COMPLETE NOTES ON WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COVERING LOGO AND WTO IM NUTSHELL, SOME FACTS RELATED TO WTO, FUNCTIONS OF WTO, OBJECTIVES, NEED AND STRUCTURE
In this presentation, we will discuss various characteristics of International Trade, currency systems and different trade policies.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
In this presentation, we will discuss various characteristics of International Trade, currency systems and different trade policies.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
A Detailed Information about South Asian Free Trade Area...
It Includes::::
Introduction
Objective
Principal
Instrument
Benefit
Sensitive list
Challenges
Recommendation
Conclusion..
7. Trade Laws, Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Agreements, World Trade Organ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation defines bilateral and multilateral trade laws, General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), World Trade Organization – Different Rounds, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS, Ministerial Conferences and SAARC. The presentation closes with a case study on the India-US Basmati Rice dispute.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
The structure of the WTO. The structure of the WTO is dominated by its highest authority, the Ministerial Conference, composed of representatives of all WTO members, which is required to meet at least every two years and which can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements.
A Detailed Information about South Asian Free Trade Area...
It Includes::::
Introduction
Objective
Principal
Instrument
Benefit
Sensitive list
Challenges
Recommendation
Conclusion..
7. Trade Laws, Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Agreements, World Trade Organ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation defines bilateral and multilateral trade laws, General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), World Trade Organization – Different Rounds, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS, Ministerial Conferences and SAARC. The presentation closes with a case study on the India-US Basmati Rice dispute.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
The structure of the WTO. The structure of the WTO is dominated by its highest authority, the Ministerial Conference, composed of representatives of all WTO members, which is required to meet at least every two years and which can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements.
This ppt is all about the world trade organization, Its Role, its existence and all its functions, It also includes the structure of WTO.So kindly go through it and comment below how u liked it.
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMPLETE DETAILS RELATED TO WTO
1. AMITY LAW SCHOOL
TOPIC- WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
RAHULAGARWAL GAURAV PUROHIT
ASST PROFESSOR SAHIQUE HASHMI
BBA LLB 6TH SEM
5. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
INTRODUCTION
• It is an Inter Governmental Organization which
regulates the International Trade.
• It Commenced on 1st January 1995 under the
Marrakesh Agreement.
• It was signed by 123 Nations in 1994.
• World Trade Organization had replaced General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT).
• They deal with agriculture, textiles, clothing
banking, telecommunication, intellectual
property etc.
6. INTRODUCTION (CONTD)
• WTO extended GATT in 2 ways. First GATT
became only one of the 3 major trade
agreements that went into WTO. And Second ally
WTO was put on a much sounder institutional
footing than GATT.
• The World Trade Organization is member driven
with decisions taken by General Agreement taken
among all members of Government and it deals
with rules of trade between nations at a global
level.
7. FACTS OF WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
• Headquarters- Geneva, Switzerland
• Created By- Uruguay Round Negotiations (1986-
94)
• Head- Ngozi Okonzo Iweala First Woman and First
African to serve as Director General of WTO. She
is from Nigeria. Appointed on 15th Feb 2021
• Term Length Of Director General – 4 years
• Total Members- 164
• Observers- 25
• Established on – 1st Jan 1995
8. FUNCTIONS OF WTO
• It is a Forum for Trade Negotiations
• It handles various disputes related to trade.
• It helps in monitoring of National Trade Policies.
• It provides technical assistance and training for
developing countries.
• It Cooperates with other International
Organizations.
• It helps in Administering Trade Agreement.
• It helps in free flow of trade by reducing tariff etc.
9. WHY WTO IS REQUIRED ?
• To manage effectively and efficiently the trade
policy review mechanism
• To arrange the implementation,
administration and operations of trade
agreements.
• To create good relations with all other
countries in respect of global economy.
• It helps in settlement of trade related disputes
10. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WTO
• Trade without Discrimination- Most favoured
Nation treating other people equally. Treating
foreigners and local people equally. Locally
produced goods should be treated equally
• Promoting Fair Competition.
• Encouraging development and economic forum
• Freer Trade: gradually through negotiations,
decreasing trade barriers like custom duties or
tariffs.
• Predictability: through binding and transparency
11. IMPORTANCE OF WTO
• Freer trade cuts the cost of living.
• Trade raise income level.
• Trade stimulates economic growth which can increase
level of employment
• Basic Principles make the system more economically
more efficient and they cut costs
• It provides customer more choice and broad range of
qualities to choose from
• System allows disputes to be handeled constructively
• System helps in promotion of peace
12. OBJECTIVES OF WTO
• To improve Standard of Living of people in
member countries.
• To increase trade of services
• To enlarge production and trade of goods
• To ensure optimum utilization of resources
• To protect the Environment
• To accept the concept of Sustainable
Development.
• To ensure full employment and increase in
effective demand.
13.
14. STRUCTURE OF WTO
• Ministerial Conference- It is the Highest Authority and its
function is to conduct ministerial conference. It occurs
generally 2 to 3 times a year
• The function of Second Level is to over look day to day
functioning of organization. It consist of 3 Working bodies
i.e Dispute Settlement body, General Assembly and Trade
Policy Review body
• Function of 3rd Level is to over look broad issues of
individual matters.
• Fourth Level deals in different subjects like agriculture,
textiles, clothing, government purchases, product safety,
intellectual property market access, anti dumping
measures.
15. AGREEMENTS UNDER WTO
• The WTO Agreements covers goods, services and
intellectual property.
• These agreements are often called trade rules of
WTO and it’s a system based on rules.
• They Include individual country commitments to
lower customer tariffs and other trade barriers,
and to open and keep open services markets.
• The agreements are lengthy and complex
because they are legal texts covering wide range
of activities.
16. TRIPS AND TRIMS OF WTO
• Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures- It
refers to conditions or restrictions imposed by
government is respect of foreign investment in the
country. Agreement on TRIM’s provides that no
contracting party shall apply any TRIM which is
inconsistent with WTO Articles.
• Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights- It is an international agreement
administered by WTO that sets down minimum
standards for many forms of intellectual property
regulations as applied nationals of other WTO
members.
17. CONTD
• TRIPS contain requirements that nation laws
must meet for copyright rights, patents,
monopolies for developers new plant
varieties, trademarks.
• It Specifies enforcement procedures, remedies
and dispute resolution procedures.
