Why Do Congress Members Use Their Power

Why Do Congress Members Use Their Power
The United State's legislative branch is primarily guided by Congress, which itself is composed of
the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both of these lawmaking bodies have members elected
from the American population, but the sheer number of congressmen and congresswomen that serve
each session greatly diminishes the actual power of any single member. In fact, in many cases,
members question if they have any power. Furthermore, even if representatives and senators do have
a significant say in the legislation process, they often choose not to use it, or to misuse it in ways
discordant with democracy. In reality and in our simulation, the way in which Congress members
use their power is predominantly influenced by their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current representative of New York's 22nd Congressional District, Republican Claudia Tenney,
was elected by a very slim margin of 5.5%, with 12.4% voting for a third party. Thus the district is
likely home to many non–stereotypical Democrats and Republicans and/or has a high number of
swing voters or moderates. My situation was unique, however: usually congressional districts have a
clear majority, so representatives can afford to be relatively extreme. Clearly, if history was any
indication, simply being a Republican representative in my district was not enough to ensure
incumbency; so, I acted moderately conservatively and I utilized a politico style of representation,
using my best judgement in some cases (voting against abolishing the EPA) and mirroring
constituent preferences in others (voting for tax cuts exclusively for businesses who make under a
certain amount of money, therefore helping small businesses, as my constituents would favor) to
establish my viability as a leader to most of my constituents. The newsletter I crafted used some
extreme rhetoric: "...take back education from stiff government's clutches." However, I tried to make
the overall theme more moderate, emphasizing bipartisan cosponsorship and inviting constituents to
events to help impoverished veterans. During congressional meetings themselves, members often
utilize their power to directly
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Importance Of The Watergate Scandal
actually led to the first presidential resignation in the history of America. The event occurred in June
17, 1972, when several burglars came with the intention of robbery to the office of the Democratic
National Committee, which is situated in the Watergate building in the Washington, D.C. The
burglars weren't after money, but were there to steal wiretap phones and secret documents. These
burglars were linked to the reelection campaign of President Richard Nixon. Even though it wasn't
clear whether President Nixon knew about the espionage of Watergate, he did take steps to cover it
later. President Nixon tried to give hush money for the burglars and even put pressure on the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, not to conduct the investigation. He tried to do this by destroying evidence
against him and even firing the staff which was uncooperative. The importance of the Watergate
scandal lies in the fact, that it changed the American politics forever. People started questioning their
leadership and thought critically about who they choose as one. The scandal was investigated by
Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, and along the way, they found many interesting things, which
gave people more information and perspective about the scandal. The journalists found out many
things; some of the burglars were related to the Nixon's reelection campaign, Nixon tapped his own
phone calls, but wasn't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woodward found out that the burglars were from Miami, they wore surgical gloves and had
thousands of dollars in cash. It looked as if the men were trained and it was a professional operation.
The first startling fact that Woodward found out was that, one of the burglers, James McCord was on
the President Nixon's payroll and belonged to the reelection committee. The White House
spokesperson didn't comment, stating that it was a "third rate burglary" ("The Post Investigates"

Integrity And Competence In Barlet's Argument
When deciding which person to vote for to become President, the American people look at two
major attributes of each candidate: trust and competence. The trust factor encompasses how likable
people find the candidate and how effective they believe he or she would be as a strong leader. A
key part of this factor is the beer question–would you get a beer with the candidate? The competence
factor can be defined as how qualified the candidate is to hold office. This includes amount of
relevant experience, knowledge of the issues, and general intelligence. Another important part of
this factor is how curious a candidate is. If a candidate is uneducated about an issue, they can always
learn more about it, but if they are incurious, they will never ... Show more content on
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He literally says, "This is more important than reelection; I want to speak now." Obviously, the
people would not see the events of this video and what he says in it, but they would see him taking
action, such as by naming his nominees for the FEC. This will show them that Barlet is standing up
for his convictions and not shying away from taking firm action in fear of losing votes. Also, the fact
that Barlet's Chief of Staff seems very confident and trustworthy–and because the rest of his staff are
on board with this new plane to let Barlet be Bartlet–makes Barlet seem more trustworthy, too. He
has a competent team of people helping him run the country, so we can trust him and the team of
people who influence him. The clip from SNL illustrates President Obama in a very different light.
In this video, actors from SNL perform a skit showing Obama going on several TV interviews to
promote his health care plan to "as wide an audience as possible." He says, "I don't want to shut
anyone out of this debate," and goes on various interviews, many of which are completely
ridiculous. However, when asked, "How about Fox News?" he immediately replies,

Public Obligation: Beneficial Or Harmful?
Arnold believes members of congress do care about reelection but are not single–minded seekers of
reelection. He notes, "... members of congress care intensively about reelection. Although they are
not single–minded seekers of reelection, reelection is their dominant goal. This means simply that
legislators will do nothing to advance their other goals if such activities threaten their principal goal.
If reelection is not at risk, they are free to pursue other goals, including enacting their own visions of
good public policy or achieving influence within congress." (Arnold, 5) In other words,
congressmen will do anything they need to do to stay in office, whether that is making policy or not,
deciding who to benefit general, group or geographic on the basis of who ... Show more content on
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Nonetheless, citizens influence legislators actions to the extent that legislators decisions reflect in
some way citizens preference or potential preferences. Also, Arnold argues that congressmen have to
choose between the opinion of experts, generalist, and ordinary citizens, he writes " ordinary
citizens acquire their view of cause and effect more haphazardly, and with little attempt at
specialization..more frequently citizens' views reflect their own life experiences..." (Arnold, 21 &
22) In other words, experts specialize in small aspects of political world, ordinary citizens tend to
attain their knowledge through media and talk amongst friends and family as well as life
experiences and generalist are in between the experts and ordinary citizens. Legislator then have to
choose who they want their policy to benefit, what tends to happen is that experts specialize in
something and have the best knowledge but congressmen tend to benefit the ordinary citizen, even if
their notions are incorrect, because they put them in office and they are who keep them

