The document provides a sample Peg/Problem/Promise structure to argue for a proposed bill before the DC City Council. It begins with a peg about the council postponing a vote. The problem stated is that under current law, pedestrians and cyclists cannot receive compensation if found partially at fault in a collision. The promise put forth is that the council should pass the proposed bill to provide compensation to non-motorists harmed in crashes.
The IMF was created in 1944 and began operations in 1945 with the goal of stabilizing exchange rates and assisting in rebuilding the international monetary system after World War 2. It currently has 188 member states and provides policy advice and financing to countries facing economic difficulties or seeking to achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. Some of the largest borrowers in recent years have been Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Romania and Ukraine.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were established in 1944 to help rebuild the global economy after World War II. The IMF monitors global economic conditions and provides temporary loans to countries facing economic crises. The World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by providing long-term loans and development assistance to lower-income countries. Both organizations work with over 180 member countries to promote global economic stability and growth.
The World Bank was established in 1945 to help finance post-war reconstruction in Europe. It later shifted its mission to economic development in poorer countries. It provides low-interest loans, grants, and technical assistance to developing nations for projects in areas like education, health, and infrastructure. The IMF was also formed in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. It oversees the global monetary system and assists countries with temporary balance of payments issues. Both institutions are owned by member countries but have different roles, with the World Bank focusing on long-term development projects and the IMF on short-term macroeconomic stability.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and reduce poverty. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or balance of payment issues. The IMF is funded through quotas paid by member countries, and its headquarters are located in Washington D.C.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It is governed by and represents the interests of its 190 member countries. The IMF works to foster global growth, raise living standards, and reduce poverty through macroeconomic stability and access to short-term capital for countries experiencing economic hardship. It provides policy advice, research, statistics, financing, and technical assistance to its members.
The IMF and World Bank were established in 1944 to stabilize the global economy and support development. The IMF monitors economies, provides policy advice, and emergency loans to address balance of payments issues. The World Bank provides long-term financing for development projects in poorer countries. Both organizations work to combat food crises by funding emergency aid, supporting agricultural research, and easing trade barriers.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including:
- The IMF was established in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and stability after World War II and the Great Depression. It has since grown to 188 member countries.
- The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, reduce unemployment, maintain exchange rate stability, and make financial resources available to member countries.
- The IMF implements policies of conditionality on its lending to countries and has various facilities to provide loans with or without interest. It also established data dissemination standards to improve transparency among members.
- The IMF's main initial policies were to encourage monetary cooperation and promote economic growth, stability, and increased financial inflows for
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to help member countries. Key functions include surveillance of members' economic policies, lending to address balance of payment issues, and technical assistance. The IMF has helped Pakistan's economy through various loans totaling billions of dollars since the 1980s.
The IMF was created in 1944 and began operations in 1945 with the goal of stabilizing exchange rates and assisting in rebuilding the international monetary system after World War 2. It currently has 188 member states and provides policy advice and financing to countries facing economic difficulties or seeking to achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. Some of the largest borrowers in recent years have been Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Romania and Ukraine.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were established in 1944 to help rebuild the global economy after World War II. The IMF monitors global economic conditions and provides temporary loans to countries facing economic crises. The World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by providing long-term loans and development assistance to lower-income countries. Both organizations work with over 180 member countries to promote global economic stability and growth.
The World Bank was established in 1945 to help finance post-war reconstruction in Europe. It later shifted its mission to economic development in poorer countries. It provides low-interest loans, grants, and technical assistance to developing nations for projects in areas like education, health, and infrastructure. The IMF was also formed in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. It oversees the global monetary system and assists countries with temporary balance of payments issues. Both institutions are owned by member countries but have different roles, with the World Bank focusing on long-term development projects and the IMF on short-term macroeconomic stability.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and reduce poverty. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or balance of payment issues. The IMF is funded through quotas paid by member countries, and its headquarters are located in Washington D.C.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It is governed by and represents the interests of its 190 member countries. The IMF works to foster global growth, raise living standards, and reduce poverty through macroeconomic stability and access to short-term capital for countries experiencing economic hardship. It provides policy advice, research, statistics, financing, and technical assistance to its members.
The IMF and World Bank were established in 1944 to stabilize the global economy and support development. The IMF monitors economies, provides policy advice, and emergency loans to address balance of payments issues. The World Bank provides long-term financing for development projects in poorer countries. Both organizations work to combat food crises by funding emergency aid, supporting agricultural research, and easing trade barriers.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including:
- The IMF was established in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and stability after World War II and the Great Depression. It has since grown to 188 member countries.
- The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, reduce unemployment, maintain exchange rate stability, and make financial resources available to member countries.
- The IMF implements policies of conditionality on its lending to countries and has various facilities to provide loans with or without interest. It also established data dissemination standards to improve transparency among members.
- The IMF's main initial policies were to encourage monetary cooperation and promote economic growth, stability, and increased financial inflows for
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to help member countries. Key functions include surveillance of members' economic policies, lending to address balance of payment issues, and technical assistance. The IMF has helped Pakistan's economy through various loans totaling billions of dollars since the 1980s.
The document summarizes several major international financial institutions: the IMF, World Bank, United Nations, State Bank of Pakistan, and stock exchanges. The IMF works to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank provides loans to developing countries. The UN officially formed in 1945 and works on goals like poverty reduction. The State Bank of Pakistan regulates banking in Pakistan. Stock exchanges provide services for trading securities and facilitate capital formation.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It aims to strengthen member economies by making funds available, promote exchange stability, facilitate balanced trade growth, lessen disequilibrium in international balances of payments, and reduce poverty by enabling sustainable growth. The IMF monitors members' economies and policies, provides loans to countries with depleted reserves, stagnant economies, and rising bankruptcies, and keeps records of members' allocations and holdings of Special Drawing Rights, a supplementary reserve asset.
International Monitory Fund (IMF) by Abdullsamad Aqil KhanAbdull Samad
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in several paragraphs. It states that the IMF was created in 1944 and came into existence in 1945 with 29 founding member countries. It helps its 188 member countries by providing short-term loans and economic advice to promote international monetary cooperation and stabilize exchange rates. The IMF aims to facilitate international trade and ensure stability of foreign exchange rates among its members.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. It discusses their origins, governance structures, purposes, operations, and criticisms. The IMF was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank was also founded at Bretton Woods and includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and other organizations that provide development financing. Both institutions have faced criticism for promoting neoliberal economic policies and ignoring social and environmental impacts of their projects.
This document is a project submitted by Waghmare Shivangi Ashok Anjali, a student at V.G Vaze College in Mumbai, India. The project is about the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and was completed in partial fulfillment of an Economics course. It includes sections on the history of the IMF, its financial structure, technical assistance provided, main functions, criticisms of the IMF and conclusions. The student declares the work is original and was completed under the guidance of two professors.
