please show stepsworking thanks Simplify Sin theta (cosec theta - s.pdf

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please show steps/working thanks Simplify Sin theta (cosec theta - sin theta) to a single trigonometric ratio. Solution sin theta ( cosec theta - sin theta ) cosec theta = 1/ sin theta so we can write sin theta ( 1 / sin theta - sin theta ) = sin theta ( 1 - sin^2 theta / sin theta ) = ( 1- sin^2 theta ) 1 - sin^2 theta = cos^2 theta ( by trigonometric identity ) = cos^2 theta.

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How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes? How is the evenskipped enhancer build to ensure transcription of even-skipped in stripes? Use the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer as an example. Describe in general terms the inputs of transcription factors, and how the embryonic expression domains of these factors are generated in the Drosophila embryo. Solution Initially,12 nuclear divisions take place which result in a multinucleate syncitium which is an early drosophilla embryo; formation of pole cells take place followed by cellularization and gastrulation. During gastrulation, extension of germ band takes place driving the posterior trunk regions around the posterior end and the dorsal side, here the first signs of segmentation are seen. At the syncitial blastoderm stage anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes get fully established. Maternal factors in the form of mRNAs and proteins specify the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and the dorso-ventral aspect is governed by the localization of maternal proteins within the envelope of egg vitelline and the positional information. Even skipped acts as a transcriptional repressor of numerous genes.There is a combination of maternal factors, transcription activators, and repressors, which defines each stripe of eve already patterned in the egg either prior to fertilization or prior to cellularization.There are regional specific enhancers which governs the stripe pattern of eve transcription.A stripe-specific enhancer regulate each stripe. As seen in the case of eve stripe 2,in the range of -1.5 and -1.0 kb upstream from the eve start site a minimal stripe 2 enhancer has been identified which assures eve transcription in the second pair rule stripe. Reference 1. Wolpert,L., Tickle, C., & Arias, A,M. (2015).Principles of development. Oxford: Oxford university press. 2. Jiang, P., Ludwig, M. Z., Kreitman, M. and Reinitz, J. (2015). Natural variation of the expression pattern of the segmentation gene even-skipped in melanogaster. Dev Biol [Epub ahead of print]. PubMed ID: 26129990.

How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes How is the .pdf

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Explain the difference between an assumption and a constraint. Solution Assumptions are factors that for planning use are measured to be true real or certain without proof or demonstration Constraints are distinct as the state, quality, or sense of being that will affect the presentation of the project or a procedure There are a lot of layers of semantic challenge between the user practice and architecture Ideally semantic interoperability is stranded in your enterprise architecture apart from of the stage of sophistication of your activity architecture Semantic interoperatibility is a problem of degree some of layer are interoperatable at the activity stage and others may be at a local stage Some layer may be universal beyond the activity and others are by description partial to the enterprise.

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Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotopes using the special graph paper supplied by the teacher. The y-axis has a log scale and begins at 100% of the parent radioisotope present; the next point is 100/ 2, or 50% parent radioisotope present; the next point is 50/2, or 25%; and so on.). For example, if the ratio of C-14 to C-13 is 1:3 than the fossil is how old? 5600 +5600. Correct? For each of the radioisotopes listed above, make a radiometric graph going to 3 half-lives. Be sure to make one graph using uranium-lead and potassium-argon dating to one half life. This will become useful later. Why? Uranium-Lead dating method Very careful measurements in laboratories, made on VERY LARGE numbers of U-235 atoms, have shown that each of the atoms has a 50:50 chance of decaying during about 704,000,000 years. In other words, during 704 million years, half the U-235 atoms that existed at the beginning of that time will decay to Pb-207. This is known as the half life of U- 235. Many elements have some isotopes that are unstable, essentially because they have too many neutrons to be balanced by the number of protons in the nucleus. Each of these unstable isotopes has its own characteristic half life. Some half lives are several billion years long, and others are as short as a ten-thousandth of a second. The uranium-lead radiometric dating scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years. An error margin of 2–5% has been achieved on younger Mesozoic rocks. One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium-235\'s decay to lead-207 with a half-life of about 700 million years, and one based on uranium-238\'s decay to lead-206 with a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, providing a built-in crosscheck that allows accurate determination of the age of the sample even if some of the lead has been lost. Potassium-argon dating method This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium-40 to argon-40. Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years, and so this method is applicable to the oldest rocks. Radioactive potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the closure temperature is fairly low in these materials, about 125°C (mica) to 450°C (hornblende). #1-23 meters deep from top of hill (limestone) #2-18 meters deep from top of hill (limestone/volcanic ash) #3-34 meters deep from base of hill (sandstone) #4-39 meters deep from top of hill (sandstone) #5- 50 meters deep from bottom of hill (slate) #6-26 meters deep (limestone) #7-10 meters into hill (basalt) #8-50 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite) #9- 3 meters deep into hill (erosion surface of limestone) #10-52 meters deep from top of hill (pegmatite) #11- on bank of stream (in shale) #12- from base of hill 63 meters deep (in granite) #13-47 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite) #14- 2 meters de.

