders, substance abuse, and movement disorders like Parkinson's disease
Pharmacology of dopamine
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of dopamine. It discusses dopamine synthesis, receptors, pathways in the brain, and the role of dopamine in conditions like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Dopamine is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and acts on D1-like and D2-like receptors in the mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. Imbalances in dopaminergic signaling are implicated in disorders such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Drugs that modify dopamine transmission are used to treat these conditions.
Neurotransmitter - Dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in reward processing, motor control, and addiction. It acts through two families of G protein-coupled receptors and is synthesized and transported via specific pathways in the brain, notably the mesolimbic pathway associated with reward. Dopamine neurons fire in response to unexpected rewards and encode reward prediction errors, helping to reinforce rewarding behaviors. Imbalances in dopamine signaling are implicated in various disorders like addiction, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
Dopamine And Pathways
The document summarizes key aspects of the dopaminergic system. It discusses neurotransmitters like dopamine and their roles in synaptic transmission. It describes the major dopamine pathways in the brain and their associations with conditions like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse. These pathways originate in areas like the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and project to regions involved in movement, reward, emotion, and cognition. The summary reviews dopamine synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and degradation. Drugs that affect the dopaminergic system in treating disorders are also mentioned.
Dopamine Receptor by Debarun Ghosh
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which upon binding to its receptor releases various downstream signals.
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein coupled receptor and can be found mainly in CNS of vertebrates.
These receptors can be classified mainly in two sub classes- D1 like family and D2 like family.
D1 like family consists of two GPCRs- D1 & D5
In these receptors dopamine binds to the G stimulatory sites and increases intracellular level of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase.
D1 receptors are encoded by the gene DRD1 and can be found in Adrenal cortex, heart, kidney and seminal vesicles.
This receptor acts in the function of Locomotion, learning and memory, attention, impulse control, Sleep & regulation of renal function
Pregolide, amorphine are some agonists of this receptor where as many typical and atypical antipsychotics acts as antagonists.
On the other hand D5 receptors are encoded by DRD5 gene and found in Cortex, substantia nigra and hypothalamus. This receptor involves in the function of Cognition, attention, decision making, motor learning and renin secretion. Fenoldopam and rotigonite are some agonists of these receptor.
D2 like family consists of three GPCRs- D2, D3 & D4
In these receptors dopamine binds to the G inhibitory sites and decreases intracellular level of cAMP by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase.
D2 receptors are encoded by DRD2 gene and found in Pituitary, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and adrenal cortex. These receptors are involved in Locomotion, learning and memory, attention, sleep and reproductive behaviour. Talipexole and piribedil are some agonists and itopride, domperidone are some antagonists of these receptor.
D3 receptor is encoded by gene DRD3 and is prominent in Striatum, islands of Calleja and cortex. This recepton has role in the function of Locomotion, cognition, attention, impulse control, sleep and regulation of food intake. Agonists of this receptor are dopamine, captodiam, pregolide etc. where as most antippycotics acts as antagonist.
D4 receptors are expressed by the gene DRD4 and are found in Frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens. This receptors are involved in Cognition, impulse control, attention, sleep and reproductive behaviour. These are the agonists and antagonists of this receptor.
Dopamine is produced from amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Then DOPA is converted to dopamine by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase. This dopamine is packed and stored into the synaptic vesicles VIA vesicular monoamine transporter. Until its released into the synaps.
Dopamine has 4 pathways in the brain…..
Pharmacology of GABA
The document discusses GABA and how benzodiazepines and barbiturates act on it. Specifically, it discusses how benzodiazepines enhance the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-gated chloride channels, resulting in sedation, anxiety reduction, and other effects depending on drug concentration. It also discusses how these drugs can affect sleep cycles by increasing the proportion of non-REM sleep compared to REM sleep.
마더리스크라운드 - Dopamine transporter in ADHD & Alcohol intake
Dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a key role in regulating dopamine levels in the brain. DAT is implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the mechanisms of ADHD medications in several ways: 1) ADHD medications target DAT to indirectly activate dopamine receptors, 2) DAT gene is associated with ADHD, and 3) abnormal DAT levels have been found in ADHD patients' brains. Understanding the role of DAT may provide insights into the pathophysiology of ADHD and how medications work.