The IMF was formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. Pakistan joined the IMF in 1950 and initially had normal relations, with Pakistan drawing funds under standby arrangements in the 1950s and 1960s. However, relations became more volatile in the 1970s as Pakistan relied more heavily on IMF loans. Pakistan's relationship with the IMF has transformed over six decades from an ordinary member to a heavily dependent nation, with periods of normal relations interspersed with volatile periods where Pakistan relied on multiple IMF loan programs.
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It states that the IMF oversees the global financial system and enforces liberalizing economic policies as a condition for loans. It was formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. The IMF engages in dialogue with member countries about economic policies. The five largest shareholders are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. The IMF aims to support short term loans for countries having balance of payment problems.
The IMF was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It works to improve the economies of its 189 member countries through surveillance of their economic policies, technical assistance and training, and lending. The IMF monitors global and national economies, provides short-term loans to countries with balance of payments problems, and makes policy recommendations to promote financial stability, employment, trade, and development.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces macroeconomic policies among its member countries. It aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through liberalizing economic policies. The IMF monitors members' economies, provides financial assistance through loans, and offers technical support to strengthen members' financial systems and reduce poverty. It works collaboratively with other international institutions on global economic and monetary issues.
The IMF was created in 1944 to help countries maintain stable international monetary systems and provide temporary financial assistance. It aims to promote global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. The IMF gains funds through membership fees paid by member countries and uses those funds to provide loans to countries experiencing economic troubles.
The document discusses the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in global monetary systems. It describes how the IMF was established in 1944 in response to the Great Depression to stabilize currency exchange rates without relying on the gold standard. The IMF monitors member country policies and economies to promote cooperation and avoid future crises. It also works to maintain orderly exchange rates and policies, and stabilize capital flows during financial issues. The IMF thus aims to create a stable global monetary system resilient to economic fluctuations.
The IMF was created in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It oversees the global financial system and policies of its 187 member countries. The IMF carries out its mandate through surveillance of members' economic policies, providing financial assistance to countries with payment imbalances, and delivering technical assistance on fiscal, monetary, statistical and other policies. Technical assistance has grown and now represents 15% of IMF expenditures, with demand exceeding capacity. The IMF coordinates its assistance with other organizations to minimize duplication.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It aims to foster global growth and reduce poverty through loans and economic advice. IMF membership includes most UN nations and allows countries to borrow temporary funds to ease imbalances of payments. India is currently the 13th largest shareholder in the IMF with 1.95% of total quotas. The IMF has provided economic assistance and policy consultation to India over the years.
The Post 1930 Era saw major global economic disruptions from the Great Depression and World War II. Countries responded by raising trade barriers and devaluing currencies to compete for exports. This led to a breakdown in international cooperation and a decline in world trade. At a conference in Bretton Woods in 1944, representatives agreed to establish the IMF to oversee the international monetary system and support countries facing economic difficulties through lending and other programs. The IMF formally began operations in 1947 with 29 member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are international financial institutions that work to promote global economic growth and reduce poverty. The IMF provides policy advice and financing to member countries facing economic crises, while the World Bank offers loans and grants for development projects. The World Bank comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association - the IBRD provides loans to middle-income countries for projects in areas like infrastructure, while the IDA offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest nations. Together with other organizations, the World Bank Group aims to foster sustainable development worldwide.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1944 to stabilize exchange rates and assist in rebuilding the international monetary system after World War II. It is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation. The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable growth, and reduce poverty. However, its role has changed over time as countries have gained more financial autonomy and flexibility in their exchange rate systems. While the IMF still plays an important role in stabilizing the global economy, it also faces limitations due to ongoing changes in international financial markets.
The document discusses the history and role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to stabilize exchange rates and assist countries with payment imbalances. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to its 188 member countries. The IMF is governed by quotas paid by each member and is led by a Managing Director. It supports global monetary cooperation, balanced trade, exchange rate stability, and helps eliminate payment imbalances and poverty in developing countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. The IMF provides policy advice to governments, concessional loans to developing countries, and technical assistance. It was originally created under the Bretton Woods system to promote international monetary cooperation and a stable system of exchange rates. The IMF conducts economic surveillance on its member countries and provides conditional loans to countries experiencing financial difficulties.
The document summarizes the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its creation, mandate, functions, governance, and lending policies. The IMF was established in 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It monitors global economic and financial conditions and provides loans to countries experiencing economic difficulties to help stabilize their economies. The IMF is governed by a Board of Governors and Executive Board and supports members through surveillance, technical assistance, and financial assistance programs.
The document discusses the history and structure of the international financial system and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It outlines the key elements and periods in the evolution of the international financial system, including the gold standard, Bretton Woods system, and floating exchange rates. It then provides details on the IMF, including its objectives, functions, structure, operations, facilities, special drawing rights, and role in developing countries as well as some shortcomings. The IMF aims to promote global monetary cooperation and financial stability between its 188 member countries.
The IMF promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation between its 188 member countries. It facilitates international trade and seeks to promote high employment, sustainable growth, and poverty reduction. The IMF is governed by an executive board and provides services like surveillance of members' economic policies, financial assistance through loans, and technical assistance.
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY - B.A. ECONOMICS- IV SEMESTER - INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS - UNIT – V: Evolution, Role and Functions of International Institutions - IMF, IBRD, GATT, WTO and ADB.
The document summarizes several major international financial institutions: the IMF, World Bank, United Nations, State Bank of Pakistan, and stock exchanges. The IMF works to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank provides loans to developing countries. The UN officially formed in 1945 and works on goals like poverty reduction. The State Bank of Pakistan regulates banking in Pakistan. Stock exchanges provide services for trading securities and facilitate capital formation.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It aims to strengthen member economies by making funds available, promote exchange stability, facilitate balanced trade growth, lessen disequilibrium in international balances of payments, and reduce poverty by enabling sustainable growth. The IMF monitors members' economies and policies, provides loans to countries with depleted reserves, stagnant economies, and rising bankruptcies, and keeps records of members' allocations and holdings of Special Drawing Rights, a supplementary reserve asset.
International Monitory Fund (IMF) by Abdullsamad Aqil KhanAbdull Samad
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in several paragraphs. It states that the IMF was created in 1944 and came into existence in 1945 with 29 founding member countries. It helps its 188 member countries by providing short-term loans and economic advice to promote international monetary cooperation and stabilize exchange rates. The IMF aims to facilitate international trade and ensure stability of foreign exchange rates among its members.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. It discusses their origins, governance structures, purposes, operations, and criticisms. The IMF was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. The World Bank was also founded at Bretton Woods and includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and other organizations that provide development financing. Both institutions have faced criticism for promoting neoliberal economic policies and ignoring social and environmental impacts of their projects.
This document is a project submitted by Waghmare Shivangi Ashok Anjali, a student at V.G Vaze College in Mumbai, India. The project is about the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and was completed in partial fulfillment of an Economics course. It includes sections on the history of the IMF, its financial structure, technical assistance provided, main functions, criticisms of the IMF and conclusions. The student declares the work is original and was completed under the guidance of two professors.