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Dr. Liu did a genetic screen for yeast cells that fail to synthesize leucine (ie. leu^-). She first exposed the yeast cells to X-ray and then she plated the cells on to a plate containing complete medium. Then she replicated (using replicate plating technique) the colonies from the complete medium onto two new plates (plate A and B). Indicate medium type in A and B plate and how will she find the colony that is Leu- by comparing the colonies on A and B plates? Solution Replica plating technique identifies the nutritional auxotrophs by growing the microbes on complete and minimal media. The complete media contain all the nutrients required for growth and development of microbe uder study. The minimal media contain all but one nutrient for which the microbe is supposed to be auxotroph. In the given question, Dr grows the colonies on plate A (containing complete media) and plate B (containing media that lack leucine). The auxotrophs which fail to synthesize leucine can grow on the plate A having complete media only. The colonies of these auxotrophs are absent on the plate B with minimal media which does not supplement the requirement of leucine by the auxotrophs. This is how, she can find out the Leu- colonies on the plate A..

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Children with Down Syndrome generally show a pattern of retarded mental development, although some achieve higher intellectual levels than others. The intellectual achievements of Down Syndrome children have been studied by numerous investigations, and several different types of chromosomal abnormalities associated with the syndrome have been identified. Two such abnormalities are called trisomy 21 and mosaicism. The levels of intellectual functioning of trisomy 21 and Mosaic Down Syndrome were compared in the paper Solution H0: mu1 = mu2 Ha: mu1 >mu2 Right tailed test at 0.05 The T-value is 3.546415. The P-Value is 0.00039. The result is significant at p < 0.05..

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Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis Phagocytes form pseudopodia at the site of inflammation in order to grab the invading microbe Phagocytes move with deliberation along a gradient of stimulatory products at the site of injury Phagocytes make their way to an inflammatory site by random chance Phagocytes release substances to attack the extracellular microbe Solution Answer b: Phagocytes move with delibration along a gradient of stimulatory products at the site of injury Reason: Chemotaxis is the movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant such as bacterial factors (bacterial proteins, capsules, LPS, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, etc.), complement proteins (C5a), chemokines (chemotactic cytokines such as interleukin- 8 secreted by various cells), fibrin split products, kinins, and phospholipids released by injured host cells..

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Are logarithms prolems used for career jobs? Solution Logarithmic (and exponential) functions are widely used in describing economic and physical phenomenon such as compound interest, population growth, memory retention, decay of radioactive materials. Instances are: a logarithmic function can be sued to relate the weight of an animal and its lowest galloping speed. Sensation of sound in human ear is logarithmic to its loudness. Scales to measure sound (decibel) is therefore, logarithmic. So is the scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes, i.e. the Richter scale. There are many careers that use exponential and logarithmic functions. Examples of such careers include: astronomer, psychologist , archaeologist, forensic scientist, seismologist etc..

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5. What is the difference between mutually exclusive alternatives and independent projects? (10 points) Solution An Independent Project is a project whose cash flows are not affected by the accept/reject decision for other projects. Thus, all Independent Projects which meet the Capital Budgeting critierion should be accepted. Mutually Exclusive Projects are a set of projects from which at most one will be accepted..