Neuropharmacology: Catecholamines
The document discusses the neurochemistry of catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, outlining their biosynthesis from tyrosine, receptors, neuroanatomy in different brain regions, related diseases like Parkinson's, and example drugs that impact their function like L-Dopa and methylphenidate. The catecholamine neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine, packaged and released from neurons, and broken down through reuptake and enzymatic degradation, playing important roles in conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neurotransmittter and role of dopamine in psychiatry
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays important roles in many psychiatric and neurological disorders. It acts in several pathways in the brain. The mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are involved in schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addiction. The nigrostriatal pathway controls motor movements and deficiencies can cause disorders like Parkinson's disease. Dopamine also acts in the tuberoinfundibular pathway in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine is an antiparkinson and antidiabetic drug that works by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain. It is also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly. It has a rapid onset of around 1-2 hours, is highly protein bound, and primarily metabolized by the liver via CYP3A4 enzymes. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and hypotension. It can interact with other drugs that are CYP3A4 inhibitors or substrates, as well as ergot alkaloids, dopamine antagonists, and medications with vasoconstrictive effects. Initial dosing is usually at bedtime to reduce potential central nervous system side effects
Non adrenergic non cholinergic transmission(nanc)
Neurotransmitters other than Acetyl choline and NorAdrenaline of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system play important role in synaptic junction transmission. That neurotransmitters are called NANC.
Dopamine
This document discusses dopamine receptors and their molecular pharmacology. It begins with an introduction to dopamine and its roles in disorders like Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. It then describes dopamine receptor structure, types, locations in the brain, and the pathways they regulate. The document outlines dopamine synthesis, degradation, and the therapeutic uses of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists to treat conditions like Parkinson's and schizophrenia. It concludes with recent research on dopamine receptors.
Dopamine receptor agonists
Dopamine receptor agonists are important in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as they have fewer side effects than levodopa therapy. Key points:
- Dopamine agonists work directly on dopamine receptors and do not require metabolic conversion like levodopa. This avoids toxic metabolites.
- They are effective as initial therapy for mild Parkinson's and can be used alongside levodopa to smooth fluctuations and reduce dyskinesias in advanced disease.
- Common side effects include nausea, hypotension, hallucinations, impulse control disorders and sleep attacks. Ergot derivatives like bromocriptine and pergolide also carry risks of fibrosis and cardiac side effects.
- Apomorphine injections provide temporary
Anxiolytics and Sedative/ Hypnotics (Full Lect.)
I. Drugs Facilitating GABA Action
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (BZDs)
Zolpidem - Zaleplon.
Alcohol
II. 5-HT1A Partial Agonists: Buspirone
III. Melatonin (MT1 &2) Receptor Agonists: Ramelteon
Centrally acting smr
Centrally acting muscle relaxants work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system to reduce muscle tone and spasms. There are several types of centrally acting muscle relaxants that work through GABA receptors or calcium channels, including diazepam, tizanidine, baclofen, and dantrolene. These drugs can be used to treat various muscle spasms and spasticity conditions.
Glutamate 33
The document discusses the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and glutamate-linked treatments. It proposes that hypofunction of the NMDA glutamate receptor contributes to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically:
1. Antipsychotic drugs and conditions that block NMDA receptors can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, supporting NMDA hypofunction.
2. Glutamate-linked drugs may improve both positive and negative symptoms by targeting NMDA receptors in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and other brain regions.
3. NMDA hypofunction during neurodevelopment or through excitotoxicity could underlie schizophrenia by disrupting processes like neural migration, pruning, and plasticity.
Glutamate-linked treatments may
The Pharmacological Intervention in Drug and Alcohol Addiction
This document discusses pharmacological interventions for treating drug and alcohol addiction. It describes how addiction affects the brain on a neurochemical level and how pharmacological treatments can address neurochemical imbalances and conditioned responses. There are several categories of pharmacological treatments: those for overdose reversal, maintenance to prevent withdrawal, detoxification to ease withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings to prevent relapse, and managing pain in recovery. Key drugs discussed are naloxone for opiate overdoses, methadone and LAAM as maintenance therapies for heroin addiction, and benzodiazepines for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. While pharmacological treatments can help reduce harm, they are not a complete solution and must be combined with other therapies.