The IMF was formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability. Pakistan joined the IMF in 1950 and initially had normal relations, with Pakistan drawing funds under standby arrangements in the 1950s and 1960s. However, relations became more volatile in the 1970s as Pakistan relied more heavily on IMF loans. Pakistan's relationship with the IMF has transformed over six decades from an ordinary member to a heavily dependent nation, with periods of normal relations interspersed with volatile periods where Pakistan relied on multiple IMF loan programs.
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It states that the IMF oversees the global financial system and enforces liberalizing economic policies as a condition for loans. It was formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. The IMF engages in dialogue with member countries about economic policies. The five largest shareholders are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. The IMF aims to support short term loans for countries having balance of payment problems.
The IMF was conceived in 1944 and established in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It works to improve the economies of its 189 member countries through surveillance of their economic policies, technical assistance and training, and lending. The IMF monitors global and national economies, provides short-term loans to countries with balance of payments problems, and makes policy recommendations to promote financial stability, employment, trade, and development.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces macroeconomic policies among its member countries. It aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through liberalizing economic policies. The IMF monitors members' economies, provides financial assistance through loans, and offers technical support to strengthen members' financial systems and reduce poverty. It works collaboratively with other international institutions on global economic and monetary issues.
The IMF was created in 1944 to help countries maintain stable international monetary systems and provide temporary financial assistance. It aims to promote global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. The IMF gains funds through membership fees paid by member countries and uses those funds to provide loans to countries experiencing economic troubles.
The document discusses the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in global monetary systems. It describes how the IMF was established in 1944 in response to the Great Depression to stabilize currency exchange rates without relying on the gold standard. The IMF monitors member country policies and economies to promote cooperation and avoid future crises. It also works to maintain orderly exchange rates and policies, and stabilize capital flows during financial issues. The IMF thus aims to create a stable global monetary system resilient to economic fluctuations.
The IMF was created in 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It oversees the global financial system and policies of its 187 member countries. The IMF carries out its mandate through surveillance of members' economic policies, providing financial assistance to countries with payment imbalances, and delivering technical assistance on fiscal, monetary, statistical and other policies. Technical assistance has grown and now represents 15% of IMF expenditures, with demand exceeding capacity. The IMF coordinates its assistance with other organizations to minimize duplication.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It aims to foster global growth and reduce poverty through loans and economic advice. IMF membership includes most UN nations and allows countries to borrow temporary funds to ease imbalances of payments. India is currently the 13th largest shareholder in the IMF with 1.95% of total quotas. The IMF has provided economic assistance and policy consultation to India over the years.
The Post 1930 Era saw major global economic disruptions from the Great Depression and World War II. Countries responded by raising trade barriers and devaluing currencies to compete for exports. This led to a breakdown in international cooperation and a decline in world trade. At a conference in Bretton Woods in 1944, representatives agreed to establish the IMF to oversee the international monetary system and support countries facing economic difficulties through lending and other programs. The IMF formally began operations in 1947 with 29 member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are international financial institutions that work to promote global economic growth and reduce poverty. The IMF provides policy advice and financing to member countries facing economic crises, while the World Bank offers loans and grants for development projects. The World Bank comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association - the IBRD provides loans to middle-income countries for projects in areas like infrastructure, while the IDA offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest nations. Together with other organizations, the World Bank Group aims to foster sustainable development worldwide.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1944 to stabilize exchange rates and assist in rebuilding the international monetary system after World War II. It is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation. The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable growth, and reduce poverty. However, its role has changed over time as countries have gained more financial autonomy and flexibility in their exchange rate systems. While the IMF still plays an important role in stabilizing the global economy, it also faces limitations due to ongoing changes in international financial markets.
The document discusses the history and role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to stabilize exchange rates and assist countries with payment imbalances. The IMF provides policy advice, research, loans, and technical assistance to its 188 member countries. The IMF is governed by quotas paid by each member and is led by a Managing Director. It supports global monetary cooperation, balanced trade, exchange rate stability, and helps eliminate payment imbalances and poverty in developing countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. The IMF provides policy advice to governments, concessional loans to developing countries, and technical assistance. It was originally created under the Bretton Woods system to promote international monetary cooperation and a stable system of exchange rates. The IMF conducts economic surveillance on its member countries and provides conditional loans to countries experiencing financial difficulties.
The document summarizes the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its creation, mandate, functions, governance, and lending policies. The IMF was established in 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to promote international monetary cooperation and stability. It monitors global economic and financial conditions and provides loans to countries experiencing economic difficulties to help stabilize their economies. The IMF is governed by a Board of Governors and Executive Board and supports members through surveillance, technical assistance, and financial assistance programs.
The document discusses the history and structure of the international financial system and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It outlines the key elements and periods in the evolution of the international financial system, including the gold standard, Bretton Woods system, and floating exchange rates. It then provides details on the IMF, including its objectives, functions, structure, operations, facilities, special drawing rights, and role in developing countries as well as some shortcomings. The IMF aims to promote global monetary cooperation and financial stability between its 188 member countries.
The IMF promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation between its 188 member countries. It facilitates international trade and seeks to promote high employment, sustainable growth, and poverty reduction. The IMF is governed by an executive board and provides services like surveillance of members' economic policies, financial assistance through loans, and technical assistance.
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY - B.A. ECONOMICS- IV SEMESTER - INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS - UNIT – V: Evolution, Role and Functions of International Institutions - IMF, IBRD, GATT, WTO and ADB.
The document provides information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its history, organization structure, functions, and relationship to India. It was formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference to oversee the international monetary system and facilitate global economic cooperation. The IMF works to monitor economies, provide loans to countries in need, and offer technical assistance. It is governed by the Board of Governors and funded by member country quotas.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that provides financial assistance and advice to member countries. It aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate international trade. The IMF monitors global economic trends and works with member countries to promote macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. It provides policy advice, financing, technical assistance, and training to member countries. Key functions of the IMF include promoting international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, and helping countries deal with balance of payments issues and economic crises. The IMF is governed by its 187 member countries and led by a Managing Director. It derives its resources mainly from member country capital subscriptions and quotas.
