The document discusses several key issues in homeland security and anti-terrorism efforts. It outlines the requirement for regular reviews of homeland security strategy. It also discusses the need for improved communication and information sharing between federal agencies and with private industries. Finally, it examines various challenges such as absorbing potential future attacks, balancing prosecution and intelligence efforts, and addressing both domestic and international terrorism threats going forward.

1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 17:
Security, Terrorism, and the
Future
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

2. Emerging Issues in
Anti-Terrorist Security Policy
 Congress requires a Quadrennial
Homeland Security Review (QHSR)
similar to that required of the Department
of Defense.
 The first QHSR was conducted in 2009.

3. Multi-level Communication and Sharing
 All federal agencies need to develop
procedures to ensure that their activities
complement one another.
 Agencies need to develop methods for
encouraging communications.
 It is necessary to share information.

4. The Private Industry Problem
 Private industries are becoming involved
in homeland security, replacing defense
activities traditionally performed by the
government.
 The boundaries between government
and private functions are difficult to
determine.
 Rothe and Ross believe that private
companies are circumventing constraints
on government power.

5. Homeland Security and Foreign Policy
 Homeland Security will be increasingly
determined by foreign policy.
 Homeland Security will, according to
Robert Gates, rely increasingly on
partner capacity; that is the ability of
nations to defend themselves. This
requires a flexible foreign policy with
sound congressional oversight and a
clear national emphasis on consistent
long-term behavior.

6. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
 Malley and Harling (2010) argue that the U.S.
must take a more pragmatic approach in the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. This should
include recognizing differences between
militant groups, engaging all countries in the
region, and encouraging Israeli peace efforts
with other state actors in the region.
 Daniel Byman argues that Mideast peace
talks must include Hamas.
 Stephen Kinser argues that the U.S. must
strengthen relations with Turkey and begin to
include Iran in discussions.

7. Absorbing an Attack
 Given that the best anti-terrorism efforts
will fail in the future, the U.S. must take
measures to assure that the country can
recover socially, psychologically and
militarily.
 The U.S. needs to develop the ability to
absorb a major attack on one of its cities
or critical aspect of its infrastructure.
 The involvement of nonstate actors (e.g.
al Qaeda) affect military response to
attacks.

8. Other Critical Issues
 Other critical issues include: education
and training; settling the debate about
the nature of terrorism; and managing
both prosecution of terrorists and
intelligence gathering.
 Education and training must include not
only broad preparation in critical
thinking, but also training in the specific
complexities of terrorism.

9. Other Critical Issues
 Terrorism is treated as both a criminal
justice and a military issue, leading to
confusion in policy and action.
 Bryan Jenkins believes that, going
beyond a focus on criminal prosecution,
Joint Terrorism Task Forces can play a
greater role in intelligence gathering.

10. Future Tactics
 While the basic tactics of terrorism
remain relatively constant, terrorist
groups develop innovative
implementations. Recent events suggest
growing importance of the following
tactics:
o Swarming and Multiple Attacks were used
effectively in Mumbai in 2008 and later in an
attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in
Lahore, Pakistan.

11. Future Tactics
o Blending Criminal and Terrorist Networks,
especially in financial operations, will continue,
but the two types of organizations have
different significant differences in motivation
for action and concerns for publicity.
o Other tactical trends include use of
cyberattacks, focus on smaller attacks, and
(on the other hand) development of the
capacity to use weapons of mass destruction.

12. Overcoming Barriers to Sharing
 Agencies, although encouraged to share
information, may resist doing so for good
reasons: leaked information may
endanger operations and personnel.
o The Nationwide Suspicious Activity
Reporting System Initiative (NSI) is an
attempt to deal with this problem.
o Only agencies with an established National
Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan can
participate in such a system.

13. Total Criminal Intelligence
 Intelligence Led Policing (ILP) involves
collection of information on social
problems, potential sources of crime,
and offenders in order to deploy police
forces effectively.
o Expanding community involvement is also
essential. Citizens who note unusual
patterns of behavior (e.g. purchasing
chemicals in large quantities) can provide
important early warning to law enforcement.

14. Probable Strategic Directions
 Proteus USA is an international think
tank designed to consider future
strategic problems.
 Democratic accountability requires
management of the security structure
being developed and the need for new
legal protections for privacy.

15. Domestic and International Terrorism
 Domestic and international terrorism
each remain important issues.
o While some analysts believe jihadist
ideology is ultimately self-defeating,
international groups still have the capacity
to launch devastating strikes.
o Right wing domestic terrorism may be
fueled by the election of an African
American president and a weak economy.