Barbiturates & GHB “Date-Rape Drug”
What Are Date-Rape Drugs?
Date-rape drugs are substances that make it easier for someone to rape or sexually assault another person.
Common Types of Date-Rape Drugs
-GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid ). easy lay, liquid X, liquid ecstasy, liquid E,
- Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). This is a strong benzodiazepine (a class of tranquilizers) roche, R2, rope, and forget-me pill.
- Ketamine. This is a dissociative drug that makes you feel detached from reality. Its nicknames include Special K, vitamin K, and cat Valium. Doctors and veterinarians use it as anesthesia.
Neuropsychopharmacology
Overview of addiction and pharmacological treatment of addiction, particularly with respect to the opioid epidemic.
Musclerelaxants
This document discusses various central and peripheral acting muscle relaxants. It provides details on baclofen, diazepam, methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine, chlorzoxazone, carisoprodol, chlorphenesin carbamate, orphenadrine citrate, metaxalone, dantrolene sodium, and quinine sulfate. For each drug, it describes the mechanism of action, medical uses, and potential side effects. The document emphasizes that central acting drugs relieve muscle spasm by acting in the spinal cord or brain, while peripheral drugs like dantrolene and quinine act directly on skeletal muscles.
13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by four main symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremors, and loss of postural reflexes. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the balance between inhibitory dopaminergic and excitatory cholinergic neurons. Treatment involves drugs that influence the dopaminergic or cholinergic systems in the brain. Levodopa is often used but must be combined with carbidopa to reduce peripheral side effects. Long term levodopa therapy can cause abnormal movements or behavioral issues.
Class sedatives and hypnotics 2
This document summarizes information on sedative and hypnotic drugs. It discusses the mechanisms and effects of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other drugs such as zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, melatonin, and buspirone. It provides details on the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and side effects of these classes of drugs. The document also covers topics like tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms, overdose treatment, and newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics.
Anxiolytic & Hypnotic Drugs
Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that decrease activity and induce sleep. Benzodiazepines are commonly used psychoactive drugs for treating anxiety, seizures, muscle relaxation and insomnia. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. While generally safe and effective for short-term use, long-term use can lead to tolerance, dependence and adverse effects. Barbiturates were previously widely used as sedatives, hypnotics and anticonvulsants but have been replaced by benzodiazepines due to their lower risk of overdose, dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Both classes of drugs produce their effects by modulating GABA receptors to hyperpolar
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Pharmacology of dopamine
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of dopamine. It discusses dopamine synthesis, receptors, pathways in the brain, and the role of dopamine in conditions like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Dopamine is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and acts on D1-like and D2-like receptors in the mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. Imbalances in dopaminergic signaling are implicated in disorders such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Drugs that modify dopamine transmission are used to treat these conditions.
Neurotransmitter - Dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in reward processing, motor control, and addiction. It acts through two families of G protein-coupled receptors and is synthesized and transported via specific pathways in the brain, notably the mesolimbic pathway associated with reward. Dopamine neurons fire in response to unexpected rewards and encode reward prediction errors, helping to reinforce rewarding behaviors. Imbalances in dopamine signaling are implicated in various disorders like addiction, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
Dopamine And Pathways
The document summarizes key aspects of the dopaminergic system. It discusses neurotransmitters like dopamine and their roles in synaptic transmission. It describes the major dopamine pathways in the brain and their associations with conditions like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse. These pathways originate in areas like the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and project to regions involved in movement, reward, emotion, and cognition. The summary reviews dopamine synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and degradation. Drugs that affect the dopaminergic system in treating disorders are also mentioned.
Dopamine Receptor by Debarun Ghosh
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which upon binding to its receptor releases various downstream signals.
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein coupled receptor and can be found mainly in CNS of vertebrates.
These receptors can be classified mainly in two sub classes- D1 like family and D2 like family.