The document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It provides background on the IMF's formation and purpose, as well as details on Pakistan's history of borrowing from the IMF, including common conditions attached to IMF loans. While IMF borrowing can provide short-term relief and averted economic crises for Pakistan in the past, it has also contributed to mounting debt over time without substantive economic reforms by the government. The document concludes that unless the Pakistani government cuts wasteful spending and implements meaningful long-term reforms, continuing to rely on IMF loans will only prolong cyclical debt issues.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It discusses the IMF's establishment in 1944, mission to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability, organizational structure, financing through member quotas, and lending activities. The IMF monitors members' economic policies and risks, provides policy advice and capacity development, and issues Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to supplement official foreign exchange reserves. The IMF obtains its financial resources from member quotas as well as multilateral and bilateral borrowing agreements.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for capital programs aimed at reducing poverty. It aims to promote foreign investment, international trade, and facilitate capital investment. It comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The IBRD finances private sector projects and companies, while the IDA provides long-term, interest-free loans to the world's poorest countries.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and financial assistance to developing countries for capital programs with the goal of reducing poverty. It makes decisions guided by promoting foreign investment, international trade, and facilitating capital investment. It was founded in 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire and opened in 1946. The World Bank comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, and is part of the larger World Bank Group which also includes the International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were established to promote international monetary cooperation and economic development. The IMF oversees the global financial system and provides loans to countries facing payment imbalances. The World Bank focuses on poverty reduction through long-term loans for infrastructure and development programs. Both institutions have faced criticism for the conditionalities attached to loans and negative social impacts, though developing countries often have no alternative to accessing their funds in times of crisis. Reforms have aimed to make IFI policies more sensitive to country-specific economic and social conditions.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system and enforces economic policy on member countries. The IMF aims to stabilize exchange rates and facilitate development through loans and aid that liberalize economies. It monitors members' economic policies and provides short-term loans to help countries address balance of payments issues. The IMF is funded mainly through member quota subscriptions and has about 187 member countries.
The World Bank is an international financial institution owned by member governments that provides financial assistance and advice to developing countries for economic development programs. It was conceived at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference to promote global economic growth. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty by 2030 by increasing incomes for the poorest populations and reducing the percentage living in extreme poverty to 3%. It offers loans to governments for projects and policy reforms related to issues like education, poverty reduction, biodiversity, infrastructure, and conflict prevention. The World Bank Group also includes organizations that provide financing to both public and private sectors.
International Financial Institution, IMF, IBRD,IFC,IDAMohammed Jasir PV
International Financial Institution- International Monetary Fund—functions-- Special Drawing Rights - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-- International Finance Corporation-- International Development Association
The document discusses the international monetary system and related organizations. It provides details about:
1) The international monetary system regulates valuations and exchange of money across countries through rules and regulations. It facilitates capital flows and trade.
2) Key participants in the system include multinational corporations, investors, and financial institutions. Facilitating organizations are the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and others.
3) The IMF was established in 1944 and aims to promote international monetary cooperation and financial stability through surveillance, policy advice, and lending.
The IMF monitors and makes policy recommendations regarding the international monetary system. It provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises or issues with their balance of payments. The IMF works to ensure stability in the international monetary system to facilitate balanced economic growth and development.
World Bank & IMF (International Monetary Fund)Gaurav Jain
The World Bank and IMF were both created in 1945 to help rebuild economies devastated by World War II and promote international economic cooperation. The World Bank provides long-term loans for infrastructure and development projects, while the IMF provides short-term loans to address balance of payments issues and stabilize currencies. Both are based in Washington D.C. and have near-universal global membership of 189 countries working to reduce poverty and foster sustainable economic growth worldwide.
- The document presents information about the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its history, purpose, functions, and relationship with Bangladesh. The IMF was established in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and stability. It provides loans and other resources to help countries address balance of payments issues. The IMF works to monitor economies, support policies, and provide technical assistance to its over 185 member countries.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including its establishment in 1945, roles and objectives, functions, organization structure, funding sources, membership, successes and failures working with India. The IMF was established at Bretton Woods to promote international monetary cooperation and global economic stability. It provides loans and policy advice to members and works to establish a framework for stable currency exchange rates.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Financial Institutions.pptxDiksha Vashisht
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes global economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade, and reduces poverty. Quotas of member countries are a key determinant of the voting power in IMF decisions.
Votes comprise one vote per 100,000 special drawing right (SDR) of quota plus basic votes. SDRS are an international type of monetary reserve currency created by the IMF as a supplement to the existing money reserves of member countries.
The World Bank is an internationally supported bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for programs to reduce poverty such as infrastructure projects. It is governed by a board of executive directors representing member countries. The United States has veto power due to its large financial contributions. The World Bank funds projects in various sectors and faces criticism for promoting Western interests. The IMF was created in 1944 to stabilize exchange rates and assist in reconstructing international payments after World War II. It is governed by a board and managing director. The IMF aims to facilitate global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability.
The International Monetary Fund, or IMF, promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation. It also facilitates international trade, promotes employment and sustainable economic growth, and helps to reduce global poverty.
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Build marketing products across the customer journey to grow your business and build a relationship with your customer. For example you can build graders, calculators, quizzes, recommendations, chatbots or AR apps. Things like Hubspot's free marketing grader, Moz's site analyzer, VenturePact's mobile app cost calculator, new york times's dialect quiz, Ikea's AR app, L'Oreal's AR app and Nike's fitness apps. All of these examples are free tools that help drive engagement with your brand, build an audience and generate leads for your core business by adding value to a customer during a micro-moment.
Key Takeaways:
Learn how to use specific GPTs to help you Learn how to build your own marketing tools
Generate marketing ideas for your business How to think through and use AI in marketing
How AI changes the marketing game
How to Start Affiliate Marketing with ChatGPT- A Step-by-Step Guide (1).pdfSimpleMoneyMaker
Discover the power of affiliate marketing with ChatGPT! This comprehensive guide takes you through the process of starting and scaling your affiliate marketing business using the latest AI technology. Learn how to leverage ChatGPT to generate content ideas, create engaging articles, and connect with your audience through personalized interactions. From building your strategy and optimizing conversions to analyzing performance and staying updated with industry trends, this eBook provides everything you need to know to succeed in affiliate marketing. Whether you're a beginner looking to start your online business or an experienced marketer wanting to take your efforts to the next level, this guide is your roadmap to success in the world of affiliate marketing.
Basic Management Concepts., “Management is the art of getting things done thr...DilanThennakoon
The managers achieve organizational objectives by getting work from
others and not performing in the tasks themselves.
Management is an art and science of getting work done through people.
It is the process of giving direction and controlling the various activities
of the people to achieve the objectives of an organization Management is a universal process in all organized, social and economic activities. Wherever
there is human activity there is management.
Management is a vital aspect of the economic life of man, which is an organized group activity. A
central directing and controlling agency is indispensable for a business concern. The productive
resources –material, labour, capital etc. are entrusted to the organizing skill, administrative ability
and enterprising initiative of the management. Thus, management provides leadership to a
business enterprise. Without able managers and effective managerial leadership the resources of
production remain merely resources and never become production. Management occupies such an
important place in the modern world that the welfare of the people and the destiny of the country
are very much influenced by it.
1.2 MEANING OF MANAGEMENT
Management is a technique of extracting work from others in an integrated and co-ordinated
manner for realizing the specific objectives through productive use of material resources.
Mobilising the physical, human and financial resources and planning their utilization for business
operations in such a manner as to reach the defined goals can be benefited to as management.
1.3 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT
Management may be defined in many different ways. Many eminent authors on the subject have
defined the term "management". Some of these definitions are reproduced below:
In the words of George R Terry - "Management is a distinct process consisting of planning,
organising, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the
use of people and resources".
According to James L Lundy - "Management is principally the task of planning, co¬ordinating,
motivating and controlling the efforts of others towards a specific objective",
In the words of Henry Fayol - "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to
co-ordinate and to control".
