Construction planning and techniques used in skyscrapers

1. Construction Planning and
Techniques used in
Skyscrapers
K.SNEHA
ROLL NO:131564

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Construction planning and management
 Integration of Super tall building systems
 Foundation
 Structural system selection approach
 Wind engineering
 Earthquake engineering
 Structural Health Monitoring
 Skyscrapers Implications
 Conclusion

3. Introduction
 A skyscraper is a super tall, continuously
habitable building of many floors, usually
designed for office, commercial and residential
use.
 For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the
term Super tall can be used.

4. 1.Construction Planning
 Owner, architect and principals of the design team establish
functions for which the structure must serve. Building use areas
and major building parameters are determined

5. Management strategies
These are proposed for defining the different
stages of planning and to reduce the time in
overall construction duration.

6. 2.Integration of Super tall
building systems
 Integration involves the
coordination and design of
building systems to work
together in a holistic
manner.
 Integration is a method to
help simplify the tall
building’s design process
intelligently meshing
different elements together
into an effective functioning
entity.

7. Integration Web for super
tall structures

8. 3.Construction Techniques
 FOUNDATION :
The following issues will generally need to be addressed
in the design of foundations for high-rise buildings:
1) Ultimate capacity of the foundation under vertical,
lateral and moment loading combinations.
2) The influence of the cyclic nature of wind, earthquakes
and wave loadings (if appropriate) on foundation
capacity and movements.
3) Overall settlements.
4) Earthquake effects, including the response of the
structure-foundation system to earthquake excitation,
and the possibility of liquefaction in the soil
surrounding and/or supporting the foundation.

9. 3.1 Piled raft foundation
 Using Combined Piled Raft Foundation (CPRF) as
a foundation for high-rise buildings in the
settlement-sensitive Frankfurt clay, a considerable
settlement reduction of more than 50% compared
to raft foundations can be achieved.

10. 3.2 Structural system selection
approach
• Select and optimize the
building structural system for
strength, stiffness, cost
effectiveness, redundancy,
and speed of construction.
1. Tube system:
The tube
system concept is based on
the idea that a building can
be designed to resist lateral
loads by designing it as a
hollow cantilever perpendicul
ar to the ground.

11. 1) Framed Tube system
2) Bundled Tube system
3) Tube in tube system
4) Diagrids /braced frames system
5) Core plus outrigger system

13. 3.3 Wind engineering
 Wind produces three different types of effects on tall
buildings: static, dynamic, and aerodynamic.
 Structurally, static effect is a term of analysis
independent of time; but dynamic analysis is an attempt
to take into account how the system responds to the
change through the period of time; and when the
building is very flexible, it interacts with the wind load
and affects its response; that is called aerodynamic effect.

14. Strategies to mitigate wind
effect
To reduce the impact of wind on a tall building and
mitigate the response of the structure of tall
building, there are two main concepts:
Architectural and structural .
Structural strategies:
1) Increasing the structural stiffness by
considering the structural systems
2) Damping sources (vibration absorbers)

15. Device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of
mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent
discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure.

16. • Aerodynamic(Geometric
modifications)
 Modifications on cross-sectional shapes, such as slotted,
chamfered, rounded corners, and notching on a
rectangular building, can have significant effects on both
along wind and across wind responses of the building,
 Tapering
 setback

17.  Porosity or openings
 Twisting
 Slotted and chamfered corners
 Corner roundness and recession

18. 3.4 Seismic Design Considerations
 Seismic loading means application of an earthquake-
generated excitation on a structure (or geo-structure). It
happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the
ground, with adjacent structures, or with gravity
waves from tsunami.
 Earthquake or seismic performance defines a structure's
ability to sustain its main functions, such as
its safety and serviceability, at and after a particular
earthquake exposure.