D1 like family consists of two GPCRs- D1 & D5
In these receptors dopamine binds to the G stimulatory sites and increases intracellular level of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase.
D1 receptors are encoded by the gene DRD1 and can be found in Adrenal cortex, heart, kidney and seminal vesicles.
This receptor acts in the function of Locomotion, learning and memory, attention, impulse control, Sleep & regulation of renal function
Pregolide, amorphine are some agonists of this receptor where as many typical and atypical antipsychotics acts as antagonists.
On the other hand D5 receptors are encoded by DRD5 gene and found in Cortex, substantia nigra and hypothalamus. This receptor involves in the function of Cognition, attention, decision making, motor learning and renin secretion. Fenoldopam and rotigonite are some agonists of these receptor.
D2 like family consists of three GPCRs- D2, D3 & D4
In these receptors dopamine binds to the G inhibitory sites and decreases intracellular level of cAMP by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase.
D2 receptors are encoded by DRD2 gene and found in Pituitary, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and adrenal cortex. These receptors are involved in Locomotion, learning and memory, attention, sleep and reproductive behaviour. Talipexole and piribedil are some agonists and itopride, domperidone are some antagonists of these receptor.
D3 receptor is encoded by gene DRD3 and is prominent in Striatum, islands of Calleja and cortex. This recepton has role in the function of Locomotion, cognition, attention, impulse control, sleep and regulation of food intake. Agonists of this receptor are dopamine, captodiam, pregolide etc. where as most antippycotics acts as antagonist.
D4 receptors are expressed by the gene DRD4 and are found in Frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens. This receptors are involved in Cognition, impulse control, attention, sleep and reproductive behaviour. These are the agonists and antagonists of this receptor.
Dopamine is produced from amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Then DOPA is converted to dopamine by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase. This dopamine is packed and stored into the synaptic vesicles VIA vesicular monoamine transporter. Until its released into the synaps.
Dopamine has 4 pathways in the brain…..
Pharmacology of GABA
The document discusses GABA and how benzodiazepines and barbiturates act on it. Specifically, it discusses how benzodiazepines enhance the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-gated chloride channels, resulting in sedation, anxiety reduction, and other effects depending on drug concentration. It also discusses how these drugs can affect sleep cycles by increasing the proportion of non-REM sleep compared to REM sleep.
마더리스크라운드 - Dopamine transporter in ADHD & Alcohol intake
Dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a key role in regulating dopamine levels in the brain. DAT is implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the mechanisms of ADHD medications in several ways: 1) ADHD medications target DAT to indirectly activate dopamine receptors, 2) DAT gene is associated with ADHD, and 3) abnormal DAT levels have been found in ADHD patients' brains. Understanding the role of DAT may provide insights into the pathophysiology of ADHD and how medications work.
Neuropharmacology: Catecholamines
The document discusses the neurochemistry of catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, outlining their biosynthesis from tyrosine, receptors, neuroanatomy in different brain regions, related diseases like Parkinson's, and example drugs that impact their function like L-Dopa and methylphenidate. The catecholamine neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine, packaged and released from neurons, and broken down through reuptake and enzymatic degradation, playing important roles in conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neurotransmittter and role of dopamine in psychiatry
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays important roles in many psychiatric and neurological disorders. It acts in several pathways in the brain. The mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are involved in schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addiction. The nigrostriatal pathway controls motor movements and deficiencies can cause disorders like Parkinson's disease. Dopamine also acts in the tuberoinfundibular pathway in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine is an antiparkinson and antidiabetic drug that works by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain. It is also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly. It has a rapid onset of around 1-2 hours, is highly protein bound, and primarily metabolized by the liver via CYP3A4 enzymes. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and hypotension. It can interact with other drugs that are CYP3A4 inhibitors or substrates, as well as ergot alkaloids, dopamine antagonists, and medications with vasoconstrictive effects. Initial dosing is usually at bedtime to reduce potential central nervous system side effects
Non adrenergic non cholinergic transmission(nanc)
Neurotransmitters other than Acetyl choline and NorAdrenaline of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system play important role in synaptic junction transmission. That neurotransmitters are called NANC.
