Why does cooperation evolve in early human social systems? How do these networks work and how are they maintained? Solution Cooperative evolved in early human social systems due to hostility between various groups.It also develops so that a group of individuals can work together to benefit each other mutually.Cooperation also evolves to increase the reproductive success of the partners.In case of humans,the cooperative activities differed and exceeded from all other animals.Cooperation network works in form of investment and mutual cooperation.In investment network,the cooperation is one sided and behaviour allows only the recipient to gain the immediate benefits while in mutual cooperation, behaviour has positive effects and serves both i.e actor and recipient.However,in humans, there exist enforcement mechanisms that establishes high levels of cooperation to evolve and also brings stabilization among unrelated individuals in large groups.There also exist proximate mechanisms that contributes to greater ability of cooperation among individuals. Control mechanisms, such as reward, punishment, reputation building, ostracism,etc., in humans work,maintain and stabilize cooperation by ensuring the fact that their partners have cooperation between them and cheaters are kept away.These control mechanisms are the results of cognitive skills of humans.It is also believed that that humans have evolved certain strategies and psychological mechanisms so as to cooperate with others and at the same time control cheaters riders.This leads to high levels of cooperation even between unrelated individuals or complete strangers in varied situations..

1. Why does cooperation evolve in early human social systems? How do these networks work and
how are they maintained?
Solution
Cooperative evolved in early human social systems due to hostility between various groups.It
also develops so that a group of individuals can work together to benefit each other
mutually.Cooperation also evolves to increase the reproductive success of the partners.In case of
humans,the cooperative activities differed and exceeded from all other animals.Cooperation
network works in form of investment and mutual cooperation.In investment network,the
cooperation is one sided and behaviour allows only the recipient to gain the immediate benefits
while in mutual cooperation, behaviour has positive effects and serves both i.e actor and
recipient.However,in humans, there exist enforcement mechanisms that establishes high levels of
cooperation to evolve and also brings stabilization among unrelated individuals in large
groups.There also exist proximate mechanisms that contributes to greater ability of cooperation
among individuals. Control mechanisms, such as reward, punishment, reputation building,
ostracism,etc., in humans work,maintain and stabilize cooperation by ensuring the fact that their
partners have cooperation between them and cheaters are kept away.These control mechanisms
are the results of cognitive skills of humans.It is also believed that that humans have evolved
certain strategies and psychological mechanisms so as to cooperate with others and at the same
time control cheaters riders.This leads to high levels of cooperation even between unrelated
individuals or complete strangers in varied situations.