Stars are formed from dense clouds of gas and dust called nebulas. Over millions of years, the nebula collapses under gravity to form a protostar. Once the protostar's core reaches 10 million K, nuclear fusion begins and the star enters the main sequence stage. During the main sequence, internal pressure balances gravitational forces. Low and medium mass stars end as white dwarfs, then eventually black dwarfs. Massive stars may explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Este documento clasifica y describe las diferentes etapas y tipos de estrellas. Comienza explicando que las estrellas se clasifican según su tamaño y temperatura y se ubican en el diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell. Luego describe las etapas principales de una estrella masiva como el estado primario, gigante roja, supergigante y supernova, así como también estrellas menos masivas como enanas y variables.
The document discusses plasma, the fourth state of matter. It provides an overview of plasma, including its history, properties, forms, locations, types and applications. Some key points covered are:
- Plasma was first discovered in 1879 but was coined the term in 1928. It is an ionized gas consisting of free electrons and ions.
- Plasma exists in both natural forms like lightning and stars, and artificial forms like neon signs and fluorescent lights.
- There are different types of plasma including cold, hot, and ultracold plasma.
- Applications of plasma include lighting, semiconductor manufacturing, displays, welding, cleaning, and fusion power research.
This document provides an overview of several topics in astrophysics, including:
1. It discusses stars and their properties like mass, luminosity, temperature, and the proton-proton chain reaction.
2. It covers neutrinos and their characteristics.
3. It describes neutron stars and their properties, how they are formed in supernovas, and provides some details about Supernova 1987A.
4. It discusses pulsars and their discovery, and properties of neutron stars.
Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas found in space where stars are formed. They can be light years across and look fuzzy in appearance. When the gas and dust in a nebula collapses under its own gravity, it forms hot, dense cores where stars ignite and shine. Some nebulae glow due to radiation from young stars, called emission nebulae. Others reflect the light of stars, known as reflection nebulae. Planetary nebulae are formed when aging stars blow off their outer layers.
La radioactividad es un fenómeno natural por el cual algunos elementos químicos inestables emiten radiaciones al decaer hacia un estado más estable. Existen tres tipos de radiación: alfa, beta y gamma. La radiactividad puede ser natural, presente en elementos como el uranio y el potasio, o artificial cuando se induce bombardeando núcleos con partículas. El estudio de la radiactividad ha permitido un mayor entendimiento de la estructura atómica.
Stars are formed from dense clouds of gas and dust called nebulas. Over millions of years, the nebula collapses under gravity to form a protostar. Once the protostar's core reaches 10 million K, nuclear fusion begins and the star enters the main sequence stage. During the main sequence, internal pressure balances gravitational forces. Low and medium mass stars end as white dwarfs, then eventually black dwarfs. Massive stars may explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Este documento clasifica y describe las diferentes etapas y tipos de estrellas. Comienza explicando que las estrellas se clasifican según su tamaño y temperatura y se ubican en el diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell. Luego describe las etapas principales de una estrella masiva como el estado primario, gigante roja, supergigante y supernova, así como también estrellas menos masivas como enanas y variables.
The document discusses plasma, the fourth state of matter. It provides an overview of plasma, including its history, properties, forms, locations, types and applications. Some key points covered are:
- Plasma was first discovered in 1879 but was coined the term in 1928. It is an ionized gas consisting of free electrons and ions.
- Plasma exists in both natural forms like lightning and stars, and artificial forms like neon signs and fluorescent lights.
- There are different types of plasma including cold, hot, and ultracold plasma.
- Applications of plasma include lighting, semiconductor manufacturing, displays, welding, cleaning, and fusion power research.
This document provides an overview of several topics in astrophysics, including:
1. It discusses stars and their properties like mass, luminosity, temperature, and the proton-proton chain reaction.
2. It covers neutrinos and their characteristics.
3. It describes neutron stars and their properties, how they are formed in supernovas, and provides some details about Supernova 1987A.
4. It discusses pulsars and their discovery, and properties of neutron stars.
Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas found in space where stars are formed. They can be light years across and look fuzzy in appearance. When the gas and dust in a nebula collapses under its own gravity, it forms hot, dense cores where stars ignite and shine. Some nebulae glow due to radiation from young stars, called emission nebulae. Others reflect the light of stars, known as reflection nebulae. Planetary nebulae are formed when aging stars blow off their outer layers.
La radioactividad es un fenómeno natural por el cual algunos elementos químicos inestables emiten radiaciones al decaer hacia un estado más estable. Existen tres tipos de radiación: alfa, beta y gamma. La radiactividad puede ser natural, presente en elementos como el uranio y el potasio, o artificial cuando se induce bombardeando núcleos con partículas. El estudio de la radiactividad ha permitido un mayor entendimiento de la estructura atómica.
4. Narodziny gwiazdy Gwiazda powstaje z obłoku pyłu i gazu, gdy w pewnym obszarze przestrzeni powstanie zagęszczenie obłoku pyłowo-gazowego. Ewolucja gwiazdy zaczyna się od gigantycznego obłoku molekularnego jak ten widoczny w tle slajdu (mgławica Koński Łeb znana także jako IC 434 i Barnard 33).
5. Wielka Mgławica w Orionie - M42 Mgławica w Orionie (M42) jest najjaśniejszą mgławicą na polskim niebie i zarazem najbliższym ośrodkiem tworzenia się gwiazd. W pogodną noc, z dala od świateł miast widać ją gołym okiem, a już przy pomocy większej lornetki można zauważyć jej strukturę. Kolory widoczne są tylko na zdjęcia zrobionych w dłuższym czasie ekspozycji. Jest oddalona o 1500 lat świetlnych od ziemi. Znajduje się tuż pod pasem Oriona wraz z kilkoma innymi, mniejszymi mgławicami.