This document summarizes the key components and subsystems of a wind turbine-generator unit. It discusses that a wind turbine-generator unit converts wind power into electrical power, ranging from 15 kW to 14 MW. The main subsystems include: 1) the wind turbine with either a horizontal or vertical axis, 2) a gear chain, 3) an electric generator, and 4) an installation unit that houses the other components. It also describes the different types of wind turbine units based on the axis of the turbine, including horizontal axis wind turbines and vertical axis wind turbines.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Predicting property prices with machine learning algorithms.pdf
Wind energy -3.docx
1. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-1
1.15 : SUB SYSTEM OF WIND-TURBINE-GENERATOR UNIT
A wind turbine-generator unit converts wind power into electrical
power. The ratings of such unit range between 15 kW to 14 MW. A
wind turbine-generator unit consists of the following subunits or
subassemblies.
1.A wind turbine with vertical or horizontal axis : The axis of a wind
turbine has a central shaft with a hub and a propeller (wheel). The
shaft is mounted on two bearings. The propeller has a few blades with
aero foil design. The blades are similar to a fan-blade. The planes of the
blades are perpendicular to the axis of the hub and designed on
aerodynamic principle such that the wind glides over the profile of the
blades and pushes the blades in proper direction. The axis of the turbine
may be horizontal or vertical. The wind passing through the propeller
produces a torque on the wheel and the shaft on the axis and makes it
rotate. It, thus, converts the wind energy into mechanical energy. [Fig.
(12.4)]
2.Gear chain : To control the speed of rotation, the shaft is connected
to the axle of the generator through the gear box and speed of
rotation is increased from the shaft to the axle.
3.An electric generator : It consists of a coil about the shaft axis and
with the shaft is rotated in the strong magnetic field. By
electromagnetic induction current is induced in the coil, thus
mechanical energy and hence the wind energy is finally converted into
electrical energy.
4.Installation unit : An assemblage of the wind-turbine, gears,
generator, control gears etc. are mounted in a housing called the
nacelle.
Associated civil work with the tower, electrical and mechanical
auxiliaries, control panels etc.
The wind-turbine with the gear chain, electric generator and other
installation sub units form a unit and is called a 'wind-turbine generator
unit. [Fig. (1.7)].
1.16. TYPES OF WIND TURBINE GENERATOR UNIT:
2. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-2
The wind turbine, gears, generator together form a wind turbine
generator unit. A wind farm has several such units which operate in
parallel and feed electrical energy to an isolated load or the electrical
grid. The wind turbine generator units have different types. Based on
axis of turbine they are :
(i)Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) generator units.
(ii)Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) generator units.
In HAWT generator unit, the axis of wind turbine is horizontal and the
blades of the rotor rotates in vertical plane. These units are
manufactured very widely and are commonly used. They have unit
rating from few kW to 3 MW.
The HAWT generator has different configurations as follows.
1. Propeller type horizontal axis : It has small, medium and large
ratings from 15 kW to 3 MW. Single blade design is for small ratings
and double and triple blade design is for medium and large ratings.
Wind turbine, gear and generator are with common axis mounted in
nacelle mounted on tall tower.
2. Space frame rotor man forth design : It is very large in size and
ratings (3 MW to 14 MW). It has large framed space structure like giant
wheel and supports the blades in two parallel vertical planes in
symmetrical radial fashion.
3. Windmill type multi-blade design : Here several blades with
increasing width and with a slant are arranged symmetrically around a
central rotatable hub. It is traditional design used for pumping sets and
not for power plants.
4. Bicycle wheel multiblade design : In this case several blades are
arranged radially like spokes of bicycle wheel, but with certain width
and slant. Similar to windmill type design above, it is also used for
pumping set and not for power plants.
The VAWT are built commercially by a few manufacturers with two
types of designs as :
1. Darrius wind turbine with (Φ) configuration : It has unit rating as
high as 4 MW.
3. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-3
2.VAWT with H-configuration : The blades of rotor in HAWT and
VAWT are designed on aerodynamic principle. The root of each blade
is fixed on to the hub. The profile has a gradual inclination against the
plane of blades such that the wind glides over the profile and pushes
the blade in desired direction. Depending upon the number of blades
used on the hub, the wind turbines are divided into three types.
In the next article we have seen the design, construction and working
of a propeller type HAWT in general. There are three types of such
HAWT, namely mono blade (or single blade type), twin blade (two
blades type) and three blades type. Except for the number of blades,
every other thing in all types is the same. But every type has its own
advantages and limitations. The three types of HAWT are shown in the
Fig. (1.7).
1. Monoblade HAWT : It is simple, favourable, easy to install and
simple yaw positioning (orienting axis of wind turbine in the direction
of wind). It has disadvantages such as teeth-ring control (see-saw like
swinging motion with hesitation between two alternatives) required,
not useful for large power. It has applications in the field of irrigation,
sea-water desalination and small power farms in remote areas.
2. Two (twin) - blade HAWT : This has large unit ratings of 1, 2 or 3
MW. Cost of this is higher than monoblade HAWT and lower than 3
blade HAWT. It also needs teeth-ring control.
4. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-4
3. Three-blade HAWT : This type has large unit rating, large weight,
more cost and more stability compared to monoblade and twin-blade
HAWT. It is discussed in detail in text section (1.16 and shown by Fig.
(1.7)).
1.17: Planning of Wind Farm
Several identical units of Wind-turbine generators installed in a large
area is said to form a wind farm. The accumulated power of the units
forms a high magnitude of electric power. A single wind farm may have
10 to 50 wind turbine units of small or medium size, each of capacity of
15 kW to 300 kW. Therefore, the electrical power output from a wind
farm with 50 units of medium size wind-turbine generators goes to 1.5
MW. The planning of wind farm requires following points to be paid
attention to :
•Wind farms are located in vast field open space away from thick
forests, cities and hilly areas. Such a vast open space field firstly must be
available and secondly it must also be at low price, because it should
not increase the total cost of production.
•At the site, there must be favourable wind available throughout
the year, with average speed of 7 m/s.
•The site must be safe. There should be no frequent storms, gusts,
lightning, floods. It should be earthquake free.
•The site, at the same time, should not be far away from the existing
load centre or distribution network, so that parallel combination or
standby arrangement with the conventional electric power network
can be managed.
1.18.HORIZONTAL AXIS PROPELLER TYPE WIND TURBINE
GENERATOR UNIT The HAWT generator unit is shown in Fig. 1.7. Let
us consider the different terms related to it. 1. Hub : It is central solid
part of the propeller (wheel).
2. Propeller : It is revolving shaft with blades. Propellers are two types.
One is upwind type in which wind approaches from front and drives
rotor and nacelle is on the rear side of the blades. The other is
downwind type. The wind approaches from nacelle side and moves
towards blades.
5. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-5
3. Nacelle : It is an assembly consisting of wind turbine, gears,
generator, bearings, control gear, etc. mounted in a housing (casing)
and installed on tall tower. From Fig. 1.7, it is seen that when wind
strikes the blades of turbine, it rotates the blades in desired direction.
This gives conversion of wind energy into rotary mechanical energy.
This rotates the generated connected axis of rotation of hub through
gears.
The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy of
desired voltage, current, power and frequency. This electrical power is
produced in nacelle and is taken to the ground through power cable and
given to the grid for further distribution. All these actions are controlled
from ground with control cables going from nacelle to ground. The
Nacelle is installed on the top of tower to get sufficient wind velocity.
Good quality civil work is involved in the construction of tower. Higher
the tower, more is the cost of the wind turbine generator unit.
