Season Extension - Early & Late; Gardening Guidebook for Portage County, Central Wisconsin ~ University of Wisconsin~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
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Season Extension - Early & Late; Gardening Guidebook for Portage County, Central Wisconsin
1. Season ExtensionSeason Extension
Early and LateEarly and Late
Tim ConnellTim Connell
Portage County Ag AgentPortage County Ag Agent
Central Wisconsin Vegetable SpecialistCentral Wisconsin Vegetable Specialist
2. Methods of Season ExtensionMethods of Season Extension
Low tech to high techLow tech to high tech
PlasticulturePlasticulture
Cold framesCold frames –– drip tapedrip tape –– high tunnelshigh tunnels ––
greenhousesgreenhouses
Low $ to High $$$$$Low $ to High $$$$$
Light, water, wind, colors, bugs, benefits,Light, water, wind, colors, bugs, benefits,
temperatures, fertilizers, plastic, wood, glasstemperatures, fertilizers, plastic, wood, glass
and varietiesand varieties
3. Variety SelectionVariety Selection –– Days to MaturityDays to Maturity
Easiest way to get earlierEasiest way to get earlier
cropcrop
May be limited on varietiesMay be limited on varieties
May not be best flavor asMay not be best flavor as
longer season cropslonger season crops
Earlier to market, betterEarlier to market, better
priceprice
Consumer may be tolerantConsumer may be tolerant
of smaller size/ less flavor ifof smaller size/ less flavor if
they are the first availablethey are the first available
4. Variety SelectionVariety Selection –– Days to MaturityDays to Maturity
Easiest way to get earlierEasiest way to get earlier
cropcrop
May be limited on varietiesMay be limited on varieties
May not be best flavor asMay not be best flavor as
longer season cropslonger season crops
Earlier to market, betterEarlier to market, better
priceprice
Consumer may be tolerantConsumer may be tolerant
of smaller size/ less flavor ifof smaller size/ less flavor if
they are the first availablethey are the first available
5. Time of HarvestTime of Harvest
Consider size ofConsider size of
vegetable at harvestvegetable at harvest
Early red potatoesEarly red potatoes
Small picklingSmall pickling
cucumberscucumbers
Small summer squashSmall summer squash
Baby carrotsBaby carrots
Cherry tomatoesCherry tomatoes
8. Considerations with New VeggiesConsiderations with New Veggies
Growing requirements for new cropGrowing requirements for new crop
Samples??Samples??
Consider providing recipe cardsConsider providing recipe cards
Suggestions for useSuggestions for use
Information on nutritionInformation on nutrition
Engage the customerEngage the customer –– ““I bet youI bet you’’ve neverve never
seen this beforeseen this before””
9. Starting Seeds Plants EarlierStarting Seeds Plants Earlier
Light very importantLight very important –– quality and durationquality and duration
Fan on young seedlingsFan on young seedlings –– helps prevent leggyhelps prevent leggy
plantsplants
TemperatureTemperature –– daytime 60daytime 60 -- 7070°°FF –– nights nonights no
lower than 50lower than 50°°FF
Size of containerSize of container –– prevent root bound plantsprevent root bound plants
TimingTiming –– getting plants in the ground in agetting plants in the ground in a
timely mannertimely manner
10. Lighting ConsiderationsLighting Considerations
IncandescentIncandescent –– not good for plants needsnot good for plants needs
Good for heat, day length controlGood for heat, day length control
FluorescentFluorescent –– supplement sunlight wellsupplement sunlight well
Combination of cool white with warm white willCombination of cool white with warm white will
provide full light spectrumprovide full light spectrum
Cool white bulbs are more efficient than growCool white bulbs are more efficient than grow
lights in providing supplemental lightlights in providing supplemental light
High Pressure sodium and metal halideHigh Pressure sodium and metal halide
1/3 more efficient than fluorescent1/3 more efficient than fluorescent -- costlycostly
11. Cold Frames / Hot BedsCold Frames / Hot Beds
Mini greenhousesMini greenhouses
Old windowsOld windows
Plastic film on woodPlastic film on wood
frameframe
Rigid plasticRigid plastic
Hinged top needed toHinged top needed to
regulate heatregulate heat
12. Cold FramesCold Frames
DonDon’’t have to bet have to be
coveredcovered
Used to harden offUsed to harden off
plants before going toplants before going to
fieldfield
Can use lattice or snowCan use lattice or snow
fence to shade plantsfence to shade plants
13. Other Cold Frame UseOther Cold Frame Use
Earlier plantings of leafy greensEarlier plantings of leafy greens
Lettuce, spinach,Lettuce, spinach, swissswiss chard, parsleychard, parsley
Better in cool weather and lower lightBetter in cool weather and lower light
Wintering containersWintering containers –– Early forcing of tulips,Early forcing of tulips,
hyacinths, daffodils and crocushyacinths, daffodils and crocus
Force early springForce early spring
New markets???New markets???