Dopamine
This document discusses dopamine receptors and their molecular pharmacology. It begins with an introduction to dopamine and its roles in disorders like Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. It then describes dopamine receptor structure, types, locations in the brain, and the pathways they regulate. The document outlines dopamine synthesis, degradation, and the therapeutic uses of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists to treat conditions like Parkinson's and schizophrenia. It concludes with recent research on dopamine receptors.
Dopamine receptor agonists
Dopamine receptor agonists are important in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as they have fewer side effects than levodopa therapy. Key points:
- Dopamine agonists work directly on dopamine receptors and do not require metabolic conversion like levodopa. This avoids toxic metabolites.
- They are effective as initial therapy for mild Parkinson's and can be used alongside levodopa to smooth fluctuations and reduce dyskinesias in advanced disease.
- Common side effects include nausea, hypotension, hallucinations, impulse control disorders and sleep attacks. Ergot derivatives like bromocriptine and pergolide also carry risks of fibrosis and cardiac side effects.
- Apomorphine injections provide temporary
Anxiolytics and Sedative/ Hypnotics (Full Lect.)
I. Drugs Facilitating GABA Action
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (BZDs)
Zolpidem - Zaleplon.
Alcohol
II. 5-HT1A Partial Agonists: Buspirone
III. Melatonin (MT1 &2) Receptor Agonists: Ramelteon
Centrally acting smr
Centrally acting muscle relaxants work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system to reduce muscle tone and spasms. There are several types of centrally acting muscle relaxants that work through GABA receptors or calcium channels, including diazepam, tizanidine, baclofen, and dantrolene. These drugs can be used to treat various muscle spasms and spasticity conditions.
Glutamate 33
The document discusses the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and glutamate-linked treatments. It proposes that hypofunction of the NMDA glutamate receptor contributes to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically:
1. Antipsychotic drugs and conditions that block NMDA receptors can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, supporting NMDA hypofunction.
2. Glutamate-linked drugs may improve both positive and negative symptoms by targeting NMDA receptors in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and other brain regions.
3. NMDA hypofunction during neurodevelopment or through excitotoxicity could underlie schizophrenia by disrupting processes like neural migration, pruning, and plasticity.
Glutamate-linked treatments may
The Pharmacological Intervention in Drug and Alcohol Addiction
This document discusses pharmacological interventions for treating drug and alcohol addiction. It describes how addiction affects the brain on a neurochemical level and how pharmacological treatments can address neurochemical imbalances and conditioned responses. There are several categories of pharmacological treatments: those for overdose reversal, maintenance to prevent withdrawal, detoxification to ease withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings to prevent relapse, and managing pain in recovery. Key drugs discussed are naloxone for opiate overdoses, methadone and LAAM as maintenance therapies for heroin addiction, and benzodiazepines for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. While pharmacological treatments can help reduce harm, they are not a complete solution and must be combined with other therapies.
Barbiturates & GHB “Date-Rape Drug”
What Are Date-Rape Drugs?
Date-rape drugs are substances that make it easier for someone to rape or sexually assault another person.
Common Types of Date-Rape Drugs
-GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid ). easy lay, liquid X, liquid ecstasy, liquid E,
- Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). This is a strong benzodiazepine (a class of tranquilizers) roche, R2, rope, and forget-me pill.
- Ketamine. This is a dissociative drug that makes you feel detached from reality. Its nicknames include Special K, vitamin K, and cat Valium. Doctors and veterinarians use it as anesthesia.
Neuropsychopharmacology
Overview of addiction and pharmacological treatment of addiction, particularly with respect to the opioid epidemic.
Musclerelaxants
This document discusses various central and peripheral acting muscle relaxants. It provides details on baclofen, diazepam, methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine, chlorzoxazone, carisoprodol, chlorphenesin carbamate, orphenadrine citrate, metaxalone, dantrolene sodium, and quinine sulfate. For each drug, it describes the mechanism of action, medical uses, and potential side effects. The document emphasizes that central acting drugs relieve muscle spasm by acting in the spinal cord or brain, while peripheral drugs like dantrolene and quinine act directly on skeletal muscles.