The propeller is a wheel with blade/s fitted to the hub. The propeller
is connected to a horizontal shaft as the axis. It is connected to a gear
box which connects the rotation of the shaft to the axle of the electric
power generator at the desired speed. The control and protection
panel takes care of the balance and position of the assembly. The
whole system is kept in a box called nacelle and the nacelle is
supported in horizontal plane by a high altitude vertical tower . The
output cables from the generator are taken out by power cables The
wind on passing through the propeller rotates the blades, thereby
6. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-6
rotates the horizontal shaft, thus converting the wind energy into
mechanical energy. The gear box transfers this energy to the axle of
the generator at the required speed and the generator converts
mechanical energy into electrical power (energy). Generator rotor
speed is higher than the propeller speed. It is carried out through the
power cable through control cable unit. The ball bearings support the
horizontal shaft and help rotating it smoothly. The power drawn from
the wind by the propeller type wind turbine depends upon the most
important parameter called the specific speed which is the ratio of the
speed of the tip of a blade to the speed of the wind. To extract more
power this ratio must be high for which the length of the blades has to
be large. [Since by circular motion, v = wr, hence for a given w, r must
be large to have large speed v]. The propellers are of two types :
(1) Upwind type, and (2) Downwind type.
In the upwind type, the wind falls on the blades from the front., while
in the downwind type, the wind falls on the blades from the back side
i.e. nacelle side. The wind-turbine generator is provided with a yaw
control (not shown in the figure) which adjusts the plane of the blades
perpendicular to the wind direction, even if the wind direction changes
(and it does change frequently.) The tips of the blades are provided
with hydraulic pitch control. It helps to obtain desired speed of the
blades to draw maximum wind power.
Types of HAWT-Mono, Twin and Three Blade HAWT: In the previous
article we have seen the design, construction and working of a
propeller type HAWT in general. There are three types of such HAWT,
namely mono blade (or single blade type), twin blade (two blades type)
and three blades type. Except for the number of blades, every other
thing in all types is the same. But every type has its own advantages
7. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-7
and limitations. The three types of HAWT are shown in the Fig. (1.8).
Types of HAWT 1. Mono-Blade HAWT : This type of generator can yield
usable electrical power of unit rate 15 kW to 50 kW. Advantages :
(i) It is simple and lighter in construction, hence
(ii) is can be done by simple mechanism. available at low price,
(iii) It is easy to install and maintain.
(iv) Yaw positioning
Disadvantages : (i) Teethering control is necessary. When the wind
speed is high it holds extra force on the blade in the upper position and
less force in the lower position. Due to this force difference the nacelle
experience a torque in the vertical plane and begins to vibrate severely
ad f. Therefore, tethering control is provided such that the blade
rotates i nn slanting positions at higher speeds and the force difference
is reduced to minimum.
(ii) It is not suitable for higher power ratings (above 50 kW)
Applications : (i) Field irrigation (for lifting and distributing water).
(ii) In places. sea-water desalination plants.
(iii) Electric power supply for farms and remote places.
2. Twin-Blade HAWT : Such a type of HAWT supplies electrical Power
at higher unit-rates of 1to 3 MW
Advantages :
(i) Higher electrical power rating.
(ii) Lower cost in comparison with three-blade type.
8. Dr. Vilas Patil Nates/Renewable Energy/Wind Energy Page no-8
(iii) Weight is less than that of equivalent three blade type. Hence
(iv) Installation and maintenance is comparatively easy.
Disadvantages :
(i) It needs tethering control.
(ii) Power rating is low in comparison to three-blade type.
Applications : (i) Electric power supply for moderate power
requirement plants.
(ii) Are installed singly and feed power into distribution network. Some
of the largest wind turbine generator units are twin-blade HAWT.
3. Three-Blade HAWT : This is a world-wide used type of HAWT. It can
supply electrical power of unit rate from any lower value to 14 MW.
Advantages : (i) Power supply of very wide range of unit-rate (from a
few kW to 14 MW).
(ii) No vibration problem as in mono-blade and twin-blade type HAWT.
(iii) This type gives most favorable design compromise between cost,
power rating and operational reliability.
(iv) Simpler design.
(v) Full electrical protection and control e.g. Earth fault protection,
over frequency protection, lightning protection.
(vi) Higher distribution of power to the grid.
Disadvantage : A little costly.
Because of the wide range of electrical power output and simple
design, several units of three-blade HAWT are installed and being
installed in India to exploit its wind energy potential to a maximum
extent.