Movie Review: Congressional Powers And The Cold War
In the movie, congressional leadership powers are what helps fund the causes. Charlie Wilson is a
congressman, a Texas representative who helps fund Afghanistan, for the Cold War. He does that by
using his seat on the defense appropriations subcommittee to assure 5 million to 1 billion dollars to
the Mujahedeen–Afghan rebels. He used his seat, through secret deals, to be able to get the funds
needed for the Afghans. Another thing connected to chapter 7 is, congressional powers and
responsibilities, point d. It states in the notes, "congress represent districts or state constituencies."
In the movie, Charlie Wilson represents the state of Texas by saying how he supports them, and how
he fell in love with America, ever since the voters helped

One Of The Most Prominent Issues Facing The Current United
One of the most prominent issues facing the current United States Congressional system is the lack
of term limits for Congress members. The lack of limitation creates a system of career politicians
that maintain many of the same legislative ideas or principles in Congress for many years, making it
hard for changes in legislature to occur. With an aging congress population, many constituents feel
out of touch with their representation and the system of seniority in place today allows for little
chance of changes occurring without some sort of reformation. Unlimited terms create gridlock,
limit the potential for legislation to be passed, and make compromise very rare in Congress. In
recent years, U.S. politics has become very polarized and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In 2014 a majority of Congress, about 96% (Davidson et al. 2016), were incumbents who had won
reelection. According to OpenSecrets.org, in the 2016 election 97% of House incumbents won
reelection, and 87% of Senate incumbents achieved reelection. These numbers show how heavily
the odds are in favor of incumbents in gaining reelection. Historically the reelection rate of both the
House and Senate is high, indicating that many of these politicians serve multiple consecutive terms
regardless of the congressional approval rating. It is increasingly hard for new politicians to enter
into the congressional arena because of the nature of campaign finances and how much more money
established members draw in towards reelection. By not limiting the number of consecutive terms a
Congress Member can serve, campaigns for reelection increasingly garner more donations to keep
these politicians in power because they benefit people who are wealthy enough to contribute large
sums to incumbent reelection campaigns. Current congressional terms are six–year terms for the
Senate and two year terms for the House that can be served an unlimited number of times.
According to Congress and Its Members, the framers of the Constitution and the Federalist papers
debated imposing term limitations, but the incentive of reelection was deemed more important to
ensuring proper service to the

David Mayhew's Analysis
David Mayhew suggests member of Congress are "single–minded seekers of reelection." Mayhew
outlines several institutional factors that allow members of Congress to actively and more
importantly for Mayhew's argument, effectively, seek reelection. The effectiveness of the system to
allow its members to seek reelection is notable. Mayhew comments on the systems of Congress "
[meeting] the electoral needs of its members [remarkably well]." The institutions of Congress
provide its members with several beneficial services and opportunities that ease the process of being
reelected. First, members of Congress are granted opportunities to provide both their staff and their
constituents with casework which increase loyalty to a member of congress.

Essay On President Trump
President Trump, we strongly advise you to begin with a commitment to work towards obtaining
Muslim American approval in order to begin your pathway to reelection in 2020. Examining data on
Muslims in the United States, it is crucial to win their vote for the next presidential election due to
Islam being one of the fastest growing religions. Therefore, we arranged our proposal into three
steps that will last until the 2020 election to guarantee the support of the Muslim American
community and ultimately lead to your second term in office. Our three main steps involve
improving your rhetoric, addressing the Muslim ban, and implicating Islamic values to your
presidential campaign. During the eighteen months of your campaign, we have decided ... Show
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Additionally, improving rhetoric is not just limited to Muslim Americans, this can also be applied to
other minority groups in America which will increase support for your 2020 reelection. However, a
portion of your base audience may disagree with this ideology, but the caucasian audience will not
abandon their support. Throughout 2016 campaign, the majority of your supporters showed approval
of calling Islamic extremists for what they are, terrorists. Furthermore, disassociating terrorists from
the peaceful citizens who live among us demonstrates a willingness to serve Muslims which will
transform into positive repercussions with the Middle East. After the first step, addressing the
"Muslim ban" is crucial due to this reform being the center of the Muslim community's disapproval
of your presidency. Based on the surveys conducted in the Austin area, 87% of Muslims and 52% of
non–Islamic citizens stated this as one of their primary issues with your first presidential term.
Reviewing Carissimo's article in the Independent, we have gained an understanding how multiple
Muslims reacted toward the ban. Moreover, we think it will be beneficial for you to acknowledge
the voices in the article with a response that reflects the following statement: "Reviewing responses
to the Muslim ban, I understand that it is anti–American of me to categorize an entire population
based off of a group of extremists. I intend to follow and carry out the fourteenth

Legislative Branch Research Paper
The legislative branch was the first branch in the United States history. It serves many purposes such
as passing laws, declaring war, impeaching the president, overriding the president's veto, and much
more. Congress has more powers than the president. However, Congress is not perfect and create
national policy incoherence and contradictions. Additionally, there is a polarization in the United
States as well as in Congress, because of this it is difficult to come to agreements and pass
legislation. There is less compromise when there is a profound amount of polarization happening in
Congress. This creates Congressional gridlock, which is when Congress gets stuck and cannot make
any policy changes, and unsatisfactory policymaking. Which leaves ... Show more content on
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It is extremely difficult to make policy changes for the entire nation while satisfying the constituents
in each diverse district. This affects Congress as a whole because members of Congress have a
tough time ignoring what the voters in their district say in order for the greater good of the nation;
which would anger their voters because they felt misrepresented by their own member of Congress.
Because of this anger, the Congressional member is at risk of not being reelected. Therefore,
Congressional members are further inclined to only be responsive to their local constituents than the
larger issues the nation faces as a whole. As a consequence, Congress is collectively irresponsible
and make national policy incoherence and contradictions. This dilemma of serving local interest or
focusing on national interest is severe and a reason why Congress is looked at so negatively. The
result of this is an institution designed to be disliked. In addition, Congress is also polarized because
the nation is becoming more polarized, thus making even more troublesome to pass laws that would
satisfy the nation or resolve larger issues that the nation faces. This makes a gridlock and it is
difficult to make any progress when this

