This document discusses wildlife ecology and its key characteristics. Wildlife ecology studies wildlife populations and seeks to manage them for human benefit. It focuses on birds and mammals, including threatened and endangered species. The document outlines several key aspects of wildlife ecology, including predation and prey interaction; different biomes that wildlife inhabit; how individual animal characteristics are shaped by evolution; the role of food and nutrition; the ecology of animal behavior; and factors that influence population growth. Wildlife ecology aims to balance human and wildlife interests through sustainable management practices.

1. TOPIC: WILDLIFE ECOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
SUBMITTED BY: SUMBAL MASOOD
Lahore College For Women University

2. INTRODUCTION
Wildlife ecology is the science behind
the practice of wildlife management
that seeks to manage wildlife
populations for the benefit of humans.
Wildlife ecology is
concerned principally with
the biology of birds and
mammals
including,
threatened,
endangered.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF WILDLIFE ECOLOGY
PREDATION
PREY
INTERACTION
BIOMES
ANIMALS AS
INDIVIDUALS
FOOD AND
NUTRITIONS
THE
ECOLOGY
OF
BEHAVIOUR
POPULATION
GROWTH
DISPERSAL
DISTRIBUTION

4. A. PREDATION PREY INTERACTION
Predation can be
defined as occurring
when individuals eat all
or part of other live
individuals. This
excludes detritivores
and scavengers which
eat dead material.
There are four types of
predation:
1. HERBIVORY
2. PARASITISM
3. CARNIVORY
4. CANNIBALISM
• MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
INCLUDES:
 The effect of
predators on prey
density.
 The behavior of
predators
 Behavior of the
prey

5. B.BIOMES:
1. FORESTS BIOMES
Forest biomes contain
3 types of biomes
as follow:
• BOREAL FOREST
BIOMES
• TEMPERATE
FOREST BIOMES
• TROPICAL FOREST
BIOMES.
2. WOODLAND BIOMES:
3. SHRUB LAND BIOMES
4. GRASSLAND BIOMES
5. DESERTS
6. MARINE BIOMES

6. C. ANIMALS AS INDIVIDUALS
• The characteristics of individual animals are
shaped by the process of evolution through the
associated process of speciation. Geographic
barriers, earth movements, and the migration of
climatic zones split up the distribution of species,
the separated components then adapting to their
own disparate environments.
• These large processes determine the detailed
characteristics of the individuals of a population,
their morphological and behavioral traits differing
within populations and among populations
according to genetic programming

7. D. FOOD AND NUTRITION
Nutrition and feeding
behavior underlies
many critical issues in
wildlife ecology and
management, such as
determining the
adequacy of food
supplies for
endangered species
or determining the
potential yield in
response to
harvesting.
Many aspects of the behavior
and ecology of wildlife species
are closely tied to seasonal and
spatial variation in food
availability, including social
organization, spacing patterns,
breeding synchrony, and
mating system.

8. E. ECOLOGY OF BEHAVIOUR
Foraging success is strongly affected by behavioral
decisions of both predators and their prey.
Social interference plays an important role in this
process, and we show how interference and territoriality
can be viewed as adaptive responses to environmental
conditions.
 All these behaviors have important consequences for
the dynamics of wildlife populations.

9. F. POPULATION GROWTH
The dynamic behavior of a population – whether it increases,
decreases, or remains stable – is determined by its age- or stage-
specific mortality and fecundity rates interacting with the underlying
distribution of ages or stages in the population.
When age-specific rates of fecundity and survivorship remain
constant, the population’s age distribution assumes a stable form, even
though its size may be changing. These demographic parameters
determine the rate of population change over time, forming the logical
basis for many conservation and management decisions.

10. CONCLUSION
• Wildlife ecology is the science behind the
practice of wildlife management that seeks to
manage wildlife populations Wildlife ecology
began as applied science discipline
• Although people enjoy viewing wildlife and
hunting animals for food and fur, conflicts
arise because wild animals kill livestock, cause
vehicle collisions, and damage crops.