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1. Dear students get fully solved assignments
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(WINTER 2014) ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM MCA (Revised Fall 2012)
SEMESTER 2
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MCA2050- COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
CREDIT 2
BK ID B1405
MAX.MARKS 60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
1. What is the difference between process and thread?
Answer : A process is an executing instance of an application. What does that mean? Well, for
example, when you double-click the Microsoft Word icon, you start a process that runs Word. A
thread is a path of execution within a process. Also, a process can contain multiple threads. When
youstart Word, the operatingsystemcreates a process and begins executing the primary thread of
that process.
It’simportantto note that a threadcan do anythinga processcan do.But since a process can consist
of multiple threads, a thread could be considered a ‘lightweight’ process. Thus, the essential
difference between a thread and a process is
2. Explain the any five types of addressing modes.
Answer:To reference alarge range of locationsinmainmemory,avarietyof addressingtechnique
are used.The commonaddressingmodesare:
 Immediate
 Direct
 Indirect
 Register
 Registerindirect
3. Describe the logical layout of both RISC and CISC computers
Answer : An important aspect of computer architecture is the design of the instruction set for the
processor. The instruction set chosen for a particular computer determines the way that machine
language programs are constructed. Early computers had small and simple instruction sets, forced

2. mainlybythe needtominimize the hardware usedtoimplementthem.Asdigital hardware became
cheaper with the advent of integrated circuits, computer instructions tended to increase both in
number and complexity. Many computers have instruction sets that include more than 100 and
sometimes even more than 200 instructions. These computers also employ a variety of data types
and a large number of addressing modes.
4. Explain the concept of branch handling. What is delayed branching?
Answer:A branch isan instructionina computerprogramthat may, whenexecuted by a computer,
cause the computer to begin execution of a different instruction sequence. Branch (or branching,
branched) mayalsoreferto the act of beginning executionof adifferentinstructionsequence dueto
executing a branch instruction. A branch instruction can be either an unconditional branch, which
always results in branching, or a conditional branch, which may or may not cause branching
depending on some condition.
When executing (or "running") a program, a computer will fetch and execute instructions in
sequence (in their order of appearance in the
5. Explain any five types of vector instructions in detail.
Answer : five types of vector instructions are below :
1. Elemental Vector Operations
The Cray X1 systemvectorinstructionset contains vector versions of most scalar integer functions,
floating-pointfunctions,and memory references. These elemental vector operations process each
element independently. They execute under control of a mask register (m0,...,m3) and the vector
length register (vl). Though there are 8 mask registers, only the first 4 can be used in the vector
instructions.
The assembler's default controlling mask register is m0. By software convention, every bit in m0 is
always set.
6 Write short notes on:
a) UMA
Answer: Uniform memory access (UMA) is a shared memory architecture used in parallel
computers. All the processors in the UMA model share the physical memory uniformly. In a UMA
architecture, access time to a memory location is independent of which processor makes the
request or which memory chip contains the transferred data. Uniform memory access computer
architectures are often contrasted with non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architectures. In the
UMA architecture, each processor may
b) NUMA
Answer: NUMA (non-uniform memory access) is a method of configuring a cluster of
microprocessor in a multiprocessing system so that they can share memory locally, improving
performance and the ability of the system to be expanded. NUMA is used in a symmetric
multiprocessing( SMP) system.AnSMPsystemisa "tightly-coupled," "share everything" system in

3. which multiple processors working under a single operating system access each other's memory
overa common busor "interconnect"path.Ordinarily,alimitationof SMPisthat as microprocessors
are added, the shared bus or data path get overloaded and becomes a performance bottleneck.
NUMA adds an intermediate level of memory
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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