14. Other Cold Frame UseOther Cold Frame Use
Late Summer SeedingLate Summer Seeding
Plant broccoli, pepper, spinach, lettucePlant broccoli, pepper, spinach, lettuce
Early winter harvestEarly winter harvest
Something to market other than rootSomething to market other than root
vegetables and winter squashvegetables and winter squash
15. Hot BedsHot Beds
Heating CableHeating Cable
Hole 6 inches deepHole 6 inches deep
Lay cableLay cable
Cover with sandCover with sand
ManureManure
10 inch deep hole10 inch deep hole
Add horse or chickenAdd horse or chicken
manuremanure
Cover with windowCover with window
screenscreen
Cover with soilCover with soil
16. Shade HousesShade Houses
Propagation of woody cuttingsPropagation of woody cuttings –– somesome
perennialsperennials
In containers or in ground bedIn containers or in ground bed
Misting may be neededMisting may be needed
Finishing/conditioning plantsFinishing/conditioning plants –– fromfrom
greenhouse before field plantinggreenhouse before field planting
17. Row CoversRow Covers
Flexible transparent materialFlexible transparent material
Perforated plastic,Perforated plastic, spunbondedspunbonded polyesterpolyester –– polypropylenepolypropylene
Floating or supported by hoopsFloating or supported by hoops
Can cover one or more rowsCan cover one or more rows
Trap heat of dayTrap heat of day –– warm air and soilwarm air and soil
Wind protection, less moisture lossWind protection, less moisture loss
May be insect barrier depending on typeMay be insect barrier depending on type
Think of crop needs when deciding on type of rowThink of crop needs when deciding on type of row
covercover –– temperature needs, pollination, growth habittemperature needs, pollination, growth habit
18. Supported Row CoversSupported Row Covers
Also Called Low TunnelsAlso Called Low Tunnels
Can use PVC pipe, heavyCan use PVC pipe, heavy
wirewire
More labor neededMore labor needed
Support needed for cropsSupport needed for crops
such as tomato, pepper andsuch as tomato, pepper and
summer squashsummer squash
Weed control neededWeed control needed
between rowsbetween rows
20. Floating Row CoversFloating Row Covers
SpunboundSpunbound polyester or polypropylenepolyester or polypropylene
7070 –– 80% light, air and water transmission80% light, air and water transmission
Placed directly on cropPlaced directly on crop
0.50.5 –– 1.25oz. /sq yard1.25oz. /sq yard
Covers under 0.5oz.Covers under 0.5oz. –– very little heat retentionvery little heat retention
Over 1.75oz. Significant light reductionOver 1.75oz. Significant light reduction
22°° -- 44°° frost protection in spring, morefrost protection in spring, more
protection in fallprotection in fall
21. Floating Row CoversFloating Row Covers
For large covers weigh down centers toFor large covers weigh down centers to
prevent damage with high windsprevent damage with high winds
Insect control may improveInsect control may improve
Maggot controlMaggot control
Squash bug controlSquash bug control
Remember needs for pollinationRemember needs for pollination
DonDon’’t trap insect pestst trap insect pests –– CPBCPB
22--6 weeks earlier depending on local6 weeks earlier depending on local
conditionsconditions
23. Zip HousesZip Houses
Mini greenhouseMini greenhouse
Ability to easierAbility to easier
regulate temperature,regulate temperature,
light and ventilationlight and ventilation
Frost protection down toFrost protection down to
2626°°
Open and close easilyOpen and close easily
from end of rowfrom end of row
Reusable for 2Reusable for 2--33
seasonsseasons
24. Zip HousesZip Houses
Protects from heavyProtects from heavy