Obama Vs. Clinton And Burr Vs Ross Essay
In early September, Burr was leading Ross with 46.7% to 43% according to Real Clear Politics. By
early November, he was only ahead by an average of 1.5%. While North Carolina is widely
considered a battleground state, Five Thirty Eight gave Burr a 73.4% chance of winning reelection.
With the exception of a drop in the middle of October, Burrs chances of winning were consistent
throughout the Senate race as shown below in figure 2.
Although Burr was never able to reach 50% in the polls, he exceeded that threshold on Election Day
and defeated Ross by almost 6%. In order to analyze the political climate further, I will be
comparing the exit polls for both Trump vs. Clinton and Burr vs Ross. This will help explain why
Ross was entering the Senate race with a disadvantage despite media pundits arguing that higher
turnout in presidential election years should benefit Ross. Although Five Thirty Eight gave Clinton
the slight edge to defeat Trump in North Carolina, Trump's was able to carry the state with a modest
performance. Although Real Clear Politics had Burr winning by an average of 2%, that was
certainly below the 5.7% final result. In a three way race between Trump, Clinton, and Johnson,
Trump was predicted to win North Carolina by about 1%. The actual results, however, showed
Trump winning by about 4%. Although this paper is focusing on the Senate race, it's certainly
important to note the impact that a presidential candidate can have on the electoral map, particularly

Book Review Of Congress The Electoral Connection By Mayhew
Throughout the book Congress: The Electoral Connection there is a common theme that the author,
David Mayhew, brings to our attention. He argues that the members of Congress have one exclusive
goal, to get reelected; because of this goal, it effects their behavior and actions during their time in
office. There are four reasons that Mayhew puts an emphasis on the goal of reelection, those being
political reality, the lack of focus on parties but rather on individuals, the constant struggle for power
and, in his opinion, most importantly it establishes an accountability relationship with an electorate.
As the book progresses Mayhew provides an abundance of evidence as to why he believes this is the
primary goal of the members of Congress. Mayhew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only opposing argument that I feel is valid is the fact that Mayhew just assumes that the two
parties will never be cohesive. Regardless of how things were at the time he wrote this book and the
polarization that we see today, there is still a chance that the two parties can pull together and
become cohesive. This could ultimately take away the need for some of the reelection actions that
follow. There wouldn't be a need for these behaviors because the party would give the candidate
support and they wouldn't need to rely so heavily on finding their own independent

President In 6 Years
The president's time in office now is at most two terms which is 8 years. The president for sure has a
4 year term with possible re–election after the first term. I believe that the president should have one
term of 6 years. One of the articles that I read also said it would be a good idea for a six year
presidency. The article states, "I'm not running for office again. I just believe it's the right thing to
do". This was stated my Obama. This is one reason I believe Presidents should have a one 6 year
term. The President has a lot of things on their plate and being a President for 8 years can cause a lot
of stress and many other problems. So if it would only be 6 years it would be a happy medium.
Another reason I believe the president should

Gerrymandering: Election and Politicians
Gerrymandering
The term gerrymandering refers to the practice of altering voting districts in order to achieve
electoral results favorable to one person or party, usually the incumbent politician or party creating
the new voting regions.1 This term, dating back to 1812, is an established method for incumbent
politicians to improve their heresthetical "defense," by manipulating the dimensions of the political
landscape.2 This tactic is extremely common in the United States and a prime example of politicians
acting as manipulators. This essay will argue that politicians are manipulators, as evidenced by the
gerrymandering of voting districts to improve odds of maintaining power, and opposition attempts
to counteract this electoral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More convincing than the fact that the majority of incumbents retained their seats by overwhelming
margins is the shocking statistic that a quarter of the incumbents were uncontested.13 These
politicians were so successful at arranging favorable districts that it was futile to even attempt a
challenge. The author continued to examine particularly egregious cases of gerrymandering in New
York, including that of Senator Guy Vellela, who once selected voters for his district by individual
city blocks.14 Senator Guy Vellela, as well as the other state senators of New York, are prime
examples of politicians exploiting gerrymandering to manipulate the outcome of elections and
improve their outcomes. Riker argues that these bold uses of gerrymandering are made possible, and
even encouraged, by two landmark Supreme Court Cases. Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims were
two similar cases from the 1960's that addressed the unequal representation caused by the
unwillingness of politicians to adjust the electoral districts to accurately reflect the major population
changes of the twentieth century.15 Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims forced Congress and state
legislative bodies to correct this inaccurate political representation by mandating equally sized
voting districts.16 In fact, Reynolds v. Sims went so far as to require a voting population difference
of no more than ten percent between the largest and smallest electoral districts.17 Furthermore,

How To Lessen Corruption In Congress
To lessen the corruption in our Congress many Americans as will myself believe the answer to
problem is congressional term limits. Career Politicians the members of the government that make a
career out of being a politician. Do not get me wrong there are some great leaders in our congress
but the bad out number the great. The politicians that serve for themselves to gain wealth and power
are leading our country down the wrong path. These positions are given to those with the most
power and those members are career politicians (Weeks 2). Career politicians develop a self–serving
tunnel vision to gain as much power and wealth as they can to better themselves for the long run
(Daniels 1). As a politician you are given this office by the people

Summary: The Age Of Jackson
Chapter 10: The Age of Jackson. 1824–1844 A democratic society was on the rise and many
Americans believed in equality but ignored enslaved African Americans. Government moved out of
the houses of rich men and into the houses of the middle and lower– classes; education improved,
suffrage laws were enacted, and newspapers were increasingly circulated. The political parties
greatly changed; third parties began to rise, four candidates were chosen for one party, and Andrew
Jackson lost his first election to John Adams. Adams lost his reelection to Jackson; both of whom
created smear campaigns for each other, this improved voter turnout. Jackson represented the
common man, throughout his presidency he served