According to Peter F Drucker - "Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business and
manages managers and manages worker and work".
In the words of J.N. Schulze - "Management is the force which leads, guides and directs an
organisation in the accomplishment of a pre-determined object".
In the words of Koontz and O'Donnel - "Management is defined as the creation and maintenance
of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals working together in groups can
perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals".
According to Ordway Tead - "Management is the process and agency which directs and guides the
operations of an organisation in realising of established aim
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era"" is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
Breaking Silos To Break Bank: Shattering The Divide Between Search And SocialNavah Hopkins
At Mozcon 2024 I shared this deck on bridging the divide between search and social. We began by acknowledging that search-first marketers are used to different rules of engagement than social marketers. We also looked at how both channels treat creative, audiences, bidding/budgeting, and AI. We finished by going through how they can win together including UTM audits, harvesting comments from both to inform creative, and allowing for non-login forums to be part of your marketing strategy.
I themed this deck using Baldur's Gate 3 characters: Gale as Search and Astarion as Social
THE STORY COMMUNICATION Credential 2024.pptxhuyenngo62
The Story Communication là công ty quảng cáo truyền thông tích hợp (IMC) được xây dựng trên thế mạnh về Digital & Performance.
#Assemble #Integrity #Transformation #Initiative
Title: Making Money the Easy Way: A Quick Guide to Generating IncomeWilliamZinsmeister
Welcome to "Making Money the Easy Way: A Quick Guide to Generating Income." This book is designed to provide you with practical, actionable strategies to generate income with minimal effort. Whether you’re looking to supplement your current income or create a full-time revenue stream, this guide covers a variety of methods to help you achieve your financial goals. We will explore opportunities available online, various investment strategies, profitable side hustles, creative approaches, and essential financial tips to ensure sustainable income growth.
From Subreddits To Search: Maximizing Your Brand's Impact On RedditSearch Engine Journal
The search landscape is undergoing a seismic shift, and Reddit is at the epicenter. Google's Helpful Content Update and its $60 million deal with Reddit, coupled with OpenAI's partnership, have catapulted Reddit's real-time content to unprecedented heights.
Check out this insightful webinar exploring the newfound importance of Reddit in the digital marketing landscape. Learn how these changes make Reddit an essential platform for getting your brand and content in front of evolving search audiences.
You’ll hear:
- The evolution of Reddit as a major influencer on SERPS over the years.
- The impact of recent changes and partnerships on Reddit’s place in search.
- A comprehensive look at Reddit, how it works, and how to approach it.
- Unique engagement opportunities presented by Reddit.
With Brent Csutoras, a Reddit expert with over 18 years of experience on the platform, we’ll delve into the intricacies of Reddit's communities, known as Subreddits, and how to leverage their power without compromising authenticity or violating community guidelines in the age of AI-driven search experiences.
Don't miss this opportunity to stay ahead of the curve and leverage Reddit for your brand's success.
Empowering Influencers: The New Center of Brand-Consumer Dynamics
In the current market landscape, establishing genuine connections with consumers is crucial. This presentation, "Empowering Influencers: The New Center of Brand-Consumer Dynamics," explores how influencers have become pivotal in shaping brand-consumer relationships. We will examine the strategic use of influencers to create authentic, engaging narratives that resonate deeply with target audiences, driving success in the evolved purchase funnel.
2. Olivia Farrow
Press Release Sample
1
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
June 7, 2016
CONTACT: OLIVIA FARROW
703-505-8046
Orf2@georgetown.edu
Cooper Hospital Joins Forces with Competitors:
Starts Electronic Records System
Exchange to lead the state in faster healthcare
CAMDEN, NJ- On June 7th, Cooper University Hospital will be joining forces with rivaling
hospitals Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center and Virtua Health to create an electronic medical
records exchange.
This program will synchronize three large health organizations' databases so doctors can quickly
collect over 70,000 patients' medical histories.
"This will really speed up a patient's visit in Camden," said Jeffrey Brenner, the doctor who initiated
the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers. "When it's a matter of life and death, an ER nurse or
doctor needs to get the whole picture. A lot of crucial data on a patient can be accessed in moments
with an electronic medical record."
The CDC ranks medical errors as the third highest cause of death in the United States, which
equates to over 250,000 deaths in 2015. Medical errors include improper coordination of care and
diagnostic errors, which an electronic medical record exchange can alleviate.
"A lot of suffering and death can be prevented with this exchange," Dr. Brenner said in his office in
Camden. "A doctor needs to know if the patient has a history of high blood pressure, allergens, or a
history of kidney problems. If a doctor prescribes something that conflicts with a patient's
medication, that is like mixing ammonia and bleach-you don't do it. With a comprehensive medical
record at the ready, doctors will be able to circumvent a lot of medical errors."
Currently, the United States economy spends one out of every six dollars on healthcare, including
medical record infrastructure.
**
3. 2
Olivia Farrow
Fact Sheet Sample
Fact Sheet: The International Monetary Fund
The IMF's Function:
• Ensure the stability of exchange rates and international payments for countries and it's
peoples.
o Executed through providing loans and establishing financial safeguards
o Providing management advice for economic projects
The IMF's Resources:
• Financial resources are through member quotas
o Quotas reflect each members' position in the global economy
The IMF at A Glance:
• 189 member countries
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C.
• Managing Director: ChristineLagarde
• Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or groups of countries
• Staff: Approximately 2,663 from 148 countries
• Total quotas: US$650 billion as of March 2016.
• Additional pledged or committed resources: US $642billion
• Biggest borrowers as of March 2016: Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Ireland
The IMF's Beginnings:
• First proposed at the United Nations conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
United States, July 1944.
• Initially began with 44 governments.
• Goal was to build economic infrastructures and safeguards to prevent competitive
devaluations of currencies in the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The IMF’s Governance:
• Leadership consists of member countries' governments
o Board of Governors consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from
each member country
4. 3
Olivia Farrow
Background Sample
Background: The International Monetary Fund
History:
The IMF, also known as the Fund, was first proposed at the United Nations conference in Bretton
Woods, New Hampshire, United States, July 1944. The 44 governments represented at that
conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to avoid a repetition of the
vicious circle of currency fluctuations that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Function:
The Fund's primary function is to provide loans and economic safeguards to countries in economic
duress. Such functions are executed through providing loans and establishing financial accountability
in the world economy. These functions are further carried out through providing technical assistance
to ensure IMF funded programs improve living standards and economic stability.
The IMF's Resources:
The Fund's financial resources are through member countries' contributions. Quotas reflect each
members' position in the global economy. The current total quotas as of March 2016 are US $650
billion US dollars. The Fund has an additional pledged or committed resources of 642 billion US
dollars.
The IMF’s Governance:
The Fund's leadership consists of member countries' governments, specifically through its Board of
Governors. The Fund's Board of Governors consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor
from each member country. There are now 24 Directors representing countries or groups of
countries as of June 2016.
