The document discusses the meteor that exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia in 2013. It began by noting that the meteor was about 17 meters wide and injured many people when pieces of rock fell, though the damage was less than what occurred in Siberia nearly 100 years ago from a meteor that was around 50 meters wide. That earlier meteor exploded in mid-air over a forest and flattened around 80 million trees. The same day as the Chelyabinsk meteor, an asteroid around 50 meters wide passed relatively close to Earth. Most scientists agree that comets and asteroids pose the biggest threat to human existence, as one impact around 65 million years ago likely caused the extinction of dinosaurs. Even a much smaller asteroid than 20 km can

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READING PART-
 The end of life on Earth?
It weighed about 10,000 tons, entered the atmosphere at a speed of 64,000km/h and exploded over a city
with a blast of 500 kilotons. But on 15 February 2013, we were lucky. The meteorite that showered pieces
of rock over Chelyabinsk, Russia, was relativelysmall, at only about17 metres wide. Although many people
were injured by falling glass, the damage was nothing compared to what had happened in Siberia nearly
one hundred years ago. Another relatively small object (approximately 50 metres in diameter) exploded in
mid-air over a forest region, flattening about 80 million trees. If it had exploded over a city such as Moscow
or London, millions of people would have been killed.
By a strange coincidence, the same day thatthe meteorite terrified the people of Chelyabinsk, another 50m-
wide asteroid passed relatively close to Earth. Scientists were expecting that visit and knowthat the asteroid
will return to fly close by us in 2046, but the Russian meteorite earlier in the day had been too small for
anyone to spot.
Most scientists agree that comets and asteroids pose the biggest natural threat to human existence. It was
probably a large asteroid or comet colliding with Earth which wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million years
ago. An enormous object, 10 to 16km in diameter, struck the Yucatan region of Mexico with the force of 100
megatons. That is the equivalent of one Hiroshima bomb for every person alive on Earth today.
Many scientists, including the late Stephen Hawking, say that any comet or asteroid greater than 20km in
diameter that hits Earth will result in the complete destruction of complexlife, including all animals and most
plants. As we have seen, even a much smaller asteroid can cause great damage.
The Earth hasbeen kept fairlysafe for the last 65 million yearsby good fortune and the massive gravitational
field of the planet Jupiter. Our cosmic guardian, with its stable circular orbit far from the sun, sweeps up and
scatters away most of the dangerous comets and asteroids which might cross Earth’s orbit. After the
Chelyabinsk meteorite, scientists are now monitoring potential hazards even more carefully but, as far as
they know, there is no danger in the foreseeable future.
Types of space rocks
 Comet – a ball of rock and ice that sends out a tail of gas and dust behind it. Bright comets only appear in
our visible night sky about once every ten years.
 Asteroid – a rock a few feet to several kms in diameter. Unlike comets, asteroids have no tail. Most are
too small to cause any damage and burn up in the atmosphere. They appear to us as ‘shooting stars’.
 Meteoroid – part of an asteroid or comet.
 Meteorite – what a meteoroid is called when it hits Earth.
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/upper-intermediate-b2-reading/end-life-earth

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Choose and Underline the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. The damage caused by the Russian
meteorite ___.
a) could have been much worse
b) was huge
c) was greatly reduced by the early warning
system
d) was much worse than the one in Siberia
one hundred years ago.
3. The Siberian meteorite ___.
a) hit a forest
b) hit a big city
c) caused glass to shower over people
d) damaged trees when it exploded
4. On the same day as the meteorite exploded
over Chelyabinsk, ___.
a) there was another, related, asteroid event
b) there was another, unrelated, asteroid event
c) scientists realised that an even bigger
asteroid could hit Earth
d) scientists issued a warning for 2046
4. The Russian meteorite ___.
a) had been predicted by scientists
b) came as a surprise
c) was too small to worry about
d) will come close to Earth again in the future
5. Experts say that comets and asteroids
could ___.
a) wipe out all animal life, leaving only plants
b) kill a significant proportion of the Earth's human
population
c) put an end to all plant and animal life on Earth
d) cause as much damage as the Hiroshima bomb.
6. A small asteroid ___.
a) can still cause a lot of damage
b) is not a problem if it is spotted early
c) cannot cause any significant harm
d) is actually more dangerous than a larger one.
7. Earth has been relatively safe thanks to
___.
a) pure luck
b) luck and the protective force of another planet
from our solar system
c) early warning systems set up by NASA
d) luck and our position in relation to the sun.
8. Scientists say ___.
a) it is impossible to monitor all the potential
hazards
b) we are not in any danger for the moment
c) a meteorite is likely to hit Earth sooner or later
d) their early warning systems will protect us
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/upper-intermediate-
b2-reading/end-life-earth