Transformational Leadership In The Forgotten
Transformational leadership is an individual with the ability to change an organizational culture by
creating a new vision for the organization and obtaining the support necessary for the change of the
organization (Shafritz et al, 2012, p 368). In the novel The Forgotten by David Baldacci, the role of
both David Puller and General Julie Carson were examples of exceptional leadership as well as team
players. In the novel The Forgotten, it has not been established that either party would not be able to
change a culture or create a new vision, but that was not their goal in the story. Transformational
leaderships traits are not part of the leadership style of Puller and Carson, it seems that as part of
their employment within the United States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a leader in his capacity, the Sheriff was able to make changes and mold the organization in the
manner that fit with his vision for the organization. A transformational leader should be able to
provide a vision to change and organization or in this case the community and be able to do so
successfully. Transactional theories of leaders must be able to successfully express and implement
visions that will enable growth to organizations and individuals. "Knowledge of the structures of the
structures and processes f local government is necessary for citizens and professionals to choose
wisely among the ways they may govern their communities, but it is not sufficient (Box, 2014, p
134)." As a community, it is our responsibility to be aware of the changes going on and being a part
of decision making within the government that they are able to participate in. "Local control means
that people in communities decide their futures relatively independently, putting outside pressures in
perspective and fighting against closed or elitist political systems (Box, 2014, p 135). The
participation of local citizens is imperative to moving along the processes of change that individuals
propose to bring forth change and bring forth

John Mitchell Vs Nixon Essay
* While Nixon was running for reelection during the Vietnam war * Since the competition was so
fierce, Nixon arranged his reelection committee, CREEP (Committee to ReElEct the President) to
break into the Democratic National Building's headquarters in The Watergate Hotel * Nixon beats
Hubert Humphrey in November 1968 in one of the closest elections in the US * Nixon approves
plans to greatly increase intelligence gathering agencies, such as the CIA and the FBI, but then
decided to rescind the operation on July 23 1970 * 1971 June 13 New York Times begins publishing
the "Pentagon papers," about the Defense Departments secret history in the Vietnam war,
Washington Post also starts publishing them * September 9 1971 Nixon's White House "plumbers"
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
$143,000 today), earmarked for the Nixon campaign, was found in the bank account of a Watergate
burglar * John Mitchell while serving as attorney general, controlled a secret GOP fund to finance
intelligence gathering operations against the Democrat party * FBI agents establish Watergate break
in is tied to a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage, on behalf of the Nixon reelection
October 1972 * In 1972 Nixon is reelected in the biggest electoral landslide, Nixon taking 60% of
the vote and defeating George McGovern * Even though 5 men have pleaded guilty in January 20,
1973 former Nixon aides G. Gordon Liddy and W. McCord Jr are convicted of the Watergate break
in, wiretapping and conspiracy * In June 1973, John Dean tells Watergate Investigators he had
discussed the cover–up of the controversy with President Nixon at least 35

Six-Term Limit Analysis
Sabato discusses that the two term limit has issues that affect the U.S. One issue is that presidents
that plan to run again for a second term tend to focus on "reelection politics", rather than the
focusing on what is important for the U.S. The president will not put effort into what is going on in
the nation, whether it be economically, socially, or politically. If the president does put effort into
current issues in the nation, it could possibly be a rushed action that does not fix what the problem is
as the President would focus more on getting reelected. Additionally, this could cause , "Congress
and the bureaucracy...to 'wait out' a president they do not like" (Sabato, 2007). Conflicts with
Congress and the bureaucracy could arise if the President is not focusing on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A six year term limit could drastically decrease issues on both sides as politics could improve and
not focus on unnecessary reelection issues and Congress will not have to press the president or wait
the president out. Not only would it solve current issues, but it could reverse the two term limit that
affected the country and politics. Jonathan Zimmerman, a contributor for The Washington Post,
informs that, "When they succeeded in limiting the presidency to two terms, they limited democracy
itself" (Zimmerman, 2013). Zimmerman explains that the two term limit has affected a principle that
should not be taken away and presidents should be allowed to serve a longer term. The discussion
for ending the term limit set by congress have been brought up multiple times throughout the years
as well and modifying the term limit could be a reasonable solution. Scott Bomboy, an editor for
Constitution Center explains how some members of congress have attempted to abolish the 22nd

Winning in 2012: A Strategy for President Obama Essay
There is no question that the upcoming 2012 presidential election is shaping up to be an extremely
close and competitive race. While President Obama holds all the advantages that an incumbent
would possess, the fact that the country is facing uncertain times is not helpful for his reelection
aspirations. A stubborn unemployment rate at 8.3%, high gas prices, skyrocketing debt, a struggling
housing market, and a seemingly unending war in Afghanistan are all nuisances the president wishes
would disappear before November 6, 2012. While some of these problems are out of his hands, his
likely opponent, Mitt Romney, will surely do his best to place the blame squarely on the president.
Romney, who has previously ran for president, appears to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It has been proven that, "People are more likely to vote when they have been mobilized by a
campaign. When a campaign worker contacts a voter and asks for his or her vote, the likelihood of
voting increases substantially" (Herrnson et al. 132). By personally contacting voters on the ground
instead of solely relying on paid and free media, President Obama's campaign hopes to not only
increase turnout, but also to collect valuable information regarding where voters stand in their
support or disapproval of the president. This information, collected by canvassers, is stored in
computer databases and will be used later in the campaign to contact voters who previously
expressed support for the president to make sure they get to the polls. Clearly, having a strong
ground game can be the difference between a narrow win or a slim defeat in a close election. So far
it appears that President Obama has the superior ground game. While Romney has been in an
extended primary fight, since February the president's campaign has "pumped nearly $79 million
into laying the groundwork for the general election, deploying staff to far–flung corners of the
country such as Laramie, Wyo., and Lebanon, N.H. as part of an ambitious, tech–savvy field effort"
(Gold and Mason).

