This document provides an introduction to 4G integrated WiMAX technology. It discusses key topics such as: - What WiMAX is and the IEEE 802.16 standards that define it. WiMAX aims to provide long-distance wireless broadband similar to cellular networks. - The different WiMAX architectures including point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations. It also discusses how line of sight affects deployments. - Hardware considerations for WiMAX including antennas, radios, cables, and subscriber equipment. - The network architecture with the IEEE 802.16 reference model and details on the MAC layer and handover procedures for mobility. - Frequency planning challenges when deploying multiple

1. 4G Integrated WiMAXA Detailed IntroductionBy BRIAN RITCHIETwitter : brianritchieFacebook : facebook.com/brianritchie

2. Who Am I ?Co worked on the Enterprise Architecture for some of the largest regional as well as international companiesRolled out the first official OSS Centre of Excellence strategy and implementation for a local Financial InstitutionExperience with large scale Project Management for core systemsDesigned and Implemented Research and Incubation Services for large scale corporations

3. AgendaIntroduction to WiMAXIntroduction to Network Access Control Layers

4. Before We Go Further !!!Case Study :How would you cope with the increased need for bandwidth delivered at lower costs to more subscribers ?Assume the technologies available to you are the following :EthernetWi-FiCell Towers, Base Stations, Data Centers, Traditional CDNs

5. What is WiMAX ?A quick standards introduction

6. What is WiMAX ?WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessAim : To provide long distance wireless broadband for applications similar to the coverage and quality of service (QOS) of cellular networksPromotes the IEEE 802.16 standards

7. What is 802.16 ?Wireless Standards in IEEE Project 802

8. What is 802.16 ?IEEE 802.16 originally aimed to define fixed broadband wireless (FBW)May possibly replace the past wireless local loop (WLL) in telecommunicationsAble to deliver performance comparable to traditional cable, T1, xDSL, etc.

9. What is 802.16 ?Advantages of 802.16 include :Quick and easy deployment especially for areas that are difficult to be wired.No physical limitations compared to wired infrastructureCost effective for $/MB of dataIncreased security through multi-level encryptionHighly scalable with significantly higher throughout

10. Wireless ArchitecturesWhat are the architectures behind WiMAX deployment

11. Wireless ArchitecturesThere are two types of wireless deploymentPoint to Point (P2P)Point to Multipoint (PMP)How does Line of Sight (LOS) affect these architectures ?

12. Wireless ArchitecturesPoint to Point (P2P) ArchitectureP2P is used where there are two points of interestUsually used for backend communication/data transfer (e.g: data center, co-lo, base stations) or as a point for distribution for PMPHigher throughput than PMPTransmitterReceiver

13. Wireless ArchitecturesPoint to Multipoint (PMP)PMP is used primarily for distributionAble to serve hundreds of dissimilar subscribers simultaneously

14. How does it affect WiMAX ?Previous wireless technologies could not server NLOSWiMAX functions best in LOS but is also able to serve NLOS with acceptable throughput which led to lower cost per subscriber because more subscribers could be served from one base stationLine of Sight (LOS)Line of Sight(LOS)Non Line of Sight (NLOS)

15. What is WiMAX ?Types of WiMAXdeployments and what its not

16. TerminologyFixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d / 802.16-2004)Mobile WiMAX(IEEE 802.16e / 802.16e-2005)WiMAXvsWi-Fi

17. Fixed WiMAX ( IEEE 802.16d )The capability of Fixed WiMAXOne of the major limitations was that this architecture was not mobile. Users were not able to transition data between base towers P2P : LOS = 30 Miles/48km , 72MbpsPMP : NLOS = 6 Miles/9.6km , 40Mbps

18. Mobile WiMAX ( IEEE 802.16e )The capability of Mobile WiMAXEnabled cell-phone like infrastructure on a large scale. This enabled users to move between base towers without loss of connection which allows for more mobile 0n-demand applications to be deployed

19. WiMAXvsWi-Fi

20. Hardware ArchitectureEnd to End View on WiMAX hardware and the considerations

21. WiMAX ArchitectureAntenna/Base Station to Radio RelationshipLocated outdoorsLocated outdoorsWiMAX Architecture has two major components – Radio and Antenna

22. Radio = Core, contains a transmitter (send) and receiver (receive), can be likened to a router/bridge

23. Antenna = Broadcaster, connects to the WMAN networkLocated indoorsLocated indoors

24. AdvantagesAdvantage of Radio architecture – Radio is protected from weather extremes, this reduces interruptions/signal lossAdvantage of Antenna architecture – optimizes the performance of the WMAN connection between transmitter and receiver

25. Hardware ArchitectureHeliax (Pigtail)The Antenna is connected to the Radio via a cable known as the Heliax (or pigtail)

26. The rule for deploying Heliax cables = shorter the better

27. Heliax cables loses 1 dB for every 10 feet of cableWiMAX RadioHeliax Cables

28. Hardware ArchitectureOmni Directional – Energy diffused, limited range and signal strength, good for lots of subscribers in close proximity

29. Sector – more focused, used more widely than Omni due to better performance

30. Panel – sometimes has the radio within the same enclosure, PoE power source, used for relaysSubscriber HardwareOutdoor CPEBetter performance over indoor CPE due to lack of interference from physical structures, maximize receptionCosts more than an indoor CPEIndoor CPEInstalled by the subscriber, reduces ISP cost, reduced receptionCosts lessOutdoor CPEIndoor CPE

31. Deployment ConsiderationsAspects to plan when deploying WiMAX technology

32. Link BudgetLink Budget – Performance of the WMAN connectionLink Budget – Power received at each detectorPrx = Ptx + Gtx – Apl + Grx – AmWherePrx= received power at detector (dBm)Ptx = transmitter output power (dBm)Gtx = transmitter antenna gain (dBi)Grx = receiver antenna gain (dBi)Apl = path loss (dB)Am = miscellaneous attenuation (link margin, diffraction loss, connector loss, physical object interference (eg : wall, glass, trees, etc)TransmitterReceiver

33. Frequency PlanLogic ExerciseAssuming you had a limit of three different frequencies for deployment to 9 base stations, how would you do it ?NOTE : Same frequencies in close proximity will cause interruption to your subscribers.Assume frequencies are deployed by their base station using Omni directional antennas with equal range radius

34. Answer : This is also how cellular/wireless operators function with limited frequencies to cover the most surface area without interference to the user Frequency Plan

35. Network ArchitectureHow does WiMAX work from a networks perspective

36. IEEE 802.16 Reference ModelScope of StandardCS SAPManagement Entity Service Specific Convergence SublayerMAC SAPManagement Entity MAC Common Parte SublayerMACNetwork Management SystemPrivacy SublayerPHY SAPManagement Entity PHY LayerPHYManagement PlaneDate/Control Plane

37. IEEE 802.16 MACMAC = Medium Access ControlHas a PMP network topology with support for mesh network topologyBackhaul can either be ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode or packet based (eg : IP Networks)

38. IEEE 802.16 MACHas three sub-layers in the Reference ModelService Specific Convergence Sublayer (CS) – Provides any transformation/mapping of external network data through the CS Service Access Point (CS SAP)MAC Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) – Classifies external network service data units (SDU) and associates these SDUs to propoer MAC Service flow and Connection Identifier (CID)Privacy (or Security) Sublayer – Supports authentication, secure key exchange and encryption