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LISTENING PART
Pre-Listening Exercise
Name two customs or traditions visitors to your country may have difficulty adjusting to. As part of
this discussion, talk about any points that visitors should be aware of when staying as a guest at a
home in your country.
Idioms
"take a bath" = lose money
"His family business took a real bath when the giant superstore moved into town."
"doesn't/won't wash" = used to say that you don't believe someone's explanation or attitude about
something
"Your excuse that your dog ate your homework won't wash with the teacher."
https://www.esl-lab.com/intermediate/japanese-public-bath/#pre
A. Listen to the recording and answer the questions. The story describes the very old-style baths
that are often not seen today. Underline the correct answer.
1. What is the first thing you do when visiting a
Japanese public bath?
a) put your clothes in a locker
b) take off your shoes
c) pay the entrance fee
2. What surprised Phil when he went to
the bath?
a) The attendant could see him undressing.
b) People sit down when they bathe.
c) The entrance fee was expensive.
3. What do you wear when bathing?
a) a swimming suit
b) nothing
c) shorts
4. Traditionally, the bath was a place
where people could ____.
a) find marriage partners for their children
b) socialize with their neighbours
c) make informal business deals
5. What do people sometimes do after
their bath?
a) drink something, like tea
b) go for a walk
c) play Japanese chess with Friends
https://www.esl-lab.com/intermediate/japanese-public-bath/#pre

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READING PART
Global warming
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought
due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean
temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small
island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around
the globe.
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings
about the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report
issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water
from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits
atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres
(23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically
important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say.
But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate
models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research,
is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean
temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming
contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by
the IPCC.

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Answer these questions (choose the best answer):
1. What happens when the ocean's
temperature rises?
It causes sea levels to rise.
It causes sea levels to remain
constant.
It causes sea levels to decrease.
2. The rise in water levels is especially
dangerous for small island nations and:
low-lying urban areas.
all coastal cities.
people who live on the beach.
3.The new study:
shows that thermal warming contributed
to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea
levels.
did not reveal anything that scientists
didn't already know.
used new techniques to assess ocean
temperatures.
4. Ultimately, the new study should help
scientists to:
lower water levels.
better predict climate change.
bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and
Shanghai.
5. What was the main finding of the
study?
That not enough is being done
about global warming.
That ocean waters have warmed
faster than scientists had previously
thought.
That the warming of the world's
oceans is not a threat. http://www.infosquares.com/readingcomprehension/esl-reading-
comprehension19.html

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GRAMMAR PART
Answer the zero conditional questions by choosing the correct number for each one. Just write
the CORRECT NUMBER in each box.
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g42-what-do-you-do-if.php

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1. What do you do if you get a headache?
2. What do you do if you feel bored in your English class?
3. What do you do if you get toothache?
4. What do you do if you get sunburnt?
5. What do you do if you can't sleep at night?
6. What do you do if you feel sleepy during the day?
7. What do you do if you don't understand English teacher?
8. What do you do if you don't want to do your English homework?
9. What does your teacher do if you talk in class?
10. What do your parents do if you are not in touch regularly?
11. What do you do if you oversleep?
12. What do your friends do if you forget their birthdays?
13. What do you do if you have to prepare for a difficult exam?
14. What do you do if you feel hungry at night?
15. What do you do if there is nothing on TV?
16. What do you do if you cut yourself?
17. What do you do if you receive bad service in a restaurant?
18. What do you do if something you buy breaks after a few days?

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Paragraph 1: Make the reason clear why you are
writingthis letter to the Environmental Minister
Paragraph 2: Write in a formal manner askingfor
then environmental government projects to protect
the Colombian flora and fauna (i.e. usecontractions,
and you can useformal phrases and expressions,
about global warming)
Paragraph 3: Summarise your main points why
you´re concered about ecological government plans
Signing off: You could choosefrom phrases such as –
Very truly yours, sincerely, sincerely yours,
Write date below:
Dear _____________________________ ,
Paragraph 1
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Paragraph 3
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
WRITING PART
You are upset about G
What will you do if Flora and fauna are endangered in Colombia?
Write a letter of about 100 words in reply.
.
Paragraph 2
________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Sign off here
____________________________.
................................................
.