13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by four main symptoms: bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremors, and loss of postural reflexes. It results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the balance between inhibitory dopaminergic and excitatory cholinergic neurons. Treatment involves drugs that influence the dopaminergic or cholinergic systems in the brain. Levodopa is often used but must be combined with carbidopa to reduce peripheral side effects. Long term levodopa therapy can cause abnormal movements or behavioral issues.
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13.antiparkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics & alcohol
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Similar to Axiomatic and hypnotic drugs
Class sedatives and hypnotics 2
This document summarizes information on sedative and hypnotic drugs. It discusses the mechanisms and effects of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other drugs such as zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, melatonin, and buspirone. It provides details on the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and side effects of these classes of drugs. The document also covers topics like tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms, overdose treatment, and newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics.
Anxiolytic & Hypnotic Drugs
Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that decrease activity and induce sleep. Benzodiazepines are commonly used psychoactive drugs for treating anxiety, seizures, muscle relaxation and insomnia. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. While generally safe and effective for short-term use, long-term use can lead to tolerance, dependence and adverse effects. Barbiturates were previously widely used as sedatives, hypnotics and anticonvulsants but have been replaced by benzodiazepines due to their lower risk of overdose, dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Both classes of drugs produce their effects by modulating GABA receptors to hyperpolar
Sedative hypnotics ( anti- anxiety drugs)
complete and detail study of the topic of sedative and hypnotics under the guidance of faculty member. the ppt is made for the benefit of all the peoples
Sedative hypnotics lecture-m rudrapal
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs. It defines sedatives as drugs that decrease central nervous system activity and anxiety without causing sleep, while hypnotics produce sleep. Sedative-hypnotics include both types of drugs. Key differences are outlined between sedatives and hypnotics in terms of their effects and doses needed. The mechanisms of action of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are described as facilitating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Various therapeutic uses are provided for barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other sedative-hypnotic drugs.
Sedatives hypnotics
This document discusses sedatives and hypnotics. It defines sedatives as drugs that reduce excitement and produce calming effects without inducing sleep, while hypnotics produce sleep resembling natural sleep. Both act through GABA receptors in the brain. Common classes discussed are benzodiazepines, which potentiate GABA receptors, and barbiturates, which directly activate chloride channels. Specific drugs are described along with their mechanisms, effects, uses, and toxicity risks. Sleep cycles and how different drug classes impact sleep stages are also outlined.
Anxiety ppt
This document discusses anxiety and its treatment. It defines anxiety as an unpleasant emotional state accompanied by nervous behavior. It notes that neurotransmitters like GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin play a role in anxiety, and that certain brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus are involved. It describes several theories for the neurochemical basis of anxiety. It then discusses different classes of anxiolytic drugs like benzodiazepines, azapirones, antihistamines, and beta blockers that treat anxiety by enhancing GABA transmission or blocking the sympathetic nervous system. Finally, it provides examples of individual anxiolytic drugs and notes some of their side effects and interactions.
anti depressants drugs for mbbs students pharmacology.ppt
This document discusses antidepressant drugs and their mechanisms of action. It covers several topics:
1. It describes the monoamine neurotransmitter systems (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and how they are implicated in depression due to decreased activity.
2. It classifies and describes the symptoms of major depressive disorders.
3. It discusses the mechanisms of action, effects, and side effects of different classes of antidepressants including TCAs, SSRIs, atypical antidepressants, and MAOIs.
4. It also briefly discusses the uses of antidepressants for other conditions beyond depression and the treatment of bipolar disorder.
overview of pharmacotherapy
Clonidine and guanfacine are alpha2-adrenergic agonists that are effective in treating opioid withdrawal symptoms, tics in Tourette's syndrome, and hyperactivity in ADHD. They may also be used for PTSD, anxiety disorders, and mania. Anticholinergics treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and acute dystonia, while amantadine treats extrapyramidal side effects and SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Gabapentin, pregabalin, topiramate, and other anticonvulsants have various psychiatric uses including anxiety, alcohol dependence, and borderline personality disorder.