19. Vibration control
 Seismic vibration control is a set of technical means aimed to
mitigate seismic impacts in building and non-building
structures.
After the seismic waves enter
a superstructure, there are a number of ways to control them in
order to soothe their damaging effect and improve the building's
seismic performance, for instance:
1) To dissipate the wave energy inside a superstructure with
properly engineered dampers;
2) To disperse the wave energy between a wider range of
frequencies;
3) To absorb the resonant portions of the whole wave frequencies
band with the help of so-called mass dampers

20.  Lead Rubber Bearing or LRB is a type of base isolation employing
a heavy damping. Heavy damping mechanism incorporated
in vibration control technologies and, particularly, in base
isolation devices, is often considered a valuable source of
suppressing vibrations thus enhancing a building's seismic
performance.
Lead Rubber Bearing

21. Tuned mass damper
• Typically the tuned mass dampers are huge concrete
blocks mounted in skyscrapers or other structures and
moved in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations
of the structures by means of some sort of spring
mechanism.

22. Simple Roller Bearing
• Simple roller bearing is a base isolation device which is
intended for protection of various building and non-
building structures against potentially damaging lateral
impacts of strong earthquakes.

23. 3.5 Super structure and Equipment
1) Auto Climbing formwork system (ACS)
2) Rebar pre-fabrication
3) High performance concrete suitable for providing high
strength, high durability requirement, high modulus,
and pumping
4) Advanced concrete pumping technology
5) Simple drop head formwork system that can be
dismantled and assembled quickly with minimum
labor requirements
6) Column/Wall proceeding method, part of ACS
formwork system

24. 3.6 Major
equipment
 Aerial cranes: Aerial crane or 'Sky cranes' usually
are helicopters designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are
able to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach
by conventional cranes.
 Tower cranes: tower cranes often give the best combination
of height and lifting capacity and are used in the
construction of tall buildings

25. • Self erecting cranes :
Generally a type of tower crane, these
cranes, also called self-assembling, jack-up, or "kangaroo"
cranes, lift themselves from the ground or lift an upper,
telescoping section using jacks, allowing the next section of
the tower to be inserted at ground level or lifted into place
by the partially erected crane itself.

26. 4.Structural health monitoring
 The process of implementing a damage detection and
characterization strategy for engineering structures is
referred to as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).
 Extensive structural health and survey monitoring
program has to be installed during construction of
skyscrapers and it includes
1) Strain gauges at the columns, walls and beams,
2)Foundation settlement survey, strain guages in the piles,
horizontal and vertical survey system, accelerometers,
and GPS system to monitor the dynamic behavior of the
skyscrapers during construction and for permanent
buildings conditions.

27. 5.Skyscrapers Implications
Advantages of Skyscrapers
1. Skyscrapers are known as modern answer for lack of space.
2. These skyscrapers attract millions of tourist each year, and bring
profit to local business.
3. Radio, television and cell phones require signal receivers from
broadcasters.
Disadvantages of Skyscrapers
1. High cost of investment, construction, maintenance, and operation.
2. Negative effect on indoor and outdoor environment.
3. Poor Ventilation, Rely on Elevators, Fireproofing Problem

28. Conclusion
 Throughout the world, the population of the major cities
are increasing at a fast rate and where land for building is
not available; there is a pressure to build upward rather
than sideways.
 The structures offer some major advantages but also pose
serious challenges to designers and builders.
 The need for office workers was increasing at a
spectacular rate as business like banking, insurance etc
hired more people, not only the partners at these firms but
huge numbers of office workers too.
 So it was the expansion of office market that went hand in
hand with expansion of the skyscraper.

29. References
•
• Abbas Aminmansour, A.M.ASCE (2010 ). “Integrated Design and
Constructuction of Tall Buildings”.
• Ahmad Abdelrazaq, SE ,Structural Congress (2010 ). “ Design and
Construction Planning of Burj Kalifa, Dubai, UAE” .
• M. Alagmandan, M. Elimeriri , (2013), “Reducing impact of wind on Tall
buildings through Design and aerodynamic modifications”.
• Sam Lee1, Dasui Wang, Yun Liao and Neville Mathias (2010) “Performance
Based Seismic Design of a 75 Story Buckling Restrained Slender Steel Plate
Shear Wall Tower”.
• M. M Ali, Ph.D., S.E., F. ASCE and P. J. Armstrong, R.A, (2006). “Integration
of Tall Building Systems”.
• Harry G. Poulos, Dist. MASCE. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING STATE
OF THE ART AND PRACTICE 787 . “Foundation Design for Tall Buildings”.

30. THANK YOU