Clay's Leadership Roles
eventually became Speaker for two more terms– then resigned. This was the last time he resigned
for Speaker of the House, but this was certainly not the end to his noteworthy career. He then
became Secretary of State during Quincy Adam's presidency, and eventually became a Senator for
over a decade until he resigned. A few years later he returned, serving as a senator until his death
(Polsby, p. 148). There is no doubt whatsoever that Clay's leadership roles were remarkable, but it is
very important to realize and accept that he had a rather quick rise to be Speaker of the House. This
is something that would be a lot more challenging during this century where there are harder
boundaries. Nowadays, as Congress has become more institutionalized, ... Show more content on
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Since it has been shown that there has been a dramatically decreasing percentage of new members
joining Congress, then it must be clear that the people who were previously serving decided to
continue serving as stated above. Albert D. Cover provides a table which highlights the extremely
large percentage of congressional reelections. He analyzes the incumbents who were seeking
reelection in between the years 1956–1976. Something that is worth mentioning is that never
throughout any of those years did the reelection percentage even go below 85%. The highest
reelection percentage was in 1968 with an outstanding 97.8% of the incumbents who sought to be
elected once more to office were successful (Cover, p. 525). That is to say, nearly all of the
incumbents were going to be elected again. On the other hand, the lowest reelection percentage was
in 1964 with, still a remarkable, 86.6% (Cover, p 525). This shows that even the lowest percentage
of reelection is still extremely high, so it is very probable that an incumbent will continue to keep
their prestigious position in

Aspects Of Lincoln : The Election Of 1864
ASPECTS OF LINCOLN:
The Election of 1864
Kim Zenor Civil War 10/09/14
ASPECTS OF LINCOLN:
The Election of 1864
INTRODUCTION
There are many events, places, and people whose presence in the course of human history has had a
significant effect on that history, like the Fall of Rome and The Black Plague in the Middle–Ages
that saw the deaths of nearly half of the population of Europe. These significant events have a
profound effect on the present and future of the societies yet to come. American history is no
different. There are moments that changed the paradigm of our young civilization. The Rebellion of
the 13 colonies against Britain, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the development the
Constitution, and the wining of the Revolutionary War are just a few. Without these events the
reality of American society would be incredibly different, in fact, it might not exist at all. The Civil
War is another such occurrence in American history that shaped and decided the course that this
country would take. When we think of the Civil War the average person immediately thinks of the
ending of slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation, the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, and the
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. While these events were all serious elements of the War, it is not
the full picture. There are many myths that have arisen in relation to both the Civil War and
Abraham Lincoln that have become legend and the

Andrew Jackson Bank War Research Paper
Back in 1832 a war broke out, a war about a bank that involved the president, and the government
lasting 9 years. This war was not a physical war with gun and cannons but heated debates between
split political parties. This war was important not because the people that were in it, but because it
led to many of the finical benefits of today society. This conflict is known as the Bank War, others
know it as Andrew Jackson and the Bank War, because Andrew Jackson was president at this time
and spear headed this movement. He was serving his last year of his first term as President of the
United States when this all took place. Being his last year, of his first term he was up for reelection.
He and Henry Clay ran against each other, who at the time, was a congress man. Andrew Jackson
won the election continuing his presidency for additional 4 years to March 4, 1837 and thus
extending the duration of the Bank War. The Bank War started as a political struggle that over time
escalated into a war over the rechartering what is called the Second Bank of the United States. The
Second Bank was originally chartered in 1816 by James Madison for a 20 year span for the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that year, 1832 in the address to Congress, Jackson as that a review of the safety of the funds in
the Second Bank be reviewed [F]. They performed a promted investigation and returned that funds
were perfectly safe [F]. Once they did this Jackson still moved the funds from the Second Bank by
executive order to smaller private banks [F]. When this was done the Whig party reacted stronger
than ever before, trying for force Jackson to agree to a recharter. The economy could have fallen into
chaos very quickly if the movement of funds had not been skillfully moved by Taney to insure that a
financial crisis did not

Fenno's Congress and the Grassroots
Fenno's Congress and the Grassroots Jack Flynt's reelection and primary constituencies between his
transitional and new districts are both similar and different in certain aspects. The transitional
district was around from 1966 to 1970. Flynt's transitional district represented about sixteen counties
which added up to a population of about 323,000. The traditional district was not too different from
his original district. "The district's dominant economic interest was textiles, farming, and some light
metal and food–processing industries" (Fenno, 2000, 16). The district was a one–party Democratic
district which meant that the only "serious primary contest Flynt ever had in this district was his
initial 1954 victory" (Fenno, 2000, 17). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only were the larger counties becoming more suburbanized but Flynt's primary constituents
were shifting to the Republican Party. Flynt had a decision to make. Should he change his
representational strategy? or not? The new district proved to be a bigger problem than Flynt had
thought, the redistricting would be the cause of the closeness of his 1974 and 1976 reelection
contest. Jack Flynt was a Southern Conservative Democrat who believed in a "personal–to–person"
representational strategy, in other words he viewed himself as a representative of the people. Flynt
preferred working with the people rather than discussing the policies which hurt his chances for
reelection in 1974 and 1976. The closeness of Jack Flynt's 1974 and 1976 reelection contests is due
to his new district and the failure of his person–to–person strategy. The new district was "pushed
northward into the near suburbs of Atlanta and up to the city line" (Fenno, 2000, 51). In this
redistricting Flynt would be "picking up 120,000 unwanted and unfamiliar suburbanites on the
southern rim of Atlanta's own Fulton County, along with 30,000 more in suburban Doulgas County"
(Fenno, 2000, 52). The new district "brought former Democrats as well as people moving from the
cities to the suburbs which would institutionalize Republicanism in Georgia" (Fenno, 2000, 62).

Representative Peter DeFazio's Party Unity Score Discussion
In 2013, Rep. Peter DeFazio's (D, OR–4) party unity score was 94% (Weyl, 183). Party unity as
defined in the textbook, Congress and Its Members, are votes in which the majority of voting
Republicans oppose a majority of voting Democrats. In other words, average votes Peter DeFazio
casted with the Democratic majority against the Republican majority. Furthermore, party affiliation
as well as ideological positions, and the constituency pressure are strongly correlated with
congressmen's voting decisions (Davidson, Oleskek, & Lee 2014, 255). The roll call vote that I
chose to calculate the party unity score of Rep. DeFazio was the roll call vote named Disaster
Supplement– Fish and Wildlife Construction. This roll call concerned a bill named Super Storm
Sandy Disaster Aid. The purpose of the roll call was to determine if hinder funding for the Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) to repair seawalls and buildings on wildlife refuges that are damaged by a
natural disaster. The reduction of funds to the FWS by $9.8 million was another main point of the
roll call vote. This roll call voting would determine how much funding would be provided to FWS
to help the communities affect by Hurricane Sandy as well as other damaged wildlife refuges across
the nation. In this issue, Rep, DeFazio voted nay along with 189 Democrats. However, the outcome
of the voting was 216 to 205 in favor of the Republican Party (CQ Weekly, 2013). A particular factor
that influenced Rep. DeFazio voting nay on