rains, heavy winds andrains, heavy winds and
small hailsmall hail
2020--3030”” wide and 21wide and 21--2525””
talltall
Cut to any lengthCut to any length ––
strings stay ready to pullstrings stay ready to pull
500500’’ roll $158 + S&Hroll $158 + S&H
25. Zip HousesZip Houses
Zip House OpenedZip House Opened
Several hundred feetSeveral hundred feet
opened with one stringopened with one string
pullpull
No dirt moved whenNo dirt moved when
openingopening
Opens in secondsOpens in seconds
Allows pollinationAllows pollination
Can be sprayed thruCan be sprayed thru
open top
Zip House ClosedZip House Closed
Release strings at end ofRelease strings at end of
rowrow
Closed in secondsClosed in seconds
Double layer wallsDouble layer walls
Protects from wind, rainsProtects from wind, rains
and blowing soiland blowing soil
Much earlier growthMuch earlier growth
open top
26. Plastic MulchesPlastic Mulches
Used for years in vary colorsUsed for years in vary colors
AdvantagesAdvantages –– increased yields, earlier crops,increased yields, earlier crops,
higher quality, weed control and enhancedhigher quality, weed control and enhanced
insect managementinsect management
Work well with drip irrigationWork well with drip irrigation
High value cropsHigh value crops –– melons, tomatoes, peppersmelons, tomatoes, peppers
cucumbers, squash, eggplantcucumbers, squash, eggplant ………………………………..
Many considerations for colorMany considerations for color
27. Plastic Mulches 2Plastic Mulches 2
ColorsColors –– black, white, clear, white on black,black, white, clear, white on black,
red, green, silver reflecting, bluered, green, silver reflecting, blue--green, brown,green, brown,
yellow,yellow, ectect..
Red and black raise soil temps comparablyRed and black raise soil temps comparably
BlueBlue--green and brown warm soil like cleargreen and brown warm soil like clear
without weed problemwithout weed problem
Red, blue, yellow, gray and orange haveRed, blue, yellow, gray and orange have
distinct optical characteristics and reflectdistinct optical characteristics and reflect
different radiation pattern into the cropdifferent radiation pattern into the crop
28. Plastic Mulches 3Plastic Mulches 3
Blue and green plastic increased root:shootBlue and green plastic increased root:shoot
ratios in turnipsratios in turnips
Yellow, red and blue increased green peachYellow, red and blue increased green peach
aphidsaphids
Yellow attracted cucumber beetlesYellow attracted cucumber beetles
Silver repels certain aphid species and reducesSilver repels certain aphid species and reduces
or delays virus in summer squashor delays virus in summer squash
White or grey may require herbicide for weedWhite or grey may require herbicide for weed
controlcontrol
29. Mulch Color and TomatoesMulch Color and Tomatoes
Penn State StudyPenn State Study –– ‘‘SunbeamSunbeam’’ ‘‘MountainMountain
SupremeSupreme’’
Best yields on blackBest yields on black –– worst on green infraworst on green infra--redred
thermalthermal
Blue, silver and brown reduced fruit sizesBlue, silver and brown reduced fruit sizes
Varieties differ in response to same colorsVarieties differ in response to same colors
Colors affect microclimate in variety of waysColors affect microclimate in variety of ways
ReflectedReflected wavelenghwavelengh, temperature, moisture,, temperature, moisture,
humidity, insects and diseaseshumidity, insects and diseases
30. Mistakes inMistakes in PlasticulturePlasticulture
Lack of firm uniform bedLack of firm uniform bed –– hot air funnelinghot air funneling
Loose plasticLoose plastic –– can cover transplants, windcan cover transplants, wind
