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Gross	National	Happiness	in	the	
Context	of	Networked	Learning
Pär-Ola Zander, Aalborg University
Choeda, Royal University of Bhutan
Tandin Penjor, Royal University of Bhutan
Dorji Dupka, Royal University of Bhutan
Overview	of	Talk
• Introduce	Gross	National	Happiness	(GNH)
• Main	argument	of	talk:	It	is	a	promising	
research	field	to	design	GNH-permeated	
learning	environments
• Towards some issues where networked
learning is	relevant
Background	of	GNH
• Gross	national	income	(GNI)	is	criticized
• Heterodox	alternative	gains	ground	=>	GNI/GDP	falls	back
• Human	Development	Index	(UN),	Genuine	Progress	
Indicator	(Stieglitz	amongst	others),	Gross	National	
Happiness	(GNH),	and	more…
• Need	an	index	which	measures	progress/regression	for	
policy
• And	for	design?
GNH	in	a	nutshell
• Measures	happiness
• Happiness	is	constituted	by	subjective	and	
objective	measures
• GNH	incepted	by	the	4th king	of	Bhutan,	J.	S.	
Wangchuck
• Buddhist	origins	and	relationship
– 2-3%	of	indicators	distinctly	Buddhist
• One	can	agree	or	disagree	on	the	route	to	
happiness
– This	is	a	matter	of	a	science	of	happiness
Gross	National	Happiness	(GNH)
Ura,	2012,	p.13
3	(+1)	Ways	of	Conceiving	GNH
• GNH	as	the	Outcome
– Make	happy	students	(outcome-focused)
– Valid	but	uninteresting	as	research	agenda
• GNH	in	the	message
– GNH	for	physics	=>	Environmental	issues,	GNH	for	economics	
=>	calculate	the	GNH	index
– Not	path-breaking	for	Networked	Learning
– Just	another	content	to	integrate	with
• GNH	as	Medium <=	Focus!
• GNH	as	buzzword
– Compare	innovation,	sustainability
– “GNH	is	mainly	about	being	content	in	whatever	we	do”	(R13)
– “if	the	communication	is	smooth	that	is	GNH”	(R7)
GNH	as	Medium
• Focus	on	atmosphere
• GNH	infers	certain	modes	of	life
– Cultural	diversity
– Time	use
– Ecology
– Mindfulness
• How	do	we	support	the	creation	of	this	
through	networked	technologies?
Mindfulness
Infuse	GNH	into	the	activity
• Hypothesis:	Learning	&	development	is	
qualitatively	different	in	GNH-pervasive	
medium
• Bhutan	is	a	living	laboratory	for	GNH-as-
medium
Examples	of	networked	technology	
issues
• Social	media	multitasking
• Mindless	copy/pasting
• Creating	awareness	of	others’	happiness	by	
technology?
– Visualisation,	analytics…?
• Facework management	because	of	social	media	
instead	of	focused	inquiry
• Self-direction?
• Novel	and	interesting!
• Does	it	make	a	difference	when	this	is	designed	for	in	a	
concerted	manner?
Links
• Bhutan’s	prime	minister	evangelizes	about	
GNH	in	general	and	environmental	issuses in	
particular

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