The IMF Today:
The Fund now has 189 member countries. Headquartered in Washington, DC, the Fund has
approximately 2663 employees from 148 countries. The Fund's most notable project to date has
been the bailout of the country of Greece to the sum of 110 billion Euros in 2010 and an additional
100 billion Euros in 2011. The Funds' biggest borrowers as of March 2016 are Portugal, Greece,
Ukraine, and Ireland.
5. 4
Olivia Farrow
Q&A Sample
Q&A: The International Monetary Fund
Q: What does the IMF do?
A: The International Monetary Fund, or the Fund, ensures the stability of exchange rates and
international payments for countries and it's peoples. These goals are executed through providing
loans and establishing financial safeguards to its' member nations. The Fund also provides economic
analysis on the global economy.
Q: When and where was the IMF founded?
A: The Fund was organized at the United Nations conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
United States, July 1944.
Q: Wby was the IMF founded?
A: The founding members of the Fund sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to
avoid a repetition of the vicious circle of competitive devaluations that contributed to the Great
Depression of the 1930s.
Q: How does the IMF get its' funding?
A: The Fund's financial resources are through member countries' contributions. Quotas reflect each
members' position in the global economy.
Q: How many countries have membership with the IMF?
A: The Fund has 189 member countries.
Q: How much money does the IMF have in quotas?
A: The current total quotas as of 3/9/16 are US $650 billion. The Fund has an additional pledged or
committed resources of US $642 billion.
Q: What is a notable project that the IMF has undergone recently?
A: The Fund's most notable project to date has been the bailout of the country of Greece to the
sum of 110 billion Euros in 2010 and an additional 100 billion Euros in 2011.
Q: Where can I learn more about the IMF?
A: For more information please visit www.imf.org.
6. 5
Olivia Farrow
Talking PointsSample
Talking Points: The International Monetary Fund
Overview:
• The IMF's Function:
o Ensure the stability of exchange rates and international payments for countries
o Executed through providing loans and establishing financialsafeguards
o Goal was to build economic infrastructures and safeguards to prevent competitive
devaluations of currencies in the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The IMF At A Glance:
• 189 member countries
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C.
• Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or groups of countries
• Managing Director: ChristineLagarde
• Staff: Approximately 2,663 from 148 countries
• Total quotas: US$650 billion (as of 3/9/16)
• Additional pledged or committed resources: US $642 billion
• Biggest borrowers (as of 2/29/16):Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Ireland
The IMF's Resources:
• Financial resources are through member quotas
o Quotas reflect each members' position in the global economy
The IMF's Governance:
• Leadership consists of member countries' governments
o Board of Governors consists of one Governor and one Alternate Governor from
each member country
Timeline:
July 1944: First proposed at the United Nations conference in New Hampshire.
March 1947: The Fund begins operations.
May 1947: First drawing from the Fund by France.
May 1976: The Fund decides on policies and procedures for selling gold.
May 1992: The Fund approves membership of countries of the former Soviet Union.
October 2008: The Fund offers $100 billion to countries harmed by the financial crises
2010-2011: The Fund loans the country of Greece 110 billion Euros and an additional 100
billion Euros in 2011.
October 2016: Chinese renminbi added to list of world currencies on reserve
7. 6
Olivia Farrow
Peg/Problem/PromiseSample
Topic: Contributory Negligence Bill
Pro:
Peg: On Tuesday, the DC City Council decided to postpone their vote on providing crash victims
compensation in collisions.
Problem: The current law in DC for pedestrians and cyclists is that if they are found even slightly
responsible for a collision with a car, they cannot receive any compensation.
Promise: DC City Council should pass the proposed bill that would provide compensation to
pedestrians and cyclists who are harmed in crashes.
Con:
Peg: On Tuesday, the DC City Council decided to postpone their vote on providing crash victims
compensation in collisions.
Problem: If DC City Council passes the proposed bill, auto insurance rates for DC drivers will
increase an additional 600 dollars a year.
Promise: Though the proposed bill seems like a good idea, it would cost DC drivers exorbitant
amounts of money for a small number of crashes.
Topic: Banning Fashion Ads
Pro:
Peg: This month, London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced that London transportation would no
longer run ads featuring unrealistically skinny women.
Problem: Ads that promote women who are dangerously thin is demeaning to women and makes
them ashamed of their bodies.
Promise: London's new ban of these kinds of ads will encourage responsible advertising that is
respectful to women of all shapes and sizes.
Con:
Peg: This month, London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced that London transportation would no
longer run ads featuring unrealistically skinny women.
Problem: Banning ads featuring women who are thin is still encouraging people to judge women
based on the size of their bodies, no matter how large or small they are.
Promise: Public transportation in London should not try to censor ads with skinny women because
society will still judge women because of their sizes anyway, even if it is not in public transportation.
8. 7
Olivia Farrow
Peg/Problem/PromiseSample
Topic: The Problems with Vocal Fry
Pro:
Peg: Many women in their 20s and 30s have developed a speaking pattern called 'vocal fry,' in
which the speaker uses long sentences and a guttural, soft spoken voice.
Problem: Women should be mindful of avoiding vocal fry if they are to move up in the workplace,
as this pattern of speech can be a barrier to advancement because of their apparent lack of
professionalism.
Promise: If women stop using vocal fry, they will be respected by their elders and advance in the
workplace.
Con:
Peg: Many women in their 20s and 30s have developed a speaking pattern called 'vocal fry,' in
which the speaker uses long sentences and a guttural, soft spoken voice.
Problem: Vocal fry is not a problem with the young women using this speech pattern: it is a
symptom of misogynistic standards that find fault with women no matter how they speak.
Promise: Vocal fry is not a symptom of unprofessional young women in the workplace, but a sign
that culture is policing young women's voices.
Topic: Federal Election Commission charging Fox News for Republican Primary Debates
Pro:
Peg: The Federal Election Commission's Democratic Commissioners voted last week to pursue
legal action against Fox News, charging that the network unfairly excluded candidates from
participating in the Republican Primary Debates.
Problem: Candidate Mark Everson was unjustly blocked from debating because Fox News did not
follow objective selection criteria set up by FEC regulations.
Promise: The Democratic Commissioners are in the right to charge Fox News with failing to follow
FEC political debate laws, as Mark Everson met the criteria to be eligible to be in the Republican
Primary Debates but was still not allowed to participate.
Con:
Peg: The Federal Election Commission's Democratic Commissioners voted last week to pursue
legal action against Fox News, charging that the network unfairly excluded candidates from
participating in the Republican Primary Debates.
9. Olivia Farrow
Peg/Problem/PromiseSample
8
Problem: Under the FEC regulations, Fox News was left with very little room to differentiate
candidates and had to make executive calls about who would and would not be eligible to debate.
Promise: Fox News had to make due with the difficult situation in an overcrowded candidate field
and used their right under the First Amendment of freedom of the press to not invite Mark Everson
in the GOP primary debates.
