1. The document outlines microbiology laboratory safety rules, including proper disposal of contaminated materials, wearing protective clothing, cleaning surfaces before and after use, washing hands, reporting accidents, and following aseptic technique to prevent exposure to pathogens.
2. Microscope use and cleaning procedures are described, noting the basic microscope parts and their functions. Proper techniques like using both hands to carry microscopes and adjusting lenses for focus are emphasized.
3. A hand washing laboratory experiment aims to demonstrate the presence of organisms on hands and nostrils. Students will streak agar plates before and after hand washing with soap/water or alcohol gel, and after drying hands, to compare microbial growth.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers also the teaching laboratories.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers also the teaching laboratories.
1 Biol 1009 Lab Manual NOTE You must complete at .docxeugeniadean34240
1
Biol 1009 Lab Manual
NOTE: You must complete at least 7 out of 8 labs to pass this course.
The labs are not optional.
Contents
Lab Exercise
Page
1 Use of the Microscope
3
2 Enzyme Activity and Digestion of Carbohydrates and Proteins 13
3 Fermentation, Photosynthesis, and Respiration 19
4 The Structure of a Flower
28
5 Growth and Trophic Responses 31
6 Pedigree Tasting
39
7 Morphogenesis in Insects 44
8 The Ecological Community Structure 51
2
3
Lab Exercise 1: Use of the Microscope
As part of the assignment for this lesson, complete the following lab exercise.
Read through all of the lab exercise before you begin so that you’ll know what
you’re expected to do, what equipment to gather, and the questions you’ll need to
answer.
Write down your answers to the questions as you do the work. These are the
questions you will answer in your lab report. Go to the Assignments tool on the
course Web site to download the worksheet on which to enter your answers.
Timing note: A few hours, but you will need to arrange an appointment in advance.
NOTE: Most students use the microscope that is set up on the U of M campus (see
below). To avoid scheduling problems using this microscope, you do not have to
complete this lab until the end of week 3. However, sometimes a lot of students wait
until the end of week 3 to do this lab, so it’s best to schedule your microscope
appointment early (see below).
Arranging to Use a Microscope
If you live near the University of Minnesota, you may come to the St. Paul campus
and use a microscope in the College of Biological Sciences instructional
laboratories. To be sure a microscope is available for your use, please make an
appointment by contacting Sandy Mand at [email protected] or call 6126262821.
The preferred day and time for appointments is Friday, 9 a.m.–5 p.m., but other
days and times can usually be arranged. Also be sure to call this number if you
need to cancel your appointment.
If you do not live near campus, contact a local grade school, high school, college, or
laboratory to see if you may use one of their microscopes. Try to find some time that is
convenient to both you and the lending institution. Many institutions will be gracious
about letting you use their equipment on their premises.
It will take you approximately three hours to complete this lab exercise.
4
mailto:[email protected]
Objectives
In this exercise you will learn about the use and care of the compound light
microscope. You will use it to examine plant and animal materials, prepare your own
temporary slides, and make approximate measurements of viewed materials.
Supplies
If possible, borrow the following equipment:
● compound light microscope with scanning, low, and highpower objectives
● slide with three different colors of thread*
● slide of plant tissue*
● slide of anima.
This is a Unified presentation for all the topics in the second quarter for Science 7. If you want to avail the powerpoint please contact me on my facebook account: Jady Claire Jackson Lullegao
1 Biol 1009 Lab Manual NOTE You must complete at .docxeugeniadean34240
1
Biol 1009 Lab Manual
NOTE: You must complete at least 7 out of 8 labs to pass this course.
The labs are not optional.
Contents
Lab Exercise
Page
1 Use of the Microscope
3
2 Enzyme Activity and Digestion of Carbohydrates and Proteins 13
3 Fermentation, Photosynthesis, and Respiration 19
4 The Structure of a Flower
28
5 Growth and Trophic Responses 31
6 Pedigree Tasting
39
7 Morphogenesis in Insects 44
8 The Ecological Community Structure 51
2
3
Lab Exercise 1: Use of the Microscope
As part of the assignment for this lesson, complete the following lab exercise.
Read through all of the lab exercise before you begin so that you’ll know what
you’re expected to do, what equipment to gather, and the questions you’ll need to
answer.
Write down your answers to the questions as you do the work. These are the
questions you will answer in your lab report. Go to the Assignments tool on the
course Web site to download the worksheet on which to enter your answers.
Timing note: A few hours, but you will need to arrange an appointment in advance.