Lincoln's Position In 1864 Research Paper
Before 1864 Lincoln thought the best way to win the Civil War was to use a soft war strategy.
General William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea were the beginning of a new
era of warfare. He swayed Lincoln's opinion to believe that the only way to win the war was to fight
a total or hard war. This new war tactic was a major component of assuring Lincoln's reelection in
1864. Without this, the outcome of both the election and the end of the war may have been much
different. Lincoln had many powerful opponents going into the election of 1864. Many of them were
much more likely to be the next president than he was. The most likely candidate was nominated by
the peace democrats. It was George B. McClellan, Lincoln's former commander of the Army of the
Potomac. Even Lincoln thought he was going to win the election. The Radical Republicans form a
third party and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He didn't want to punish the south or make them any angrier because he thought there was a chance
that they would voluntarily come back into the Union. In order to do this he didn't free their slaves,
that would have crippled both their work force and their economy; there is no destruction of private
property by the Union Army, that would have been seen as a war on the civilians which wasn't their
goal; and prisoner of war exchanges were arranged between the two sides. There are three main
reasons why this policy failed: the South showed no repentance, they didn't wish to come back into
the Union, and the Union Army soldiers didn't agree with it. If the people fighting for a cause don't
agree, it probably won't happen. In mid–1863 General Sherman suggested a new plan to Lincoln,
hard war. Also known as total war, hard war is a type of psychological warfare. Sherman wanted to
make war on the South and "make them hurt." At this point, Lincoln decided it was the best plan of
action and approved Sherman's Atlanta

Bill Of Rights Unnecessary
The United States had only been out of the revolutionary war for a few years and the call for a new
government was growing more urgent. The constitution was drafted and some drafters thought that
certain guarantees were necessary. They proposed a Bill of Rights so that the new government
would not be able to become as tyrannical as the British one. However a Bill of Rights was
unnecessary. Anti–Federalists were worried the government would take away the people's rights.
However Congress only has the power to do what is said it can do in the constitution, and nowhere
is it stated that they can restrict the rights of the people. As James Wilson puts it "In a government
like the proposed one, there can be no necessity for a bill of rights. For..

The Relationship With The Legislative Branch
A member of Congress is someone who has been elected and appointed to represent a particular
constituency and advocate their interest and needs. In a perfect world the representative will listen to
the people and speak on their behalf. However, that is further from the truth, only 15% of Americans
approve of the job Congress is doing, while 75% disapprove. I agree with the disapproval of
Congress, the relationship with the legislative branch is extremely negative because the public's
needs are not being met, due to congressmen following a different agenda. David Mayhew, Jammie
Carson, Jeffery Jenkins, and Arnold are a few scholars who explain the behavior of Congress and
why the public is unhappy with the jobs the representatives are performing. Mayhew argues that
members of Congress are single–minded seekers of reelection involved in credit claiming, position
taking, and advertisement. In support of Mayhew's view Carson and Jenkins add four conditions of
the electoral connection– ambition, autonomy, responsiveness, and accountability. Lastly Arnold
believes members of Congress are not only single–minded seekers of reelection, but they worry
about citizens' preferences, voter backlash, theory components and the opinion of experts v.
generalist v. ordinary citizens along with other things. Members of Congress follow a different
agenda when making policy rather than focus on their constituents' needs, therefore is no surprise
why a large portion of the public is so

Differences Between Congress, Voters, And Political Parties
There are many different factors that contribute to the result of the U.S. foreign policy. Usually it is
not one single factor that is the cause of a policy, rather it is the result of a combination of factors.
Three of these factors are Congress, voters, and political parties. Congress affects foreign policy by,
according to the U.S. Constitution, having the power to "regulate commerce with foreign nations"
and the power to "declare war". Voters choose who will be elected for Congress and affect the
Congressperson's decisions by being the deciders in the Congressperson's reelection. Political
parties affect foreign policy through a creation of partisanship and and political animosity. Congress
votes on thousands of bills every year and

Federalist Party Dbq
Between 1790 and 1840, there was a successful transfer of political power from the Federalist Party
to the Republican Party. The election of 1800 marked the first time in American history where a
president was elected from an opposing and entirely new party. Thomas Jefferson, the first
Republican president, had Anti–Federalist ideas and an entirely different vision of America
altogether. From 1801–1825, the Republican Party dominated the office and with open–minded
ideas they introduced unity among Americans and brought an ending to the Federalist Party
altogether. The decline of the Federalist Party after the Hartford Convention resulted in the
reelection of Republican leaders and another war with Britain that led to the nation developing ...
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During the French Revolution, the Federalists, who believed in a strong national government, went
against France's mob–like mentality and thought that their revolt threatened their nation
government. Whereas the Republicans sided with John Locke's ideas and thought the French were
justified to have a right to overthrow their government for their government had failed to protect the
natural rights of citizens. Both political parties' thoughts on the French Revolution influenced the
public to either disagree or agree with each of the party's stance which created a sense of disunity
among Americans. However when the Federalist Party collapsed, there was a loss of opposing views
to the Republican party and allowed for the creation of national unity under one political party.
Though the Federalist party did not live on, their ideas, such as the national banking system,were
incorporated and kept alive by the Republican Party. The banking system benefitted the nation's
economy and bestowed trust upon the government with the public's money. This open–mindedness
of the Republicans contributed to the national unity they devloped forming with the government and
its

Why The Failure Of Sherman's Atlanta Battle
Prior to Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Confederate and Union forces had engaged in numerous
battles near and on Kennesaw Mountain, with the Union forces closing in on the Confederates.
Kennesaw Mountain was the primary geographic barrier between Sherman and Atlanta yet Union
attempts to bypass it failed, as revealed in the Battle of Kolb's Farm. Confederate General Hood
launched several assaults against Union forces but to no avail, and five days after the Battle of
Kolb's Farm, Union forces attacked Kennesaw Mountain. Most battles led to Confederate victories
with numerous casualties on both sides of the war, including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain.
Despite the plentiful Confederate triumphs, Union General Sherman closed in on Atlanta and
captured it on September 2nd. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the fall of Atlanta, various battles resulting in Union defeat had left crushed hopes for the
Union, General Sherman even having to stand down from his attacks on Kennesaw Mountain and
Pigeon Hill when he foresaw their defeat. Despite this, he remained resilient and due to Atlanta's
role as a significant rail and supply hub for the Confederacy, the Union targeted the city and General
Sherman consequently cut through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah in a blaze of flames after
evacuating its citizens, crushing the Confederate army's supplies and morale. His success not only
ensured Abraham Lincoln's reelection but also wreaked havoc across vital Confederate railroads,
damaging the Confederacy's war efforts beyond repair. The reelection of Abraham Lincoln boosted
the spirits of the Union and secured Union victory in the nearby