Poorly placed irrigation tapePoorly placed irrigation tape –– plant health, cut tapeplant health, cut tape
when plantingwhen planting
Failure to operate drip system immediately afterFailure to operate drip system immediately after
plantingplanting
Not monitoring temperaturesNot monitoring temperatures
Not calibrating fertilizer injectors/ratesNot calibrating fertilizer injectors/rates
Not removing row cover from cucurbit crops duringNot removing row cover from cucurbit crops during
pollinationpollination
31. Hoop HousesHoop Houses
High tunnelHigh tunnel
Many manufacturersMany manufacturers
Build your ownBuild your own
Anchored in groundAnchored in ground
Many heights/lengthsMany heights/lengths
Some large enough forSome large enough for
tractorstractors
Sides and ends forSides and ends for
ventilationventilation
32. CropsCrops
Anything high valueAnything high value
Anything with early season premiumAnything with early season premium
Fruits and vegetables, cut flowers, etcFruits and vegetables, cut flowers, etc
Keep a crop later in the seasonKeep a crop later in the season –– extendextend
harvestharvest
Starting plants earlierStarting plants earlier
Wind protection / temp modification overWind protection / temp modification over
winterwinter –– nursery plants, perennials and herbsnursery plants, perennials and herbs
33. Dan Mielke – tomatoes, peppers and cukesPenn State Research Facility
34. Hoop HousesHoop Houses
Selling fresh local tomatoes in JuneSelling fresh local tomatoes in June
Give you months of extra hours in a growingGive you months of extra hours in a growing
seasonseason
Cultivating spinach and leafy greens yearCultivating spinach and leafy greens year
roundround
35. BenefitsBenefits
Extending cropping seasonExtending cropping season
August/September seedingAugust/September seeding –– spinach, broccoli,spinach, broccoli,
other greensother greens
Harvest until DecemberHarvest until December
Limited by sunlight w/out supplemental lightLimited by sunlight w/out supplemental light
Mulch with straw and harvest root cropsMulch with straw and harvest root crops
throughout winterthroughout winter
36. One Growers ExperienceOne Growers Experience
20 x 96 foot tunnel20 x 96 foot tunnel
4 rows tomatoes4 rows tomatoes
2 rows of peppers2 rows of peppers
1 row of cucumbers1 row of cucumbers
YieldsYields
4,500 lbs of tomatoes4,500 lbs of tomatoes
1313 bubu of peppersof peppers
300 lbs of cucumber
Cost of tunnelCost of tunnel -- $2000$2000
Sales > $5000Sales > $5000
300 lbs of cucumber
38. Strawberry CropStrawberry Crop
Started on 4/15/03 by lowering sidesStarted on 4/15/03 by lowering sides
Temperature monitoring criticalTemperature monitoring critical
Use floating row cover on cold nightsUse floating row cover on cold nights
Picking started on 6/1/03Picking started on 6/1/03 –– tunneltunnel
6/11/036/11/03 –– plastic mulch with row coverplastic mulch with row cover
6/26/036/26/03 –– berries without mulch or row coverberries without mulch or row cover
Berries were sweeter, cleaner, less distorted, largerBerries were sweeter, cleaner, less distorted, larger
TunnelTunnel vsvs nono--tunnel from 200tunnel from 200 –– 380 % increase in380 % increase in
yieldyield
39. Strawberry VarietiesStrawberry Varieties
Early GlowEarly Glow –– 200% increase in tunnel200% increase in tunnel
HoneoyeHoneoye –– 380% increase in tunnel380% increase in tunnel
JewelJewel –– 330% increase in tunnel330% increase in tunnel
40. Raspberry CropRaspberry Crop
Fall berriesFall berries
First ripe berries inside or out September 26First ripe berries inside or out September 26