Animal Models for Seizure and Epilepsy
Explanation of Preclinical (Animal) Models of Seizure and Epilepsy.
General overview of Seizure and Epilepsy and its current Management. Need to develop newer drugs and Newer models. Current models for Acute Seizure. Kindling explained. PPT contains overview and Protocol.
Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System
The central nervous system directs bodily functions and processes sensory information. Sedative-hypnotic drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates depress nervous system activity by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Benzodiazepines are generally safer with less severe side effects than barbiturates. Both can cause tolerance, dependence, and dangerous respiratory depression in overdose.
Pharmacotherapy of insomnia
This document discusses the history, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of insomnia. It begins with definitions of insomnia and provides a historical overview of insomnia pharmacotherapy. It then covers the epidemiology of insomnia, describing prevalence rates and risk factors. The pathophysiology section explains the physiological mechanisms involved in sleep-wake regulation. Diagnosis and classification of insomnia subtypes are outlined. Treatment approaches discussed include pharmacological management with benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, melatonin agonists, and other drugs. Non-pharmacological therapies are also mentioned. New drug targets for insomnia are briefly noted.
Depression
Major depression and mania are two extremes of affective disorders which refer to a pathological change in mood state
Major depressions characterized by symptoms like sad mood, loss of interest and pleasure, low energy, worthlessness, guilt, psychomotor retardation or agitation, change in appetite and/or sleep, melancholia, suicidal thoughts, etc
3. The mood change may have a psychotic basis with delusional thinking or occur in isolation and induce anxiety. On the other hand, pathological anxiety may lead to depression.
Sedative hypnotics
This document provides an overview of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. It discusses the differences between sedatives and hypnotics, outlines common drug classes used including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and newer agents. It describes the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines at GABA receptors and how they facilitate GABA. Common uses, adverse effects, and important safety considerations are summarized for various drug classes.
Class anti depressants
This document discusses various types of antidepressant and mood stabilizing medications. It begins by describing two main types of depression - unipolar and bipolar disorder. It then lists and describes several classes of antidepressants including SSRIs, TCAs, MAO inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. Specific medications are provided within each class along with typical dosages. Adverse effects of TCAs are outlined. The mechanisms of action of various antidepressants are explained. Mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder such as lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine are then discussed along with their pharmacokinetic properties and disadvantages.
Class antidepressants, antimaniacs, cns stimulants
This document discusses various types of antidepressant and mood stabilizing medications. It begins by describing two main types of depression - unipolar and bipolar disorder. It then lists and describes several classes of antidepressants including SSRIs, TCAs, MAO inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. Specific medications are provided within each class. Side effects and dosing information is also included. The document continues discussing lithium, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics used to treat bipolar disorder. It covers their mechanisms of action, therapeutic drug monitoring parameters, advantages, and disadvantages.
Anti depressant drugs
This document discusses various types of antidepressant and mood stabilizing medications. It begins by describing two main types of depression - unipolar and bipolar disorder. It then lists and describes several classes of antidepressants including SSRIs, TCAs, MAO inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. Specific medications are provided within each class along with typical dosages. Adverse effects of TCAs are outlined. The document continues discussing mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder such as lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. It notes their mechanisms of action, therapeutic drug levels, and disadvantages.
Anti depressant , antidepressant
This document provides information about antidepressants including:
- It defines depression and discusses its types such as major depression, chronic depression, seasonal affective disorder, and postpartum depression.
- It describes the diagnosis process for depression which includes seeing a doctor if symptoms persist for over 2 weeks and undergoing tests and assessments to diagnose depression.
- It discusses the biological mechanisms of depression including neurotransmitter deficiencies and the role of the serotonin transporter.
- It provides an overview of different classes of antidepressants like MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, and atypical antidepressants and discusses their mechanisms of action, examples of drugs in each class, and common side effects.
- It
trazodone and others.pptx
This document discusses serotonin-2 antagonists/reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) and serotonin partial agonists/reuptake inhibitors (SPARIs). SARIs like trazodone and nefazodone are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions. Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and dizziness. Abrupt discontinuation can cause withdrawal symptoms. SPARIs like vilazodone are also used for depression and anxiety. Vilazodone has dual actions as a 5-HT1A partial agonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, insomnia, and fatigue.