NOTE: Most students use the microscope that is set up on the U of M campus (see
below). To avoid scheduling problems using this microscope, you do not have to
complete this lab until the end of week 3. However, sometimes a lot of students wait
until the end of week 3 to do this lab, so it’s best to schedule your microscope
appointment early (see below).
Arranging to Use a Microscope
If you live near the University of Minnesota, you may come to the St. Paul campus
and use a microscope in the College of Biological Sciences instructional
laboratories. To be sure a microscope is available for your use, please make an
appointment by contacting Sandy Mand at [email protected] or call 6126262821.
The preferred day and time for appointments is Friday, 9 a.m.–5 p.m., but other
days and times can usually be arranged. Also be sure to call this number if you
need to cancel your appointment.
If you do not live near campus, contact a local grade school, high school, college, or
laboratory to see if you may use one of their microscopes. Try to find some time that is
convenient to both you and the lending institution. Many institutions will be gracious
about letting you use their equipment on their premises.
It will take you approximately three hours to complete this lab exercise.
4
mailto:[email protected]
Objectives
In this exercise you will learn about the use and care of the compound light
microscope. You will use it to examine plant and animal materials, prepare your own
temporary slides, and make approximate measurements of viewed materials.
Supplies
If possible, borrow the following equipment:
● compound light microscope with scanning, low, and highpower objectives
● slide with three different colors of thread*
● slide of plant tissue*
● slide of anima.
This is a Unified presentation for all the topics in the second quarter for Science 7. If you want to avail the powerpoint please contact me on my facebook account: Jady Claire Jackson Lullegao
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
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1. Microbiology Laboratory Safety Rules
1. All materials and clothes other than those needed for the laboratory are to be kept away from
the work area.
2. A lab coat or other protective clothing must be worn during lab. The lab clothing is not to be
worn outside of the laboratory.
3. Clean the lab table before and after lab with the disinfectant solution provided.
4. Wash hands before leaving lab.
5. Any item contaminated with bacteria or body fluids must be disposed of properly.
Disposable items are to be placed in the BIOHAZARD container. Reusable items are to be
placed in the designated area for autoclaving prior to cleaning. Sharps are to be disposed of in
the appropriate container.
6. Reusable items should have all tape and marks removed by the student before being
autoclaved.
7. Because organisms used in this class are potentially pathogenic, aseptic technique must be
observed at all times. NO eating, drinking, application of cosmetics or smoking is allowed.
Mouth pipetting is not allowed.
8. Cuts and scratches must be covered with Band-Aids. Disposable gloves will be provided on
request.
9. Long hair should be tied back while in lab.
10. All accidents, cuts, and any damaged glassware or equipment should be reported to the lab
instructor immediately.
11. Sterilization techniques will involve the use of punsen flames that are fire and burn hazards.
Keep all combustibles away from the flames. Do not leave inoculating loops or needles propped
in the flame.
12. Microscopes and other instruments are to be cared for as directed by the instructor.
13. It is the responsibility of the student to know the location and use of all safety equipment
in the lab (eyewash, fire extinguisher, etc.)
14. Cultures may not be removed from the lab. Visitors are not allowed in the lab.
15. Doors and windows are to be kept closed at all times.
16. For the best lab experience, read labs before coming to class. Make notes as necessary.
Wait for a laboratory introduction by the instructor before starting work.
2. Microscopy
Introduction:
Microorganisms are too small to be seen with the naked eye so a microscope must be used to
visualize these organisms. While a microscope is not difficult to use it does require some
practice to develop the skills necessary to use the microscope to its maximum capabilities.
Bacteria and other cellular microorganisms are measured in micrometres (µm) or 1 x 10-6
meters. Viruses are even smaller and are measured in nanometres (nm) or 1 x 10-9
m.
When carrying a microscope always use both hands. One should be on the arm of the
microscope and one should be under the base of the microscope.
Discussion:
There are several types of microscopes but the only one used in this laboratory is the compound
light or bright-field microscope. Individual microscopes will vary depending on the
manufacturer but all microscopes have the same basic features.
These microscopes are known as compound microscopes because there are two magnifying
lenses in the microscope. One magnifying lens is in the ocular and one is in the objective. Each
contributes to the magnification of the object on the stage. The total magnification of any set
of lenses is determined by multiplying the magnification of the objective by the magnification
of the ocular. The nosepiece rotates allowing the objectives to change and thus change the
magnification of the microscope.
The stage is where the slide is placed. The stage adjustment knobs allow the slide to be moved
easily. Light provides the illumination for the specimen. To control the amount of light
reaching the eye the iris diaphragm may be opened or closed using the lever just under the
stage. On low magnifications less light is need than on higher magnifications. Too much light
on low magnification may mask the specimen, particularly something as small as a bacterial
cell.