The Pros And Cons Of Katie Mcginty
Senators and House of Representatives members across the country are running for reelection.
Without considering the cost of running for a Senator's seat, beating an incumbent is a difficult hill
to climb. Even with all of these obstacles, Katie McGinty has a strong foundation to run for
Pennsylvania's senator. She is a democrat who has big plans for her time in Congress. She is the best
for senator for Pennsylvania because McGinty plans to raise the federal minimum wage and shows
support for middle–class families. While never held office in Congress, she was chairwoman of an
environmental quality council in the White House in the 90's, so she has ample experience in
dealing with policy and government matters. Congressmen and women across

The Inner Workings of Congress
The inter workings of Congress have been studied extensively by Richard Fenno and David R.
Mayhew. Mayhew's study of Congress took place in Washington, while Richard Fenno conducted
his research by following politicians within their congressional district. Mayhew attributes three
primary goals to congressmen– getting reelected, achieving influence within Congress and making
"good Policy". Fenno also attributes three basic goals, having influence inside the House than other
congressmen. Second, helping their constituents and thereby insuring their reelection, and lastly
helping make good policy. The purpose of this paper is to research a member of Congress and to
make a direct connection between his activity in Washington and his home district. The paper will
answer whether the congressmen is a delegate or trustee. Are the actions a pursuit for reelection?
Are the committee assignments a path for movement within the House or outside? What legislation
has he/she sponsored or co–sponsored and does it directly reflect his/her districts political view. And
finally, do major industries and interest groups within his/she district affect the way he/she votes.
Mayhew examines the congressmen activity in Washington that is useful to engage in for the
purpose of reelection. The first activity is advertising, defined by making a conscious effort to
disseminate one's name in a positive light among constituents to gain a favorable view. They
emphasize personal qualities such as:

Essay
Immediately after Bob Rae assumed power, the economy of Ontario began collapsing due high rates
of joblessness, rising deficits and the government consequently lost the support of the business
people who have a significant impact on Ontario's economy. (News in Review 2002) The worst
mistake they made about their chances of reelection was the decision to introduce a policy to limit
the wages of workers in the public sector who had formed groups that supported the policies of NDP
unconditionally. (News in Review 2002) Under Harris, the Conservative party canvased voters to
gain insights into their opinions on a range of issues such as tax cuts, reduction in welfare,
bootcamps for lawbreakers, and the abolition of positive discrimination ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(News in Review 2002) Mark Harris was then sworn into office on September 27, 1995, as the 22nd
Premier of Ontario. Harris' first speech as the premier was marred by protests by people representing
labor, students, and environmental organizations. Upon ensuing power, the conservatives
immediately removed a policy that prevented employers from replacing workers who engaged in
disruptive industrial action. (News in Review 2002) They also canceled the 26% reduction in
welfare rates and positive discrimination employment policies, and significantly reduced the number
of people working in the Ministry of Environment. (News in Review 2002) All the actions that were
undertaken by the government under the leadership of Harris followed the "Common Sense
Revolution" policies. There were major reductions in the funds allocated for public service and
healthcare, and this affected a huge number state and medical workers. (News in Review 2002)
There were plans to overhaul the whole system of elementary and secondary education within
Ontario. The government also planned to affect the tax reduction policies and to cancel the deficits
inherited from the NDP and Liberal regimes. (News in Review 2002) Lawbreakers of a younger age
were to be taken to boot camps, and policy would be effected which will require welfare
beneficiaries to take active roles in workfare programs to get their benefits. (News in Review 2002)
Harris was confident that his policies were well accepted

Ami Bera Case Study
Report #4 – Ami Bera, U.S. House of Representatives/Campaign Contributions
Congressman Ami Bera, Democrat, serves the 7th Congressional District of California, which
encompasses Sacramento County. In 2016, Congressman Bera ran for reelection against Sheriff
Scott Jones, and successfully won his position again. After reviewing Bera's financial campaign
records, he really hasn't had any difficulty raising money for his reelection movements. Bera has had
multiple donors over the years, and only struggled in 2010 when he was the challenger in his first
election against Dan Lungren. What is the Federal Election Commission? The Federal Election
Commission (FEC) is the independent regulatory agency charged with administering and enforcing
the federal

John Kitzhaber Case Summary
Introduction
Former Oregon governor John Kitzhaber severed in the state house and senate before becoming
governor in 1994. After serving two terms, he chose not to run again and decided to live a private
life again. It was during this time that he met Cylvia Hayes, a consultant that specialized in
renewable energy programs and other green initiatives. Ms. Hayes had developed contacts with local
and state authorities and would work to steer contracts to companies she was aligned with. This is a
common arrangement where the private and public sectors work on programs that benefit the
common good.
The consulting work that Ms. Hayes pursued was not a concern until Mr. Kitzhaber decided to run
for governor again in 2010. Her actions, and possible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hayes was a committed partner to Governor Kitzhaber and enjoyed a successful career independent
of their relationship. Was it proper of his opponents to look for inconsistencies in her background
and use those against the governor during the election and beyond? Did highlighting her previous
marriage two decades ago and possible desire to grow marijuana, have any relevance on Kitzhaber
ability to lead the state of Oregon? Were these attacks and accusations proper in an election? But
also, did Ms. Hayes have the responsibility to disclose these issues earlier? In the age of the Internet
and quick access to information, should she have come forward before the allegations were
published?
In my role as head of the ODP though, I had a more serious mandate. It was my duty to ensure that
the party nominated and supported a candidate with the highest ethical standings, and one that could
lead the state. Beyond a successful campaign, I had a responsibility to the voters and other members
of the democratic party. I was asking them to support Governor Kitzhaber through time and money,
and I should ensure that those efforts were not