October 1October 1stst
outside crop frozeoutside crop froze
Tunnel berries produced until November 2Tunnel berries produced until November 2
Let berries freeze because of extended coldLet berries freeze because of extended cold
weatherweather
Too costly to heat for amount of salesToo costly to heat for amount of sales
43. SimpleSimple HoophouseHoophouse
Simple to BuildSimple to Build
Frame of plastic orFrame of plastic or
metal pipemetal pipe
Anchored by groundAnchored by ground
postsposts
Open endsOpen ends
Ventilation importantVentilation important
Doors, sidewalls otherDoors, sidewalls other
ventsvents
44. Classic AClassic A--FrameFrame
Very easy constructionVery easy construction
Steep roof sheds snowSteep roof sheds snow
Limited space (no roomLimited space (no room
for benches)for benches)
Growing space for tallGrowing space for tall
plantsplants
Ventilation importantVentilation important
Can have second layerCan have second layer
of plastic on insideof plastic on inside
45. Gothic ArchGothic Arch
Can be portable orCan be portable or
anchored to foundationanchored to foundation
Curved walls shed snowCurved walls shed snow
InexpensiveInexpensive
Lets in lots of lightLets in lots of light
46. Modified AModified A--FrameFrame
Steep roof for sheddingSteep roof for shedding
snowsnow
Sits on frame of 4x4 posts +Sits on frame of 4x4 posts +
insulationinsulation
More headroomMore headroom
Room for benchesRoom for benches –– storagestorage
underneathunderneath
Roof VentsRoof Vents
Can use triple wall plasticCan use triple wall plastic
panels for more insulationpanels for more insulation
47. SunSun -- PitPit
Foundation sunk belowFoundation sunk below
ground with concreteground with concrete
block wallsblock walls
More expensive initiallyMore expensive initially
Recoup costs fromRecoup costs from
heating savingsheating savings
Need good drainageNeed good drainage
Accessibility concernsAccessibility concerns
Higher initial costsHigher initial costs
48. Barn StyleBarn Style
Lots of lightLots of light –– goodgood
headroomheadroom
Solid sidewallsSolid sidewalls
Use plastic panels orUse plastic panels or
two layers of plastictwo layers of plastic
With foundation, greaterWith foundation, greater
wind resistancewind resistance
Attractive designAttractive design
49. SlantSlant--Sided Barn StyleSided Barn Style
Sheds heavy snowSheds heavy snow
Wind resistanceWind resistance
Simple constructionSimple construction
Allows room forAllows room for
benchesbenches
Can use double plasticCan use double plastic
with squirrel cage fanwith squirrel cage fan
50. Attached LeanAttached Lean--ToTo
Strong, easy toStrong, easy to
constructconstruct
Energy savingsEnergy savings
Can attach to house wallCan attach to house wall
with existing doorwith existing door
Need good ventilationNeed good ventilation
51. Attached AngledAttached Angled--WallWall
Effective with coldEffective with cold
sunny winters and hotsunny winters and hot
summerssummers
Wall angled to face lowWall angled to face low
winter sunwinter sun
Roof is covered andRoof is covered and
insulated againstinsulated against
summer heatsummer heat
52. Attached SolarAttached Solar
Connected to houseConnected to house
with sliding glass doorswith sliding glass doors
Helps heating house inHelps heating house in
winterwinter
Summer Cooling fromSummer Cooling from
HouseHouse
Rigid acrylic orRigid acrylic or
polyethylene panelspolyethylene panels
53. Kit GreenhousesKit Greenhouses
Easy to constructEasy to construct
Easily built in 1Easily built in 1--2 days2 days
Limited in sizeLimited in size
Can be costlyCan be costly