Sedatives & hypnotics
This document provides an overview of sedatives and hypnotics. It discusses the sleep cycle and classification of different drug groups including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and atypical anxiolytics. It covers the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. Recent advances mentioned include drugs that act as melatonin receptor agonists for treatment of insomnia.
2. treatment of_anxiety_disorders_angel_
This document discusses the treatment of anxiety disorders. It notes that antidepressant drugs take 3-4 weeks to have an effect, while benzodiazepines have a rapid onset of 30 minutes to 1 hour. It then lists and describes several common anxiety disorders - panic disorder, OCD, social anxiety disorder, PTSD, and GAD. It also discusses neurotransmitters implicated in anxiety like GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Finally, it provides details on pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for each anxiety disorder.
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anti depressants drugs for mbbs students pharmacology.ppt
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Axiomatic and hypnotic drugs
- 1. 1 Binds with GABA receptors Leaded to hyperpolarization of the cell by opening Chloride Channels Binding of GABA is enhanced Muscle Relaxant (α2-GABAA) Anticonvulsant (α1-GABAA) Sedative/Hypnotic (α1-GABAA) Reduction of anxiety (α1-GABAA) Anterograde amnesia (α1-GABAA) Muscle Spasm Cerebral palsy Multi Sclerosis Diazepam Seizure Disorders Clonazepam Lorazepam Diazepam Anxiety Disorders Clonazepam Lorazepam Diazepam Alcoholic withdrawal syndrome Clonazepam Lorazepam Diazepam Chlordiazepoxide m Sleep Disorders Trizolam Temazepam Flurazepam Amnesia (Pre-anesthetic medication) Midazolam Absorption & distribution Duration of action Fate Rapidly & completely (they are lipophilic) Divided into 3 groups 1 (long time) 2(intermediate) 3 (Short Time) Metabolized In hepatic microsomal System Drowsiness Amnesia Confusion Early morning insomnia Day time anxiety Trizolam Patients with liver disease Acute angle closer glaucoma Alcohol Sedative Drugs Sedative effects Is a GABA receptor antagonist which rapidly revers the effects of benzodiazepine available for IV administration only it’s unset is rapid but its half-life is short about 1hr? Convulsion Diazepam Addiction = yes
- 2. 2 NOTE: they have been largely replaced by the benzodiazepines, because 1) induce tolerance, 2) physical dependence, 3) very severe withdrawal symptoms, 4) increases drug metabolizing enzymes in liver Enhances the action of GABA Decreases the action of Glutamate Respiratory Depression CNS Depression At High Dose Hypnosis Anastasia Coma Death At low Dose Anxiolytic Hypnotic Sedative At low Dose Suppressthehypoxicand chemoreceptorresponsetoCO2 At High Dose Respiratory depression DeathLiver Enzyme Induction Anxiety Disorders Phenobarbital Amnesia (induction, maintaining & Recovery) Thiopenthal Convulsion Fibril convulsion Tonic-Clonic con-- Phenobarbital Status Epilepticus Absorption & distribution Duration of action Fate Rapidly & completely (they are lipophilic) Divided into 3 groups 1 (long time) 2(intermediate) 3 (Short Time) Metabolized In hepatic microsomal System Patients with liver disease Acute intermediate Porphyria Drugs which are metabolized in liver Due to Induction of Cytochrome-P450 CNS Drowsiness Impaired concentration Felling fatigue Nausea Drug Hang over Mental and Physical sluggishness Dizziness After Sleep Tremors, anxiety, weakness, Restlessness, nausea and vomiting, seizures, delirium, and cardiac arrest. Addiction = yes
- 3. 3 Liver disease Pregnancy Neurological Disease Renal Disease Epilepsy Respiratory disease Acute Respiratory filliure Porphyria Erythromyc Rifampin Serotonin Receptor antagonist Neither muscle relaxant nor anticonvulsant headache Dizziness Light-headedness Nausea Nervousness Zoleplon Eszo-piclon Zolpidin 30min 30min 30minRamelton 20min 5hr 3hr 7hr 7hr