Ramifications Of War Analysis
When the nation faces crisis, it is easy for a politician to bury his principles and stand with the
majority. Thus, as the country prepares to enter a foreign conflict, many choose to support war for
fear of what the ramifications of a different path might be: condemnation, accusations of treachery,
and losing reelection. In 1917, as the United States entered the war in Europe, Congressman Meyer
London of New York chose the fearsome alternative, standing by his convictions and opposing the
war. In doing so, London incurred vitriol and criticism from those who supported the war. Likewise,
London earned attacks from his own Socialist Party when he refused to obstruct the war effort,
showing he would not bow to anyone if the dictates of his conscience ... Show more content on
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"I wonder," he said, "whether I am to be punished for having had the courage to vote against war or
for standing by my country's decision when it chose war" (qtd. in Epstein 183). He struggled to earn
the renomination of his party due to his unpopularity with anti–war Socialists ("Socialists accept").
When he secured renomination, he faced powerful opposition to his candidacy. The National
Security League, a pro–war lobby, "secured the cooperation of the Republicans and Democrats" in
fielding a unity candidate to defeat London (Goldberg 204). Wilson himself urged Democrats to
support the move ("Old parties"). Former president Theodore Roosevelt personally campaigned
against London, declaring the congressman to have "no right to the vote of patriotic American
citizens" (qtd. in Goldberg 203). His opponents portrayed London as unpatriotic and un–American
(Goldberg 208). Facing an invigorated and unified opposition, he lost reelection, losing by more
than six points (Goldberg 210). The New York Times declared that "it was a mighty good day's work
to defeat Meyer London"

Watergate Spying
Early in the morrow of June 17, 1972, several burglars were apprehend within the duty of the
Democratic National Committee (DNC), placed in the Watergate construction in Washington, D.C.
This was no mealy pillage: The prowlers were united to President Richard Nixon's reelection
electioneer, and they had been caught while exertion to wiretap telephone and slang concealed
precept. While historians are not infallible whether Nixon knew around the Watergate spying
transformation before it occur, he took footprint to protect it up afterwards, raising "allay chink" for
the burglars, severe to delay the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from investigation the rape,
dismantle token and fuel uncooperative stanza members. In August 1974, after his party in the
Watergate combination had lastly appear to skylight, the heady philosophical. His successor, Gerald
Ford, presently remit Nixon for all the crimes he "attached or may have attached" while in
discharge. Although Nixon was never continue, the Watergate slander shift American government
constantly, controlling many Americans to investigation their leap and guess more accurately
throughout the superintendence.
The wiretaps failing to product suitably, however, so on June 17 the combination reply to the
Watergate construction. As the prowlers were prime to rend into the function with a renovated mic, a
confidence defend attention that they had taped the edifice's ringlet. The watch designate the
referring, who subvene exact in tense to profit the lurcher scarlet–handed. ... Show more content on
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In August, Nixon gave a address in which he swore that his White House personnel was not
complex in the violate–in. Most voters think him, and in November the presiding was reelected in a

President Lyndon B. Johnson
Many people dream of becoming the President of the United States, but few realize the difficulties
that a country's leader must face: tough decisions, public scrutiny, and more. Because of this, the
role of president can be considered one of the most difficult jobs in America. It is no wonder why
individuals who attain the prestigious position will sometimes decide not to run for reelection. For
President Lyndon B. Johnson, it was circumstance that led to his decision to refrain from being
president for another four years. By 1968, America's effort to secure a genuine victory in Vietnam
was severely hindered by the Tet Offensive. This critical turning point had a tremendous impact on
the public's support for the war and the way the media reported the war to the American people. As a
result, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run for reelection, seeing that he would struggle
to even keep his party's nomination.
Considered one of the worst wars fought in American history, the Vietnam War created many
controversies and casualties: a total of 58,000 American soldiers were killed and 304,000 wounded;
almost 1,400,000 North and South Vietnamese were killed in action (Woods 9). Generally, people
believed that the South Vietnamese would win with U.S. help. The turning point of the war, the Tet
Offensive, was a campaign created by North Vietnam to regain initiative in the war by attacking
South Vietnamese government and military sites on the Tet holiday (lunar new year). The

Partisanship and Electoral Incentives
Tufte (1978) and Hibbs (1987) both argue that there are two principle political influences on
macroeconomic policy: partisanship and electoral incentives. However, they differ with regard to the
emphasis they place on each influence. While Tufte emphasizes the influence of electoral incentives,
Hibbs argues in favor of the influence of partisanship. Franzese's (2002) review of electoral and
partisan influences on macroeconomic outcomes suggests that there is more empirical evidence
supporting Hibbs' assertion. However, he also suggests that there is considerable room for an
analysis of "context–conditional electoral and partisan cycles" (Franzese, 2002, p. 369). Bearing this
in mind, I argue that incumbent politicians can switch between ... Show more content on
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He finds that in general, Democrats seek a lower unemployment rate as well as higher output and
are willing to absorb higher inflation in order to achieve this ideological goal. In contrast,
Republicans are more concerned with the level of inflation and are willing to trade higher
unemployment and lower output in order to accomplish this (Hibbs 1987). Opportunity. Similarly to
Tufte's explanation, by virtue of their position as policymakers, incumbents have the ability to create
and influence macroeconomic policy. With respect to Hibbs' partisan explanation, policymakers are
able to secure the support of their party and fulfill ideological mandates through the manipulation of
macroeconomic policy (Hibbs 1987). Policy Instruments. Policymakers under Hibbs' partisan
explanation are willing to use both fiscal and monetary policy instruments in order to achieve their
goals. While electorally–oriented policymakers emphasize fast–acting policy instruments in order to
localize the effect on the economy around the election, policymakers pursuing a partisan approach
could make use of additional fiscal policy instruments. For example, in order to reduce inflation, an
economic contraction could be created through a combination of an increase in the interest rate by
the Federal Reserve (fiscal policy) and a

Why Do Congress Members Use Their Power

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