Topic: Montgomery Study on Plastic Bag Tax
Pro:
Peg: Last week, Montgomery, Maryland released their findings of a study of the impacts of a tax on
plastic bags that is now four years old.
Problem: The recent study shows that the plastic bag tax has reduced plastic bag sales in
convenience stores and department stores, reducing trash and waste that would otherwise pollute
the Anacostia River.
Promise: Montgomery's study on plastic bag taxes proves that such programs are effective for
improving the environment in Maryland.
Con:
Peg: Last week, Montgomery, Maryland released their findings of a study of the impacts of a tax on
plastic bags that is now four years old.
Problem: The results of the study found that while plastic bag sales have dropped in convenience
stores and department stores, plastic bag sales have increased 3.2 percent in grocery stores since the
tax began.
Promise: Montgomery's study on plastic bag taxes proves that unless there is an outright ban on
plastic bags, people will continue to use environmentally harmful plastic bags.
10. 9
Olivia Farrow
Op-Ed Sample
h
Preventing terrorism requires people, not search algorithms
In response to recent terrorist attacks, on June 15, Hillary Clinton reinvigorated her
proposal for a partnership with social media firms and government surveillance agencies. This
partnership assumes that terrorism can be prevented by increasing surveillance capabilities on social
media platforms. While Ms. Clinton’s proposal may seem like a good idea, the effectiveness of such
a policy is unfounded and dangerous.
The capabilities of search algorithms are greatly overestimated, especially when trying to
understand human behavior. Ms. Clinton's proposed surveillance program would heavily rely upon
scientifically derived values from computer systems belonging to companies like Facebook and
Twitter. From these search systems, a risk score, similar to a credit score, would be assigned to
suspicious users. If a scan from these search algorithms detected dangerous activity on public and
private posts and messages, an alarm would be raised. Search algorithm results can only be
programmed as well as the person who designed it. Silicon Valley engineers are not antiterrorist
experts, so the scope of what algorithms can do for finding terrorist activity online is limited. A
search system cannot detect unique human quirks that frequently appear in social media messages
and posts, such as tone, context, or lingo. Despite recent developments in technology, only a human
can make judgment calls like understanding a sarcastic post. Twitter has also stated that there are still
technological limitations in detecting videos and photos. The product of a counterterrorist program
that relies on erratic methods like Ms. Clinton's will lead to bad enforcement.
In the world of online media and extremism, talk is cheap. Many people release thousands of
extremist posts every day, but none of them will turn into an actual act. The FBI has explained this
conundrum in the wake of several terrorist attacks, such as the events in Orlando and San
Bernardino. In both incidents, the assailants pledged allegiance to ISIS online and were being
monitored before the attacks. However, enforcement agencies were unable to find legal grounds to
arrest the person in question. This is because while the suspect posted suspicious material, they did
not actually do anything related to terrorism. The FBI can only act on an extremist post if the suspect
has sent money to a known terrorist account or left the country in the likelihood that they are
receiving terrorist training. Neither of these actions can be proven from social media posts.
Additionally, counterintelligence experts have explained that a search algorithm detecting suspicious
posts results in thousands of false alarms. Someone may foolishly post something that is detected by
11. Olivia Farrow
Op-Ed Sample
10
Silicon Valley's systems, sirens blare, and government agents wind up inspecting a dead end. False
alarms may compromise a legitimate investigation. These distractions cost an incredible amount of
taxpayer funded resources, which can be better spent on substantiated leads generated from humans,
not machines.
A government that has a blanket approach on surveillance for both public and private social
media messages violates its citizens' right to privacy and free speech. Every private Facebook
message or offline Tweet could be subject to government scrutiny under Ms. Clinton's proposal.
These freedoms are compromised to not only those who sympathize with extremists, but innocent
Americans as well. When Americans know that all communication channels are being monitored,
whether it is private or public, Americans involuntarily act differently. Massive surveillance without
due process can stifle legally protected social change. Extremism does not automatically mean illegal
acts are at hand. Black Lives Matter organizers and NRA campaigners are seen as extremists to the
government as well. Both of these groups have already cited increased shadowing from both
technology firms and government agencies. Government-led surveillance operations have been used
on Martin Luther King Jr., a fact that still haunts the FBI today. Most results from a program like
Ms. Clinton's would result in no illegal behavior from these groups, only burdensome falsealarms.
It is comforting to assume terrorism could be prevented by a simple computer program like
Ms. Clinton's. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of such a policy is unproven and dangerous. This has
been proven from both the private and government sectors citing the limitations of technology's
ability to understand human behavior. Relying on such search algorithms will result in costly false
alarms that can jeopardize investigations. The threat of denying all Americans, specifically innocent
citizens, from privacy and free speech is even more ominous in such a surveillance policy. While
computers are incredibly powerful, they still cannot deter a terrorist.
12. 11
SPEECH SPEC SHEET
Olivia Farrow
Spec Sheet Sample 1
JIM HARPER, CATO INSTITUTE TECH CONFRENCE
SPEAKER:
DATE:
Jim Harper, Senior Fellow, Cato Institute
Wednesday, August 10, 2016
EVENT START/END TIME: 10:00 AM- 11:30 AM
SPEECH TIME:
SPEAKER BEFOREYOU:
LOCATION:
10:50 AM to 11:00 AM. 10 Minutes HARD STOP.
John Bolton, Former UN Ambassador 10:30-10:45 AM
555 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001
Annenberg Theater, 7th Floor
Use the 6th Street entrance on the left side of the building.
LOCATION: Enter at Level 1
Elevators are the first thing you will see after security.
Large bags and backpacks are prohibited.
STAGE SETUP: Elevated platform (two steps elevated)
Podium is set up on the front patio of the store
the podium will be Stage Right
SIZE: 170 feet long, 55 feet wide, 90 feet high
450 seats, 348 RSVPs confirmed
AUDIENCE: Leaders and researchers in:
Private sector (IBM, Facebook, Google, Twitter)
Government (FBI, NSA, DOD)
DC Area think tanks (Cato, AEI, Koch, and Brookings)
348 RSVPs confirmed, 45% front think tanks, 45% private sector.
10% Government
Most in attendance are of a Libertarian or Conservative slant
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: John Bolton (will be on stage to introduce you, speaking before you)
Worked on a paper with Bolton on national security in the Bush years,
before iPhones were around.
13. 12
PERSONAL CONNECTION: Love visiting the Newseum because of 'Anchorman' exhibit
PURPOUSE OF EVENT: The Cato Institute Tech Conference is bringing together the
nation's top minds and leaders to assess key threats and developments
in cybersecurity today. The goal of the conference is to find
common connections and new ideas about the future of a safer
world with new innovations in public and private technology.
TOPICOFYOUR SPEECH: As the Senior Fellow of the Cato Institute, you are the final closing
speaker at the conference. The purpose of your speech is to defend
your stance about the top Presidential Candidate's proposal for a
partnership with social media firms and government surveillance agencies.
Your speech states that the partnership assumes that terrorism can be
prevented by increasing surveillance capabilities on social media platforms.