The coarse and fine adjustment knobs are used to focus on the specimen. When a slide is on
the stage there is a space between the objective and the slide. This space is known as the
3. working distance. The coarse adjustment knob will cause the working distance to visibly
change while the fine adjustment knob is for final, fine focusing.
The ability to see things using a microscope is limited by the resolving power of the
microscope. The resolving power of a microscope is the distance two objects must be apart and
still beseen as separate and distinct. For the light microscope this is 0.2µm. Objects closer
together than 0.2 µm will not be distinctly seen. Increasing the magnification will not make the
objects more distinct, just bigger.
Each objective has the magnification of the objective written on the objective.
The magnification of the ocular is also inscribed on the ocular. Low magnifications are used
for quickly examining the slide to find an appropriate area to examine. Higher magnifications
allow the examination of a particular object on the slide.
When you look through the ocular you will see a lighted circle. This is known as the field of
view or the field. While looking through the microscope, move the iris diaphragm lever and
notice how the brightness of the light changes. As you move the objectives to provide increased
magnification you will look at a smaller section of the slide. Be sure you move the object you
want to view into the centre of the field before moving to the next objective.
These microscopes are parfocal. Once you have focused on an object using one objective the
object will be approximately in focus on the next objective. Use of the fine focus knob will
sharpen the focus.
Procedure for Focusing
1. Obtain a slide.
2. Use the coarse adjustment knob to obtain maximum working distance.
3. Place the slide on the stage. The slide should fit into the slide holder but is not
placed under the slide holder. Use the stage adjustment knob to move the slide
over the hole in the stage.
4. Rotate the low power (10X) objective in place.
5. Use the coarse adjustment knob to obtain the minimum working distance.
Develop the habit of watching this process to be sure the objective does not crash into the slide.
4. 6. Look through the ocular. Adjust the light with the iris diaphragm lever if necessary. Slowly
turn the coarse adjustment knob until something comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment
knob to sharpen the focus.
7. Using the stage adjustment knob move the slide around until you find an area you wish to
examine more closely. Move the slide until the object you wish to examine is in the centre of
the field.
8. Rotate the high power objective into place. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the
focus. Do not use the coarse adjustment knob. Adjust the light using the iris diaphragm lever
if necessary.
9. Rotate the high power object halfway to the next position. Place a drop of immersion oil on
the slide, then rotate the oil immersion objective into place. The objective should be immersed
in the oil on the slide. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus. Adjust the light using
the iris diaphragm lever if necessary.
10. When finished viewing the slide use the coarse adjustment knob to maximize the working
distance and remove the slide from the stage. If you want to look at another slide, begin the
process over. If you are finished with the microscope clean the microscope and return it to
storage.
Procedure for Cleaning a Microscope
1. Turn off the light and unplug the cord. Store the cord appropriately.
2. Using the coarse adjustment knob to obtain maximum working distance and remove the slide
from the stage.
3. Using lens paper clean all the lenses starting with the cleanest first—ocular, low power, high
power and oil immersion. Use lens cleaner if necessary.
4. Clean any oil off of the stage using lenswipes or paper towels.
5. Rotate the scanning objective into place. Use the coarse adjustment knob to obtain minimum
working distance.
6. Return the microscope to the appropriate storage area.
5.
6. Hand washing laboratory:
Aim:
To demonstrate the presence of different organisms on our hands and other parts of the body
in order to increase the awareness of hand washing importance in preventing the health care
associated infections.
Objectives:
Screening hands for presence of organisms using nutrient agar.
Hands will be screened before and after washing, with or without drying them.
Students will also be asked to screen the anterior nares area.
Hand washing policy is available for students (referenced from Health Protection Scotland).
Materials:
Nutrient agar.
Soap, alcohol gel, tissue paper and cotton swabs.
37°C incubators.
Methods:
Students will be divided into two groups, A and B.
For both groups:
Streak your fingers (as demonstrated) on the agar plate before washing your hands and label
the plate appropriately.
7. Group A:
Wash your hands using soap and water, and then streak them on the agar plate before drying
your hands out.
Wash and dry your hands using the provided tissue, then streak the fingers on a labelled plate
as appropriate.
Group B:
Wash your hands using the provided alcohol gel then streak your fingers on a labelled plate
as appropriate.
Both groups:
Take nasal swab and streak it on a labelled plate as appropriate.
Incubate all today’s plates at 37°C overnight.
Record your results next day.
Prof. Hamed Alzoubi