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“Our solar system is a molecule on a snowflake on the tip of the iceberg that is the rest of the universe.” Is this correct? Demonstrate how you determined this. Solution Yeh this is correct Star-forming clouds like this one are dynamic and evolving structures. Since the stars trace the straight line pattern of spokes of a wheel, scientists believe that these are newborn stars, or \"protostars.\" At a mere 100,000 years old, these infant structures have yet to \"crawl\" away from their location of birth. Over time, the natural drifting motions of each star will break this order, and the snowflake design will be no more..

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Why does cooperation evolve in early human social systems? How do these networks work and how are they maintained? Solution Cooperative evolved in early human social systems due to hostility between various groups.It also develops so that a group of individuals can work together to benefit each other mutually.Cooperation also evolves to increase the reproductive success of the partners.In case of humans,the cooperative activities differed and exceeded from all other animals.Cooperation network works in form of investment and mutual cooperation.In investment network,the cooperation is one sided and behaviour allows only the recipient to gain the immediate benefits while in mutual cooperation, behaviour has positive effects and serves both i.e actor and recipient.However,in humans, there exist enforcement mechanisms that establishes high levels of cooperation to evolve and also brings stabilization among unrelated individuals in large groups.There also exist proximate mechanisms that contributes to greater ability of cooperation among individuals. Control mechanisms, such as reward, punishment, reputation building, ostracism,etc., in humans work,maintain and stabilize cooperation by ensuring the fact that their partners have cooperation between them and cheaters are kept away.These control mechanisms are the results of cognitive skills of humans.It is also believed that that humans have evolved certain strategies and psychological mechanisms so as to cooperate with others and at the same time control cheaters riders.This leads to high levels of cooperation even between unrelated individuals or complete strangers in varied situations..

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Watch the first 10 minutes of the video below and then answer the questions that follow. https://d2m81 yxg6b9itc.cloudfront.net/flex- insidethe internet/processed/1969-02-06- BasicOperationOfMTS- small.7db4fb40447611 e4bf68d70a95093c06 The Michigan terminal system using a modem and a POTS connection. What are the advantages of this over a leased line installation? What is the difference between connectionless and connection-oriented networking? Solution 4. The Michigan Terminal System: The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems. Developed in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and used by a consortium of eight universities in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom over a period of 33 years (1967 to 1999). The software developed by the staff of the University of Michigan\'s academic Computing Center for the operation of the IBM S/360-67, S/370, and compatible computers can be described as a multiprogramming, multiprocessing, virtual memory, time-sharing supervisor that handles a number of resident, reentrant programs. There is a large subsystem, called MTS (Michigan Terminal System), for command interpretation, execution control, file management, and accounting. There are Michigan terminal system are using a several Modems and POTS connections. Advantage of this over a leased line installation: Michigan Terminal Systems are used a leased line is Private circuit. A leased line is a private bidirectional or symmetric telecommunications line between two or more locations provided in exchange for a monthly rent. Sometimes known as a private circuit or data line in the UK The Michigan Terminal System are many leased networks. Leased lines are used to build up private networks, private telephone networks (by interconnecting PBXs) or access the internet or a partner network (extranet). · Site to site PBX connectivity · Site to network connectivity · International private leased circuit Site to site data connectivity: Terminating a leased line with two routers can extend network capabilities across sites. Leased lines were first used in the 1970s by enterprise with proprietary protocols such as IBM System Network Architecture and Digital Equipment DEC net, and with TCP/IP in University and Research networks before the Internet became widely available. The other Layer 3 protocols were used such as Novell IPX on enterprise networks until TCP/IP became ubiquitous in the 2000s. Today on words point to point data circuits are typically provisioned as either TDM, Ethernet, or Layer 3 MPLS. Site to site PBX connectivity: Terminating a leased line with two PBX allowed customers to by-pass PSTN for inter-site telephony. The customers to manage their own dial plan (and to use short extensions for internal telephone number) as well as to make significant savings if enough voice traffic was carried across the line Site .

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