Your argument is that the effectiveness of such a policy is
well intentioned, but unfounded and dangerous.
You are encouraging the audience to be mindful of surveillance with
technological innovations in their work.
TOPIC AND SUBTOPICS: Your key supporting claims are:
1) Capabilities of search algorithms are overestimated with human
behavior. Cannot understand context/irony/sarcasm
2) Terrorist tweets do not automatically equal a terrorist action
Tweets will not hold up in a court of law as evidence
3) Broad surveillance for private and public messaging violates privacy
Innocent civilians suffer, free speech is stifled
SPEECH FORMAT Speech will be printed out in 20 font, proper casing.
14. Olivia Farrow
Speech Sample
13
Terrorist Tweets:
The Limits of Social Media Surveillance
CATO INSTITUTE'S TECH CONFRENCE 2016
I. INTRODUCTION
Good evening, everybody. It is an honor to be speaking to you today. Thank you,
Ambassador Bolton, for introducing me. Mr. Bolton and I spent a couple of long weeks on some
very wonky papers before iPhones were around. Phone tag was quite a sport back then. I would also
like to thank my coworkers at Cato for choosing the Newseum to hold this conference. I don't
know if you've seen the exhibits, but Ron Burgandy's 'Anchorman' gallery is a lot of fun. I'm going
to talk today about an idea that has been getting attention in our sectors about Secretary Clinton's
national security platform. I'm talking specifically about Hillary Clinton's proposal for a partnership
with social media firms and government surveillance agencies to fightterrorism.
While Ms. Clinton's proposal may seem like a good idea, I want you, leaders of the
intelligence and tech sectors, to have a healthy sense of skepticism and caution about the limits of
using social media surveillance to fight terrorism. I will be illustrating these limits in three ways. One,
technology is limited. Two, there are legal limits in social media. Three, the limits of free speech.
II. TECHNOLOGY ISLIMITED
Let's start off with the bitterest pill to swallow: technology is limited. Computers can do a
lot, but they still can't understand human behavior. I know it is a difficult fact for us in the tech field
to admit. We want our computers to do any and everything, why not use them for combating
terrorism? Most of you know that search algorithms on social media can shut down child
pornographers. Ms. Clinton is proposing we use the same idea for terrorism. Unfortunately, that is
like using a tourniquet for the flu. This program would heavily rely upon scientifically based values
15. Olivia Farrow
Speech Sample
14
From search algorithms. If these search algorithms detect dangerous activity on public and
private posts and messages, an alarm would be raised.
Sounds promising, right? Unfortunately, a search system cannot detect unique human quirks
that frequently appear in social media messages and posts, such as tone, context, or lingo. But like I
said, technology is limited. Many forget that a lot of people, let alone computers, can't understand
irony on a daily basis. Sarcasm is another common problem with even the most advanced messaging
systems. Actually, we should feel flattered to know that some quirks of the human tongue still can't
be quickly decoded on Google Translate or Facebook Messenger. Only a human can make judgment
calls like understanding a complex post. Technology is limited, and that is my first reason why we in
the tech community should be skeptical to rely on search algorithms for terrorist surveillance.
III. LEGAL LIMITS IN SOCIAL MEDIA
There are legal limits in social media. That is my second reason for why everyone in this
auditorium should be skeptical to use a tech surveillance program. We are all innocent until proven
guilty. This includes tweets and messages. You would be amazed how often extremist posts and
messages are flitted about on a regular basis. The FBI has explained multiple times that many people
release thousands of extremist posts every day. Those thousands of posts just turn into digital rot
nothing else. No explosions, no shootings, just bad posts.
Posts cannot hold up on their own in a court of law as evidence for terrorism. Here are two
specific legal limitations. Legal limit one: the FBI can only act on an extremist post if the suspect has
sent money to a known terrorist account or left the country in the likelihood that they are receiving
terrorist training. Neither of these actions can be proven from social media posts. Legal limit two:
counterintelligence experts have explained that a search algorithm detecting suspicious posts results
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in thousands of false alarms. Someone may foolishly post something that is detected by Silicon
Valley's systems, sirens blare, and government agents wind up inspecting a dead end.
False alarms may compromise a legitimate investigation. The FBI has explained this
limitation in the wake of several terrorist attacks, such as the events in Orlando and San Bernardino.
In both attacks, the assailants pledged allegiance to ISIS online. They were being monitored before
the attacks. However, enforcement agencies were unable to find legal grounds to arrest the person in
question. Orlando shooting trial attorney Dan Scott said it best. "Talk is cheap. There are a lot of
people who talk. But the question is whether they will act."
Now imagine that you are an investigator, some of you in the crowd are, and you are hot on
the trail of possible terrorists based on human based leads. How maddening would it be to suddenly
have your investigation mucked up because an arbitrary search system raised an alarm and took your
resources away from this case for a dead end? The legal limits of posts are why we need to be
cautious about this proposed program.
IV.THE LIMITS OF FREESPEECH
My third and final reason for why I want you, the leaders of technological innovation, to be
skeptical of Ms. Clinton's proposal, is because it limits free speech. This is normally an argument
used for high school debate class. However I want you to think about the idea of not only your
public Facebook wall being monitored, but your private messages to your friends and family being
monitored. Frankly, I think that whoever would be stuck monitoring my Facebook messages would
have the most boring job in the world. But would you be ok with everyone's privacy being
eradicated for a faulty antiterrorist surveillance program?
"When you know that your personal and public communication channels are being
monitored, you act differently. If almost all Americans are subjected to this kind of observation, you
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can't help but assume people may limit what they say, perfectly legal things, out of concern thattheir
livelihoods may be at stake. This can limit radical, groundbreaking ideas. Keep in mind these may
not be illegal ideas or even unethical ideas. It could be a message about why you support Black Lives
Matter. It could be a message about the right to bear arms. Both can be seen as pretty extremist,
right? But theyaren't necessarily illegal.
Both Black Lives Matter and the NRA have already cited increased shadowing from both
technology firms and government agencies. What's next, the American Cancer Society? Your book
club? Most results from a program like Ms. Clinton's would result in no illegal behavior from these
groups, only burdensome false alarms. Do you think that this baseless program would really be
worth the price of limiting social change that we Americans believe in so dearly? Clearly, Secretary
Clinton's proposal is intriguing, but we need to be cautious about its limits on speech.
V. CLOSING: BE SKEPTICAL
Technology is a tool that all of us use every day. We always want it to do more, but we also
need to remember what it can't do. These limits need to be considered when approaching a social
media surveillance program like Secretary Clinton's. The three are the technological limits of human
behavior, the legal limits of social media posts, and the limits that such a program places on free
speech.
It is because of these three limits that I urge you leaders of the tech community to proceed
with skepticism and caution if someone approaches you with such a program. We need to fight
terrorism with all of the mettle and ingenuity that America's greatest minds have to offer. But to do
this, we need to have humans at the helm, not computers. Thank you for your attention, and I wish
all of you good fortune in your careers in cyber security.